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Martins-Ferreira R, Calafell-Segura J, Chaves J, Ciudad L, Martins da Silva A, Pinho e Costa P, Leal B, Ballestar E. Purinergic exposure induces epigenomic and transcriptomic-mediated preconditioning resembling epilepsy-associated microglial states. iScience 2024; 27:110546. [PMID: 39184445 PMCID: PMC11342283 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a crucial role in a range of neuropathologies through exacerbated activation. Microglial inflammatory responses can be influenced by prior exposures to noxious stimuli, like increased levels of extracellular adenosine and ATP. These are characteristic of brain insults like epileptic seizures and could potentially shape subsequent responses through epigenetic regulation. We investigated DNA methylation and expression changes in human microglia-like cells differentiated from monocytes following ATP-mediated preconditioning. We demonstrate that microglia-like cells display homeostatic microglial features, shown by surface markers, transcriptome, and DNA methylome. After exposure to ATP, TLR-mediated activation leads to an exacerbated pro-inflammatory response. These changes are accompanied by methylation and transcriptional reprogramming associated with enhanced immune-related functions. The reprogramming associated with ATP-mediated preconditioning leads to profiles found in microglial subsets linked to epilepsy. Purine-driven microglia immune preconditioning drives epigenetic and transcriptional changes that could contribute to altered functions of microglia during seizure development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Martins-Ferreira
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Pathology and Immunology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UPorto), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Autoimmunity and Neuroscience Group. Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Josep Calafell-Segura
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Chaves
- Autoimmunity and Neuroscience Group. Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
- Neurology Service, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António (CHUdSA), 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Ciudad
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - António Martins da Silva
- Autoimmunity and Neuroscience Group. Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
- Neurophysiology Service, CHUdSA 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pinho e Costa
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Pathology and Immunology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UPorto), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Autoimmunity and Neuroscience Group. Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Leal
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Pathology and Immunology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UPorto), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Autoimmunity and Neuroscience Group. Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Epigenetics in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Health Science Center (HSC), East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai 200241, China
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McMoneagle E, Zhou J, Zhang S, Huang W, Josiah SS, Ding K, Wang Y, Zhang J. Neuronal K +-Cl - cotransporter KCC2 as a promising drug target for epilepsy treatment. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1-22. [PMID: 37704745 PMCID: PMC10770335 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by unprovoked seizures. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) serves as the primary fast inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and GABA binding to the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) regulates Cl- and bicarbonate (HCO3-) influx or efflux through the channel pore, leading to GABAergic inhibition or excitation, respectively. The neuron-specific K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2) is essential for maintaining a low intracellular Cl- concentration, ensuring GABAAR-mediated inhibition. Impaired KCC2 function results in GABAergic excitation associated with epileptic activity. Loss-of-function mutations and altered expression of KCC2 lead to elevated [Cl-]i and compromised synaptic inhibition, contributing to epilepsy pathogenesis in human patients. KCC2 antagonism studies demonstrate the necessity of limiting neuronal hyperexcitability within the brain, as reduced KCC2 functioning leads to seizure activity. Strategies focusing on direct (enhancing KCC2 activation) and indirect KCC2 modulation (altering KCC2 phosphorylation and transcription) have proven effective in attenuating seizure severity and exhibiting anti-convulsant properties. These findings highlight KCC2 as a promising therapeutic target for treating epilepsy. Recent advances in understanding KCC2 regulatory mechanisms, particularly via signaling pathways such as WNK, PKC, BDNF, and its receptor TrkB, have led to the discovery of novel small molecules that modulate KCC2. Inhibiting WNK kinase or utilizing newly discovered KCC2 agonists has demonstrated KCC2 activation and seizure attenuation in animal models. This review discusses the role of KCC2 in epilepsy and evaluates its potential as a drug target for epilepsy treatment by exploring various strategies to regulate KCC2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McMoneagle
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Streatham Campus, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shiyao Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Weixue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sunday Solomon Josiah
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Streatham Campus, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Streatham Campus, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Sri Hari A, Banerji R, Liang LP, Fulton RE, Huynh CQ, Fabisiak T, McElroy PB, Roede JR, Patel M. Increasing glutathione levels by a novel posttranslational mechanism inhibits neuronal hyperexcitability. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102895. [PMID: 37769522 PMCID: PMC10539966 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) depletion, and impaired redox homeostasis have been observed in experimental animal models and patients with epilepsy. Pleiotropic strategies that elevate GSH levels via transcriptional regulation have been shown to significantly decrease oxidative stress and seizure frequency, increase seizure threshold, and rescue certain cognitive deficits. Whether elevation of GSH per se alters neuronal hyperexcitability remains unanswered. We previously showed that thiols such as dimercaprol (DMP) elevate GSH via post-translational activation of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate limiting GSH biosynthetic enzyme. Here, we asked if elevation of cellular GSH by DMP altered neuronal hyperexcitability in-vitro and in-vivo. Treatment of primary neuronal-glial cerebrocortical cultures with DMP elevated GSH and inhibited a voltage-gated potassium channel blocker (4-aminopyridine, 4AP) induced neuronal hyperexcitability. DMP increased GSH in wildtype (WT) zebrafish larvae and significantly attenuated convulsant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced acute 'seizure-like' swim behavior. DMP treatment increased GSH and inhibited convulsive, spontaneous 'seizure-like' swim behavior in the Dravet Syndrome (DS) zebrafish larvae (scn1Lab). Furthermore, DMP treatment significantly decreased spontaneous electrographic seizures and associated seizure parameters in scn1Lab zebrafish larvae. We investigated the role of the redox-sensitive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway due to the presence of several cysteine-rich proteins and their involvement in regulating neuronal excitability. Treatment of primary neuronal-glial cerebrocortical cultures with 4AP or l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an irreversible inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis, significantly increased mTOR complex I (mTORC1) activity which was rescued by pre-treatment with DMP. Furthermore, BSO-mediated GSH depletion oxidatively modified the tuberous sclerosis protein complex (TSC) consisting of hamartin (TSC1), tuberin (TSC2), and TBC1 domain family member 7 (TBC1D7) which are critical negative regulators of mTORC1. In summary, our results suggest that DMP-mediated GSH elevation by a novel post-translational mechanism can inhibit neuronal hyperexcitability both in-vitro and in-vivo and a plausible link is the redox sensitive mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Sri Hari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rajeswari Banerji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ruth E Fulton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christopher Quoc Huynh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Timothy Fabisiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Pallavi Bhuyan McElroy
- The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Greater Philadelphia Area, Horsham, PA, 19044, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Kumar BS. Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) in disease diagnosis: an overview. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:3768-3784. [PMID: 37503728 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00867c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Tissue analysis, which is essential to histology and is considered the benchmark for the diagnosis and prognosis of many illnesses, including cancer, is significant. During surgery, the surgical margin of the tumor is assessed using the labor-intensive, challenging, and commonly subjective technique known as frozen section histopathology. In the biopsy section, large numbers of molecules can now be visualized at once (ion images) following recent developments in [MSI] mass spectrometry imaging under atmospheric conditions. This is vastly superior to and different from the single optical tissue image processing used in traditional histopathology. This review article will focus on the advancement of desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging [DESI-MSI] technique, which is label-free and requires little to no sample preparation. Since the proportion of molecular species in normal and abnormal tissues is different, DESI-MSI can capture ion images of the distributions of lipids and metabolites on biopsy sections, which can provide rich diagnostic information. This is not a systematic review but a summary of well-known, cutting-edge and recent DESI-MSI applications in cancer research between 2018 and 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Sampath Kumar
- Independent Researcher, 21, B2, 27th Street, Nanganallur, Chennai 61, TamilNadu, India.
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5
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Lu S, Chu M, Wang X, Wu Y, Hou Y, Liu A. Anterior temporal lobectomy improved mood status and quality of life in Chinese patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a single-arm cohort study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:407-414. [PMID: 36867545 PMCID: PMC10106264 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have emphasized that selective resection of epileptic lesions in temoral lobe is associated with better preservation of cognition function; whether this applies to patients with refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) remains unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in cognitive functions, mood status, and quality of life after anterior temporal lobectomy in patients with refractory MTLE. METHODS This single-arm cohort study assessed cognitive function, mood status, and quality of life, as well as electroencephalography findings, in patients with refractory MTLE who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy at Xuanwu Hospital from January 2018 to March 2019. Pre- and post-operative characteristics were compared to evaluate the effects of surgery. RESULTS Anterior temporal lobectomy significantly reduced the frequencies of epileptiform discharges. The overall success rate of surgery was acceptable. Anterior temporal lobectomy did not result in significant changes in overall cognitive functions (P > 0.05), although changes in certain domains, including visuospatial ability, executive ability, and abstract thinking, were detected. Anterior temporal lobectomy resulted in improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Anterior temporal lobectomy reduced epileptiform discharges and incidence of post-operative seizures as well as resulted in improved mood status and quality of life without causing significant changes in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Lu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Min Chu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yating Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yue Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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Zhao T, Zhong R, Zhang X, Li G, Zhou C, Fang S, Ding Y, Lin W. Efavirenz restored NMDA receptor dysfunction and inhibited epileptic seizures in GluN2A/Grin2a mutant mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1086462. [PMID: 36937661 PMCID: PMC10017539 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1086462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is one of the main receptor of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain, which is the key determinant of the excitatory/inhibitory balance of neural network. GluN2A/GRIN2A is one of the subunits of NMDAR and plays an important role in epilepsy. Approximately 78% of patients with GluN2A/Grin2a mutations have epilepsy, and the underlying mechanism of this association is not well characterized. Methods We constructed a mouse model of hyperthermic seizure, and conducted in vitro and in vivo electrophysiological and behavioral studies to clarify the pathogenic characteristics and mechanism of GluN2A/GRIN2A-V685G mutation. In addition, the drug efavirenz (EFV), which is used to treat HIV infection, was administrated to mutant animals to assess whether it can restore the loss of function. Results Mutant mice showed no significant change in the mRNA or protein expressions of NMDAR compared with wild type (WT) mice. Mice with GluN2A/GRIN2A-V685G mutation exhibited shorter latency to seizure, increased frequency of seizure-like events, decreased peak current and current area of NMDAR excitatory postsynaptic current, and decreased event frequency of micro-inhibitory postsynaptic current, compared to WT mice. They also exhibited decreased threshold, increased amplitude, increased input resistance, and increased root number of action potential. EFV administration reversed these changes. The loss-of-function (LoF) mutation of NMDAR changed the excitatory/inhibitory balance of neural network, rendering animal more prone to seizures. Discussion EFV was indicated to hold its potential in the treatment of inherited epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangjian Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunkui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaokuan Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Shaokuan Fang,
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Ying Ding,
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Weihong Lin,
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Zhu J, Yang Y, Ma W, Wang Y, Chen L, Xiong H, Yin C, He Z, Fu W, Xu R, Lin Y. Antiepilepticus Effects of Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acid via Inhibition of Gliosis-Induced Downregulation of Glutamine Synthetase and Increased AMPAR Internalization in the Postsynaptic Membrane. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2381-2390. [PMID: 35266400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
More than 15 million out of 70 million patients worldwide do not respond to available antiepilepticus drugs (AEDs). With the emergence of nanomedicine, nanomaterials are increasingly being used to treat many diseases. Here, we report that tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA), an assembled nucleic acid nanoparticle, showed an excellent ability to the cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) to inhibit M1 microglial activation and A1 reactive astrogliosis in the hippocampus of mice after status epilepticus. Furthermore, tFNA inhibited the downregulation of glutamine synthetase by alleviating oxidative stress in reactive astrocytes and subsequently reduced glutamate accumulation and glutamate-mediated neuronal hyperexcitability. Meanwhile, tFNA promotes α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) internalization in the postsynaptic membrane by regulating AMPAR endocytosis, which contributed to reduced calcium influx and ultimately reduced hyperexcitability and spontaneous epilepticus spike frequencies. These findings demonstrated tFNA as a potential AED and that nucleic acid material may be a new direction for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Huan Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Cheng Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zongze He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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Pardo-Peña K, Yañez-Hernández A, Medina-Ceja L, Morales-Villagrán A. Ellagic acid and allopurinol decrease H 2O 2 concentrations, epileptiform activity and astrogliosis after status epilepticus in the hippocampus of adult rats. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1191-1203. [PMID: 35171306 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) can result in an overproduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which contributes to oxidative stress and brain injury during different phases of epileptogenesis and seizures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ellagic acid and allopurinol administered after SE on H2O2 concentrations, electrical activity and GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of rats evaluated on Day 18 after SE. H2O2 levels were measured using an online technique with high temporal resolution and simultaneous electrical activity recording. For this purpose, the lateral ventricles of male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were injected with pilocarpine (2.4 mg/2 µl) to induce SE. After SE, rats were injected with ellagic acid (50 mg/kg i.p., and two additional doses at 24 and 48 h) or allopurinol (50 mg/kg i.p., single dose). Administration of ellagic acid or allopurinol after SE significantly reduced the H2O2 concentrations and decreased the presence of epileptiform activity and GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampus 18 days after SE. In conclusion, the administration of antioxidants potentially reduces oxidative stress, which indicates the possible attenuation of the neurobiological consequences after SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Pardo-Peña
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, Nextipac, Zapopan, 45200, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Aldo Yañez-Hernández
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, Nextipac, Zapopan, 45200, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Laura Medina-Ceja
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, Nextipac, Zapopan, 45200, Jalisco, Mexico
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Saberi F, Saberi M, sayyah M, Boojar MMA. The antiepileptic activity of Safranal in kindling model of epilepsy in male rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Saberi
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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10
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Ajith A, Mondal S, Chattopadhyay S, Kumar A, Sthanikam Y, Chacko AG, Prabhu K, Chacko G, Vanjare HA, Rajesh RV, Banerjee S. Mass Spectrometry Imaging Deciphers Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism in the Human Hippocampus Affected by Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4187-4194. [PMID: 34657435 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most prevalent form of human epilepsy, often accompanied by neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. Like other neurological diseases, TLE is expected to disrupt lipid homeostasis. However, the lipid architecture of the human TLE brain is relatively understudied, and the molecular mechanism of epileptogenesis is poorly understood. We performed desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging of 39 fresh frozen surgical specimens of the human hippocampus to investigate lipid profiles in TLE with hippocampal sclerosis (n = 14) and control (non-TLE; n = 25) groups. In contrast to several previous studies on animal models of epilepsy, we report reduced expression of various important lipids, notably phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), in the human TLE hippocampus. In addition, metabolic pathway analysis suggested the possible dysregulation of the Kennedy pathway in TLE, resulting in striking reductions of PC and PE levels. This revelation opens up opportunities to further investigate the associated molecular mechanisms and possible therapeutic targets for TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Ajith
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Supratim Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Sutirtha Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Anubhav Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Yeswanth Sthanikam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Ari George Chacko
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India
| | - Krishna Prabhu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India
| | - Geeta Chacko
- Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India
| | | | | | - Shibdas Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
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Santos RO, Secolin R, Barbalho PG, Silva-Alves MS, Alvim MKM, Yasuda CL, Rogerio F, Velasco TR, Sakamoto AC, Teixeira AL, Cendes F, Maurer-Morelli CV, Lopes-Cendes I. Multidimensional Approach Assessing the Role of Interleukin 1 Beta in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:690847. [PMID: 34421794 PMCID: PMC8375265 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.690847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the role of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the mechanisms underlying mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE+HS). We assessed a cohort of 194 patients with MTLE+HS and 199 healthy controls. Patients were divided into those with positive and negative antecedent febrile seizures (FS). We used a multidimensional approach, including (i) genetic association with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL1B gene; (ii) quantification of the IL1B transcript in the hippocampal tissue of patients with refractory seizures; and (iii) quantification of the IL-1β protein in the plasma. We found a genetic association signal for two SNPs, rs2708928 and rs3730364*C in the IL1B gene, regardless of the presence of FS (adjusted p = 9.62e–11 and 5.14e–07, respectively). We found no difference between IL1B transcript levels when comparing sclerotic hippocampal tissue from patients with MTLE+HS, without FS, and hippocampi from autopsy controls (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, we found increased IL-1β in the plasma of patients with MTLE+HS with FS compared with controls (p = 0.0195). Our results support the hypothesis of a genetic association between MTLE+HS and the IL1B gene
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato O Santos
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Secolin
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia G Barbalho
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Silva-Alves
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marina K M Alvim
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L Yasuda
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rogerio
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tonicarlo R Velasco
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Americo C Sakamoto
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Claudia V Maurer-Morelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
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12
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Castañeda-Cabral JL, Ureña-Guerrero ME, Beas-Zárate C, Colunga-Durán A, Nuñez-Lumbreras MDLA, Orozco-Suárez S, Alonso-Vanegas M, Guevara-Guzmán R, Deli MA, Rocha L. Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS in the neocortical microvasculature of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Immunol Res 2021; 68:169-176. [PMID: 32542572 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Castañeda-Cabral
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Sede Sur, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Granjas Coapa, 14330, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Mónica E Ureña-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adacrid Colunga-Durán
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Sede Sur, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Granjas Coapa, 14330, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Maria de Los Angeles Nuñez-Lumbreras
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Sede Sur, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Granjas Coapa, 14330, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mario Alonso-Vanegas
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez" (INNNMVS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro Internacional de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital HMG-Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Maria A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Luisa Rocha
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Sede Sur, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Granjas Coapa, 14330, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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13
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Cavalcante BRR, Improta-Caria AC, Melo VHD, De Sousa RAL. Exercise-linked consequences on epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:108079. [PMID: 34058490 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a brain disorder that leads to seizures and neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences. Physical inactivity can contribute to worse epilepsy pathophysiology. Here, we review how physical exercise affects epilepsy physiopathology. METHODS An extensive literature search was performed and the mechanisms of physical exercise on epilepsy were discussed. The search was conducted in Scopus and PubMed. Articles with relevant information were included. Only studies written in English were considered. RESULTS The regular practice of physical exercise can be beneficial for individuals with neurodegenerative diseases, such as epilepsy by decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory and stress biomarkers, increasing socialization, and reducing the incidence of epileptic seizures. Physical exercise is also capable of reducing the symptoms of depression and anxiety in epilepsy. Physical exercise can also improve cognitive function in epilepsy. The regular practice of physical exercise enhances the levels of brain-derived neuro factor (BDNF) in the hippocampi, induces neurogenesis, inhibits oxidative stress and reactive gliosis, avoids cognitive impairment, and stimulates the production of dopamine in the epileptic brain. CONCLUSION Physical exercise is an excellent non-pharmacological tool that can be used in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Physiological Science Multicentric Program, Federal University of Valleyś Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
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14
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An inventory of basic research in temporal lobe epilepsy. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021; 177:1069-1081. [PMID: 34176659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.02.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is a severe neurological disease, characterized by seizure occurrence and invalidating cognitive co-morbidities, which affects up to 1% of the adults. Roughly one third of the patients are resistant to any conventional pharmacological treatments. The last option in that case is the surgical removal of the epileptic focus, with no guarantee for clinical symptom alleviation. This state of affairs requests the identification of cellular or molecular targets for novel therapeutic approaches with limited side effects. Here we review some generalities about the disease as well as some of the most recent discoveries about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of TLE, and the latest perspectives for novel treatments.
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15
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Khateb M, Bosak N, Herskovitz M. The Effect of Anti-seizure Medications on the Propagation of Epileptic Activity: A Review. Front Neurol 2021; 12:674182. [PMID: 34122318 PMCID: PMC8191738 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.674182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The propagation of epileptiform events is a highly interesting phenomenon from the pathophysiological point of view, as it involves several mechanisms of recruitment of neural networks. Extensive in vivo and in vitro research has been performed, suggesting that multiple networks as well as cellular candidate mechanisms govern this process, including the co-existence of wave propagation, coupled oscillator dynamics, and more. The clinical importance of seizure propagation stems mainly from the fact that the epileptic manifestations cannot be attributed solely to the activity in the seizure focus itself, but rather to the propagation of epileptic activity to other brain structures. Propagation, especially when causing secondary generalizations, poses a risk to patients due to recurrent falls, traumatic injuries, and poor neurological outcome. Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) affect propagation in diverse ways and with different potencies. Importantly, for drug-resistant patients, targeting seizure propagation may improve the quality of life even without a major reduction in simple focal events. Motivated by the extensive impact of this phenomenon, we sought to review the literature regarding the propagation of epileptic activity and specifically the effect of commonly used ASMs on it. Based on this body of knowledge, we propose a novel classification of ASMs into three main categories: major, minor, and intermediate efficacy in reducing the propagation of epileptiform activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khateb
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noam Bosak
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moshe Herskovitz
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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16
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Müller GC, Loureiro SO, Pettenuzzo LF, Almeida RF, Ynumaru EY, Guazzelli PA, Meyer FS, Pasquetti MV, Ganzella M, Calcagnotto ME, Souza DO. Effects of intranasal guanosine administration on brain function in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:255-271. [PMID: 33834349 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and only few affected patients are able to receive treatment, especially in developing countries. Detailed pathophysiology of brain ischemia has been extensively studied in order to discover new treatments with a broad therapeutic window and that are accessible to patients worldwide. The nucleoside guanosine (Guo) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in animal models of brain diseases, including ischemic stroke. In a rat model of focal permanent ischemia, systemic administration of Guo was effective only when administered immediately after stroke induction. In contrast, intranasal administration of Guo (In-Guo) was effective even when the first administration was 3 h after stroke induction. In order to validate the neuroprotective effect in this larger time window and to investigate In-Guo neuroprotection under global brain dysfunction induced by ischemia, we used the model of thermocoagulation of pial vessels in Wistar rats. In our study, we have found that In-Guo administered 3 h after stroke was capable of preventing ischemia-induced dysfunction, such as bilateral suppression and synchronicity of brain oscillations and ipsilateral cell death signaling, and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, In-Guo had a long-lasting effect on preventing ischemia-induced motor impairment. Our data reinforce In-Guo administration as a potential new treatment for brain ischemia with a more suitable therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Müller
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samanta O Loureiro
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia F Pettenuzzo
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberto F Almeida
- Biological Sciences Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Evandro Y Ynumaru
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro A Guazzelli
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabíola S Meyer
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mayara V Pasquetti
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Pla sticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ganzella
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Pla sticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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17
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He C, Su C, Zhang W, Zhou Q, Shen X, Yang J, Shi N. Modulatory Potential of LncRNA Zfas1 for Inflammation and Neuronal Apoptosis in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Yonsei Med J 2021; 62:215-223. [PMID: 33635011 PMCID: PMC7934098 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2021.62.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to elucidate whether lncRNA ZFAS1 is involved in neuronal apoptosis and inflammation in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-six TLE patients were recruited, and their peripheral venous blood was gathered to determine Zfas1 expression with polymerase chain reaction. Neurons were separated from hippocampal tissue of newborn SD rats, and si-Zfas1 or pcDNA3.1-Zfas1 was transfected into the neurons. Inflammatory cytokines released by neurons were determined, and neuronal activities were evaluated through MTT assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Serum levels of Zfas1 were higher in TLE patients than in healthy controls (p<0.05). Furthermore, Zfas1 expression in neurons was raised by pcDNA3.1-Zfas1 and declined after silencing of Zfas1 (p<0.05). Transfection of pcDNA-Zfas1 weakened the viability and proliferation of neurons and increased neuronal apoptosis (p<0.05). Meanwhile, pcDNA3.1-Zfas1 transfection promoted lipopolysaccharide-induced release of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (p<0.05), and boosted NF-κB activation by elevating the expression of NF-κB p65, pIκBα, and IKKβ in neurons (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that lncRNA ZFAS1 exacerbates epilepsy development by promoting neuronal apoptosis and inflammation, implying ZFAS1 as a promising treatment target for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China.
| | - Caixia Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
| | - Wentong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
| | - Naixian Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
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18
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Furukawa A, Kakita A, Chiba Y, Kitaura H, Fujii Y, Fukuda M, Kameyama S, Shimada A. Proteomic profile differentiating between mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy Res 2020; 168:106502. [PMID: 33197783 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common neuropathological condition in adults with drug-resistant epilepsy and represents a critical feature in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) syndrome. Although epileptogenic brain tissue is associated with glutamate excitotoxicity leading to oxidative stress, the proteins that are targets of oxidative damage remain to be determined. In the present study we designed comprehensive analyses of changes in protein expression level and protein oxidation status in the hippocampus or neocortex to highlight proteins associated with excitotoxicity by comparing MTLE patients with relatively mild excitotoxicity (MTLE patients without HS, MTLE-non-HS) and those with severe excitotoxicity (MTLE patients with HS, MTLE-HS). We performed 2-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis, 2D-oxyblot analysis, and mass spectrometric amino acid sequencing. We identified 16 proteins at 18 spots in which the protein expression levels differed between sclerotic and non-sclerotic hippocampi. In the sclerotic hippocampus, the expression levels of several synaptic proteins were decreased, and those of some glia-associated proteins increased. We confirmed histologically that all MTLE-HS cases examined exhibited severe neuronal cell loss and remarkable astrocytic gliosis in the hippocampi. In all MTLE-non-HS cases examined, neurons were spared and gliosis was unremarkable. Therefore, we consider that decreased synaptic proteins are a manifestation of loss of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, whereas increased glia-associated proteins are a manifestation of proliferation and hypertrophy of astrocytes. These are considered to be the result of hippocampal sclerosis. In contrast, the expression level of d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), an l-serine synthetic enzyme expressed exclusively by astrocytes, was decreased, and that of stathmin 1, a neurite extension-related protein expressed by neurons, was increased in the sclerotic hippocampus. These findings cannot be explained solely as the result of hippocampal sclerosis. Rather, these changes can be involved in the continuation of seizure disorders in MTLE-HS. In addition, the protein carbonylation detection, an indicator of protein oxidation caused by excitotoxicity of multiple seizures and/or status epilepticus, revealed that the carbonyl level of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) increased significantly in the sclerotic hippocampus. In conclusion, protein identification following profiling of protein expression levels and detection of oxidative proteins indicated potential pathognomonic protein changes. The decreased expression of PHGDH, increased expression of stathmin 1, and carbonylation of CRMP2 differentiate between MTLE with and without HS. Therefore, further investigations of PHGDH, stathmin 1 and CRMP2 are promising to study more detailed effects of excitotoxicity on epileptogenic hippocampal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Furukawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pathology, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Japan; Department of Pathology, and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kitaura
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukuda
- Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy Center, Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kameyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Atsuyoshi Shimada
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Japan; Pathology Research Team, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Japan.
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19
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Yue J, Wei YJ, Yang XL, Liu SY, Yang H, Zhang C‐Q. NLRP3 inflammasome and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the epileptogenic zone in temporal lobe epilepsy: molecular insights into their interdependence. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:770-785. [PMID: 32311777 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Yue
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Y. J. Wei
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - X. L. Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - S. Y. Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - H. Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - C. ‐Q. Zhang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
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20
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Yue J, He J, Wei Y, Shen K, Wu K, Yang X, Liu S, Zhang C, Yang H. Decreased expression of Rev-Erbα in the epileptic foci of temporal lobe epilepsy and activation of Rev-Erbα have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the pilocarpine model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:43. [PMID: 32005256 PMCID: PMC6993411 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A hallmark of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is brain inflammation accompanied by neuronal demise. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that Rev-Erbα is involved in regulating neuroinflammation and determining the fate of neurons. Therefore, we studied the expression and cellular distribution of Rev-Erbα in the epileptogenic zone of TLE and the effect of treatment with the Rev-Erbα specific agonist SR9009 in the pilocarpine model. Methods The expression pattern of Rev-Erbα was investigated by western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence labeling in patients with TLE. Next, the effects of SR9009 on neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and neuronal loss in the mouse hippocampus 7 days after status epilepticus (SE) were assessed by western blotting, immunofluorescence labeling staining, and TUNEL staining. Results The western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence labeling results revealed that Rev-Erbα was downregulated in the epileptogenic zone of TLE patients and mainly localized in neurons, astrocytes, and presumably microglia. Meanwhile, the expression of Rev-Erbα was decreased in the hippocampus and temporal neocortex of mice treated with pilocarpine in the early post-SE and chronic phases. Interestingly, the expression of Rev-Erbα in the normal hippocampus showed a 24-h rhythm; however, the rhythmicity was disturbed in the early phase after SE, and this disturbance was still present in epileptic animals. Our further findings revealed that treatment with SR9009 inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α) production, astrocytosis, microgliosis, and neuronal damage in the hippocampus after SE. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggested that a decrease in Rev-Erbα in the epileptogenic zone may contribute to the process of TLE and that the activation of Rev-Erbα may have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiaojiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Kefu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Yue J, Liang C, Wu K, Hou Z, Wang L, Zhang C, Liu S, Yang H. Upregulated SHP-2 expression in the epileptogenic zone of temporal lobe epilepsy and various effects of SHP099 treatment on a pilocarpine model. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:373-385. [PMID: 31398269 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is defined as the sporadic occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures, and its pathogenesis is complex. SHP-2 (Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2) is a widely expressed cytosolic tyrosine phosphatase protein that participates in the regulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, gliosis, neurogenesis and apoptosis, suggesting a potential role of SHP-2 in TLE. Therefore, we investigated the expression patterns of SHP-2 in the epileptogenic brain tissue of intractable TLE patients and the various effects of treatment with the SHP-2-specific inhibitor SHP099 on a pilocarpine model. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry results confirmed that SHP-2 expression was upregulated in the temporal neocortex of patients with TLE. Double-labeling experiments revealed that SHP-2 was highly expressed in neurons, astrocytes, microglia and vascular endothelial cells in the epileptic foci of TLE patients. In the pilocarpine-induced C57BL/6 mouse model, SHP-2 upregulation in the hippocampus began one day after status epilepticus, reached a peak at 21 days and then maintained a significantly high level until day 60. Similarly, we found a remarkable increase in SHP-2 expression at 1, 7, 21 and 60 days post-SE in the temporal neocortex. In addition, we also showed that SHP099 increased reactive gliosis, the release of IL-1β, neuronal apoptosis and neuronal loss, while reduced neurogenesis and albumin leakage. Taken together, the increased expression of SHP-2 in the epileptic zone may be involved in the process of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Yue
- Epilepsy research center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Epilepsy research center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kefu Wu
- Epilepsy research center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Hou
- Epilepsy research center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lukang Wang
- Epilepsy research center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Epilepsy research center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Epilepsy research center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Epilepsy research center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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22
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Xue-Ping W, Hai-Jiao W, Li-Na Z, Xu D, Ling L. Risk factors for drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16402. [PMID: 31348240 PMCID: PMC6708813 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistant epilepsy (DRE) is very common among children and adults and studies had found some related risk factors for DRE, while the results were not consistent. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS Three electronic databases (Medline, Embase and Cochrane library) were searched to identify studies with a cohort design reporting on epidemiologic evidence regarding risk factors for DRE. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of DRE in newly diagnosed epilepsy patients was 25% (95% CI 17-32%). Abnormal electroencephalography (EEG) (both slow wave and epileptiform discharges) (RR 2.80; 95% CI 1.95-4.0), status epilepticus (SE) (RR 11.60; 95% CI 7.39-18.22), symptomatic etiology (RR 3.36; 95% CI 2.53-4.46), multiple seizure types (RR 3.66; 95% CI 2.37-5.64) and febrile seizures (RR 3.43; 95% CI 1.95-6.02) were identified as strong risk factors for DRE. In addition, firm conclusions cannot be drawn for poor short-term outcomes of therapy, neurodevelopment delay and high initial seizure frequency for the heterogeneity of study results. The predictive effect of focus onset seizure was not stable after removing one study and switching the effect model. Age of onset was not risk factors for DRE. CONCLUSIONS The current meta-analysis identified potential risk factors for DRE. The results may contribute to better prevention strategies and treatments for DRE.
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23
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Leclercq K, Liefferinge JV, Albertini G, Neveux M, Dardenne S, Mairet‐Coello G, Vandenplas C, Deprez T, Chong S, Foerch P, Bentea E, Sato H, Maher P, Massie A, Smolders I, Kaminski RM. Anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic effects of system xc− inactivation in chronic epilepsy models. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1412-1423. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joeri Van Liefferinge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Drug Information Center for Neurosciences C4N Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Giulia Albertini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Drug Information Center for Neurosciences C4N Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eduard Bentea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Center for Neurosciences C4N Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Hideyo Sato
- Faculty of Medicine Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory The Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California
| | - Ann Massie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Center for Neurosciences C4N Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Drug Information Center for Neurosciences C4N Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
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Hu X, Tang J, Lan X, Mi X. Increased expression of DOC2A in human and rat temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2019; 151:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Lam PM, González MI. Calpain activation and neuronal death during early epileptogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:141-151. [PMID: 30423475 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by a predisposition to suffer epileptic seizures. Acquired epilepsy might be the result of brain insults like head trauma, stroke, brain infection, or status epilepticus (SE) when one of these triggering injuries starts a transformative process known as epileptogenesis. There is some data to suggest that, during epileptogenesis, seizures themselves damage the brain but there is no conclusive evidence to demonstrate that spontaneous recurrent seizures themselves injure the brain. Our recent evidence indicates that calpain overactivation might be relevant for epileptogenesis. Here, we investigated if spontaneous recurrent seizures that occur during an early period of epileptogenesis show any correlation with the levels of calpain activation and/or expression. In addition, we also investigated a possible association between the occurrence of spontaneous seizures and increased levels of cell death, gliosis and inflammation (typical markers associated with epileptogenesis). We found that the number of spontaneous seizures detected prior to sample collection was correlated with altered calpain activity and expression. Moreover, the levels of hippocampal neurodegeneration were also correlated with seizure occurrence. Our findings suggest that, at least during early epileptogenesis, there is a correlation between seizure occurrence, calpain activity and neurodegeneration. Thus, this study opens the possibility that aberrant calpain reactivation by spontaneous seizures might contribute to the manifestation of future spontaneous seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marco I González
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Anticonvulsant-like effect of thromboxane receptor agonist U-46619 against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:137-143. [PMID: 30153647 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that prostanoid receptors and their ligands may constitute valuable tools for development of new antiepileptic drugs. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a major eicosanoid in cardiovascular homeostasis. TXA2 exerts its action through the specific G protein-coupled TXA2 receptor (TP). In addition to its crucial role in the cardiovascular system, TXA2 and TPs play a role in the brain. Nevertheless, previously identified roles have been limited to cell protection of neurotoxicity, and the role of TPs on seizure activity was not investigated. Here we evaluated the effect of potent and selective TP agonist U-46619 on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Adult C57BL/6 mice received increasing doses of U-46619 (0, 30, 100 or 300 μg/kg). After 30 min we measured the latencies to myoclonic and generalized seizures induced by PTZ (60 mg/kg). We found that U-46619 increased the latency to PTZ-induced myoclonic jerks and tonic-clonic seizures. Moreover, U-46619 increased the immunocontent of phosphorylated Ser657 at protein kinase C (PKC) alpha subunit, indicating PKC activation in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Levels of TPs were not altered by the agonist. Administration of a TP antagonist, SQ 29,548, did not alter seizures and did not blunt the anticonvulsant-like effect of the agonist. In summary, we showed that a potent and selective TP agonist, U-46619, increased seizure latency in mice. Activation of PKC signaling pathways may underlie the anticonvulsant-like effect. Further investigation is needed to understand the potential of TPs in seizure treatment.
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27
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Clossen BL, Reddy DS. Novel therapeutic approaches for disease-modification of epileptogenesis for curing epilepsy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1519-1538. [PMID: 28179120 PMCID: PMC5474195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the recent advances in epileptogenesis and novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention of epilepsy, with a special emphasis on the pharmacological basis of disease-modification of epileptogenesis for curing epilepsy. Here we assess animal studies and human clinical trials of epilepsy spanning 1982-2016. Epilepsy arises from a number of neuronal factors that trigger epileptogenesis, which is the process by which a brain shifts from a normal physiologic state to an epileptic condition. The events precipitating these changes can be of diverse origin, including traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular damage, infections, chemical neurotoxicity, and emergency seizure conditions such as status epilepticus. Expectedly, the molecular and system mechanisms responsible for epileptogenesis are not well defined or understood. To date, there is no approved therapy for the prevention of epilepsy. Epigenetic dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration appear to trigger epileptogenesis. Targeted drugs are being identified that can truly prevent the development of epilepsy in at-risk people. The promising agents include rapamycin, COX-2 inhibitors, TRK inhibitors, epigenetic modulators, JAK-STAT inhibitors, and neurosteroids. Recent evidence suggests that neurosteroids may play a role in modulating epileptogenesis. A number of promising drugs are under investigation for the prevention or modification of epileptogenesis to halt the development of epilepsy. Some drugs in development appear rational for preventing epilepsy because they target the initial trigger or related signaling pathways as the brain becomes progressively more prone to seizures. Additional research into the target validity and clinical investigation is essential to make new frontiers in curing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Clossen
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
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Kinjo ER, Rodríguez PXR, Dos Santos BA, Higa GSV, Ferraz MSA, Schmeltzer C, Rüdiger S, Kihara AH. New Insights on Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Based on Plasticity-Related Network Changes and High-Order Statistics. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3990-3998. [PMID: 28555345 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by the predisposition to generate recurrent unprovoked seizures, which involves reshaping of neuronal circuitries based on intense neuronal activity. In this review, we first detailed the regulation of plasticity-associated genes, such as ARC, GAP-43, PSD-95, synapsin, and synaptophysin. Indeed, reshaping of neuronal connectivity after the primary, acute epileptogenesis event increases the excitability of the temporal lobe. Herein, we also discussed the heterogeneity of neuronal populations regarding the number of synaptic connections, which in the theoretical field is commonly referred as degree. Employing integrate-and-fire neuronal model, we determined that in addition to increased synaptic strength, degree correlations might play essential and unsuspected roles in the control of network activity. Indeed, assortativity, which can be described as a condition where high-degree correlations are observed, increases the excitability of neural networks. In this review, we summarized recent topics in the field, and data were discussed according to newly developed or unusual tools, as provided by mathematical graph analysis and high-order statistics. With this, we were able to present new foundations for the pathological activity observed in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Reime Kinjo
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Xavier Royero Rodríguez
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Araújo Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Shigueto Vilar Higa
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Sacrini Ayres Ferraz
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Christian Schmeltzer
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Physics, Humboldt University at Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sten Rüdiger
- Institute of Physics, Humboldt University at Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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29
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Sendrowski K, Sobaniec P, Poskrobko E, Rusak M, Sobaniec W. Unfavorable effect of levetiracetam on cultured hippocampal neurons after hyperthermic injury. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:462-468. [PMID: 31994103 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the viability of neurons and the putative neuroprotective effects of second-generation antiepileptic drug, levetiracetam (LEV), on cultured hippocampal neurons injured by hyperthermia. METHODS Primary cultures of rat's hippocampal neurons at 7 day in vitro (DIV) were incubated in the presence or absence of LEV in varied concentrations under hyperthermic conditions. Cultures were heated in a temperature of 40 °C for 24 h or in a temperature of 41 °C for 6 h. Flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI staining as well as fluorescent microscopy assay were used for counting and establishing neurons as viable, necrotic or apoptotic. Additionally, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to the culture medium, as a marker of cell death, was evaluated. Assessment was performed after 9DIV and 10 DIV. RESULTS Incubation of hippocampal cultures in hyperthermic conditions resulted in statistically significant increase in the number of injured neurons when compared with non-heated control cultures. Intensity of neuronal destruction was dependent on temperature-value. When incubation temperature 40 °C was used, over 80% of the population of neurons remained viable after 10 DIV. Under higher temperature 41 °C, only less than 60% of neurons were viable after 10 DIV. Both apoptotic and necrotic pathways of neuronal death induced by hyperthermia were confirmed by Annexin V/PI staining. CONCLUSIONS LEV showed no neuroprotective effects in the current model of hyperthermia in vitro. Moreover, drug, especially when used in higher concentrations, exerted unfavorable intensification of aponecrosis of cultured hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Sendrowski
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Sobaniec
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Poskrobko
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Diagnostic, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rusak
- Department of Hematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sobaniec
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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30
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Lam PM, Carlsen J, González MI. A calpain inhibitor ameliorates seizure burden in an experimental model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 102:1-10. [PMID: 28237317 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used the pilocarpine model of epilepsy to evaluate the involvement of calpain dysregulation on epileptogenesis. Detection of spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs, a hallmark of calpain activation) after induction of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) and before appearance of spontaneous seizure suggested the existence of sustained calpain activation during epileptogenesis. Acute treatment with a cell permeable inhibitor of calpain, MDL-28170, resulted in a partial but significant reduction on seizure burden. The reduction on seizure burden was associated with a limited reduction on the generation of SBDPs but was correlated with a reduction in astrocytosis, microglia activation and cell sprouting. Together, these observations provide evidence for the role of calpain in epileptogenesis. In addition, provide proof-of-principle for the use of calpain inhibitors as a novel strategy to prevent epileptic seizures and its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jessica Carlsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marco I González
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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31
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Yu W, Du Y, Zou Y, Wang X, Stephani U, Lü Y. Smad anchor for receptor activation contributes to seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Synapse 2017; 71. [PMID: 28035691 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) is an important regulator of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling by recruiting Smad2/3 to TGF-β receptors. Although TGF-β signaling is critically involved in epileptogenesis, whether SARA activation is sufficient to facilitate TGF-β pathway to regulate epilepsy remains unknown. METHODS The expression of SARA and downstream Phospho-Smad3 (p-Smad3) was examined in rats with pilocarpine induced epilepsy. Additionally, knockdown of SARA was performed via recombinant lentiviral vector in the pilocarpine-induced rats. RESULTS Here we show that expressions of SARA and p-Smad3 are increased in the hippocampus as rats subjected to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Both SARA and p-Smad3 are also upregulated in the temporal cortex of epileptic rats. Furthermore, SARA mRNA levels reach peak as early as 6 hr following SE onset and remain elevated in the chronic phase. Transfection of recombinant lentiviral shRNA targeting SARA knocks down SARA expression, attenuates TGF-β/p-Smad3 signaling in the hippocampus, and postpones the SE onset. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that SARA/Smad3 pathway contributes to mechanism of seizure and SARA in TGF-β signaling may be a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Institutes of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yingshi Du
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ulrich Stephani
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Yang Lü
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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32
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Barros-Barbosa AR, Ferreirinha F, Oliveira Â, Mendes M, Lobo MG, Santos A, Rangel R, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Cordeiro JM, Correia-de-Sá P. Adenosine A 2A receptor and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 are upregulated in hippocampal astrocytes of human patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:719-734. [PMID: 27650530 PMCID: PMC5124012 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractoriness to existing medications of up to 80 % of the patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) prompts for finding new antiepileptic drug targets. The adenosine A2A receptor emerges as an interesting pharmacological target since its excitatory nature partially counteracts the dominant antiepileptic role of endogenous adenosine acting via inhibitory A1 receptors. Gain of function of the excitatory A2A receptor has been implicated in a significant number of brain pathologies commonly characterized by neuronal excitotoxicity. Here, we investigated changes in the expression and cellular localization of the A2A receptor and of the adenosine-generating enzyme, ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, in the hippocampus of control individuals and MTLE human patients. Western blot analysis indicates that the A2A receptor is more abundant in the hippocampus of MTLE patients compared to control individuals. Immunoreactivity against the A2A receptor predominates in astrocytes staining positively for the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). No co-localization was observed between the A2A receptor and neuronal cell markers, like synaptotagmin 1/2 (nerve terminals) and neurofilament 200 (axon fibers). Hippocampal astrogliosis observed in MTLE patients was accompanied by a proportionate increase in A2A receptor and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 immunoreactivities. Given our data, we hypothesize that selective blockade of excessive activation of astrocytic A2A receptors and/or inhibition of surplus adenosine formation by membrane-bound ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 may reduce neuronal excitability, thus providing a novel therapeutic target for drug-refractory seizures in MTLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora R Barros-Barbosa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Mendes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Graça Lobo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Santos
- Serviço de Patologia Forense, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses-Delegação do Norte (INMLCF-DN), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Rangel
- Serviço de Neurocirurgia, Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Geral de Santo António (CHP-HGSA), Porto, Portugal
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL, QC, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL, QC, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada
| | - J Miguel Cordeiro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Yue J, Li W, Liang C, Chen B, Chen X, Wang L, Zang Z, Yu S, Liu S, Li S, Yang H. Activation of LILRB2 signal pathway in temporal lobe epilepsy patients and in a pilocarpine induced epilepsy model. Exp Neurol 2016; 285:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Albright B, Dhaher R, Wang H, Harb R, Lee TSW, Zaveri H, Eid T. Progressive neuronal activation accompanies epileptogenesis caused by hippocampal glutamine synthetase inhibition. Exp Neurol 2016; 288:122-133. [PMID: 27769717 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss of glutamine synthetase (GS) in hippocampal astrocytes has been implicated in the causation of human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). However, the mechanism by which the deficiency in GS leads to epilepsy is incompletely understood. Here we ask how hippocampal GS inhibition affects seizure phenotype and neuronal activation during epilepsy development (epileptogenesis). Epileptogenesis was induced by infusing the irreversible GS blocker methionine sulfoximine (MSO) unilaterally into the hippocampal formation of rats. We then used continuous video-intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring and c-Fos immunohistochemistry to determine the type of seizures and spatial distribution of neuronal activation early (1-5days postinfusion) and late (16-43days postinfusion) in epileptogenesis. Early in epileptogenesis, seizures were preferentially mild (stage 1-2), activating neurons in the entorhinal-hippocampal area, the basolateral amygdala, the piriform cortex, the midline thalamus, and the anterior olfactory area. Late in epileptogenesis, the seizures were generally more severe (stages 4-5) with neuronal activation extending to the neocortex, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the mediodorsal thalamu\s, and the central nucleus of the amygdala. Our findings demonstrate that inhibition of GS focally in the hippocampal formation triggers a process of epileptogenesis characterized by gradual worsening of seizure severity and involvement of progressively larger neuronal populations over a period of several weeks. Knowledge about the underlying mechanism of epileptogenesis is important because such knowledge may result in more specific and efficacious treatments of MTLE by moving away from large and poorly specific surgical resections to highly targeted surgical or pharmacological interventions of the epileptogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Albright
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Helen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Roa Harb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tih-Shih W Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hitten Zaveri
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Melo IS, Santos YMO, Costa MA, Pacheco ALD, Silva NKGT, Cardoso-Sousa L, Pereira UP, Goulart LR, Garcia-Cairasco N, Duzzioni M, Gitaí DLG, Tilelli CQ, Sabino-Silva R, Castro OW. Inhibition of sodium glucose cotransporters following status epilepticus induced by intrahippocampal pilocarpine affects neurodegeneration process in hippocampus. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 61:258-268. [PMID: 27429292 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures, starting from secondary functional disorders due to several insults, including self-sustaining continuous seizures identified as status epilepticus (SE). Although hypoglycemia has been associated with SE, the effect of inhibition of the Na(+)/glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) on hippocampus during SE is still unknown. Here we evaluated the functional role of SGLT in the pattern of limbic seizures and neurodegeneration process after pilocarpine (PILO)-induced SE. Vehicle (VEH, 1μL) or phlorizin, a specific SGLT inhibitor (PZN, 1μL, 50μg/μL), was administered in the hippocampus of rats 30min before PILO (VEH+PILO or PZN+PILO, respectively). The limbic seizures were classified using the Racine's scale, and the amount of wet dog shakes (WDS) was quantified before and during SE. Neurodegeneration process was evaluated by Fluoro-Jade C (FJ-C), and FJ-C-positive neurons (FJ-C+) were counted 24h and 15days after SE. The PZN-treated rats showed higher (p<0.05) number of WDS when compared with VEH+PILO. There was no difference in seizure severity between PZN+PILO and VEH+PILO groups. However, the pattern of limbic seizures significantly changed in PZN+PILO. Indeed, the class 5 seizures repeated themselves more times (p<0.05) than the other classes in the PZN group at 50min after SE induction. The PZN+PILO animals had a higher (p<0.05) number of FJ-C+ cells in the dentate gyrus (DG), hilus, and CA3 and CA1 of hippocampus, when compared with VEH+PILO. The PZN+PILO animals had a decreased number (p<0.05) of FJ-C+ cells in CA1 compared with VEH+PILO 15days after SE induction. Taken together, our data suggest that SGLT inhibition with PZN increased the severity of limbic seizures during SE and increased neurodegeneration in hippocampus 24h after SE, suggesting that SGLT1 and SGLT2 could participate in the modulation of earlier stages of epileptogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Melo
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, AL, Brazil
| | - Yngrid M O Santos
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, AL, Brazil
| | - Maísa A Costa
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, AL, Brazil
| | - Amanda L D Pacheco
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, AL, Brazil
| | - Nívea K G T Silva
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, AL, Brazil
| | - L Cardoso-Sousa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - U P Pereira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - L R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Duzzioni
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, AL, Brazil
| | - Daniel L G Gitaí
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, AL, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Q Tilelli
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Federal University of São João del Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, AL, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Olagide W Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, AL, Brazil.
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Huang PY, Shih YH, Tseng YJ, Ko TL, Fu YS, Lin YY. Xenograft of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly as a potential therapy for rat pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:45-58. [PMID: 26732826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of intra-hippocampal transplantation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) on pilocarpine-treated rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following three groups: (1) a normal group of rats receiving only PBS, (2) a status epilepticus (SE) group of rats with pilocarpine-induced SE and PBS injected into the hippocampi, and (3) a SE+HUMSC group of SE rats with HUMSC transplantation. Spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS) were monitored using simultaneous video and electroencephalographic recordings at two to four weeks after SE induction. The results showed that the number of SRMS within two to four weeks after SE was significantly decreased in SE+HUMSCs rats compared with SE rats. All of the rats were sacrificed on Day 29 after SE. Hippocampal morphology and volume were evaluated using Nissl staining and magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that the volume of the dorsal hippocampus was smaller in SE rats compared with normal and SE+HUMSCs rats. The pyramidal neuron loss in CA1 and CA3 regions was more severe in the SE rats than in normal and SE+HUMSCs rats. No significant differences were found in the hippocampal neuronal loss or in the number of dentate GABAergic neurons between normal and SE+HUMSCs rats. Compared with the SE rats, the SE+HUMSCs rats exhibited a suppression of astrocyte activity and aberrant mossy fiber sprouting. Implanted HUMSCs survived in the hippocampus and released cytokines, including FGF-6, amphiregulin, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factors receptor (GITR), MIP-3β, and osteoprotegerin. In an in vitro study, exposure of cortical neurons to glutamate showed a significant decrease in cell viability, which was preventable by co-culturing with HUMSCs. Above all, the expression of human osteoprotegerin and amphiregulin were significantly increased in the media of the co-culture of neurons and HUMSCs. Our results demonstrate the therapeutic benefits of HUMSC transplantation for the development of epilepsy, which are likely due to the ability of the cells to produce neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, HUMSC transplantation may be an effective therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Huang
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsin Shih
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhan Tseng
- Division of medical research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, HsinChu Branch, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ling Ko
- Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Show Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Yang Lin
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wang YL, Chen YL, Su AWY, Shaw FZ, Liang SF. Epileptic Pattern Recognition and Discovery of the Local Field Potential in Amygdala Kindling Process. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2016; 24:374-85. [PMID: 26766378 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2015.2512258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epileptogenesis, which occurs in an epileptic brain, is an important focus for epilepsy. The spectral analysis has been popularly applied to study the electrophysiological activities. However, the resolution is dominated by the window function of the algorithm used and the sample size. In this report, a temporal waveform analysis method is proposed to investigate the relationship of electrophysiological discharges and motor outcomes with a kindling process. Wistar rats were subjected to electrical amygdala kindling to induce temporal lobe epilepsy. During the kindling process, different morphologies of afterdischarges (ADs) were found and a recognition method, using template matching techniques combined with morphological comparators, was developed to automatically detect the epileptic patterns. The recognition results were compared to manually labeled results, and 79%-91% sensitivity was found. In addition, the initial ADs (the first 10 s) of different seizure stages were specifically utilized for recognition, and an average of 85% sensitivity was achieved. Our study provides an alternative viewpoint away from frequency analysis and time-frequency analysis to investigate epileptogenesis in an epileptic brain. The recognition method can be utilized as a preliminary inspection tool to identify remarkable changes in a patient's electrophysiological activities for clinical use. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of predicting behavioral seizure stages from the early epileptiform discharges.
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Kopachev DN, Shishkina LV, Bychenko VG, Shkatova AM, Golovteev AL, Troitskiy AA, Grinenko OA. [Hippocampal sclerosis: pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEĬROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2016. [PMID: 28635866 DOI: 10.17116/neiro2016804109-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis, also known as Ammon horn sclerosis or mesial temporal sclerosis, is usually associated with intractable epilepsy and characterized by specific patterns of neuronal loss and gliosis in the medial temporal lobe structures. Hippocampal sclerosis manifests clinically as epilepsy, often intractable epilepsy; in most cases, this condition is surgically treatable. As the most common histological diagnosis in adult patients subjected to epilepsy surgery, hippocampal sclerosis is characterized by complex pathogenesis and requires a multidisciplinary approach to its diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews the pathologic features, natural history, pathogenesis, and electroclinical and MRI signs of hippocampal sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Kopachev
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - V G Bychenko
- Kulakov Scientific Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Shkatova
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - A L Golovteev
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia, Kulakov Scientific Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Troitskiy
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia, Kulakov Scientific Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Grinenko
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
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Modo M, Hitchens TK, Liu JR, Richardson RM. Detection of aberrant hippocampal mossy fiber connections: Ex vivo mesoscale diffusion MRI and microtractography with histological validation in a patient with uncontrolled temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 37:780-95. [PMID: 26611565 PMCID: PMC4718824 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiology and functional connectivity of hippocampal structures is essential for improving the treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. At the macroscale, in vivo MRI often reveals hippocampal atrophy and decreased fractional anisotropy, whereas at the microscopic scale, there frequently is evidence of neuronal loss and gliosis. Mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus (DG), with evidence of glutamatergic synapses in the stratum moleculare (SM) putatively originating from granule cell neurons, may also be observed. This aberrant connection between the DG and SM could produce a reverberant excitatory circuit. However, this hypothesis cannot easily be evaluated using macroscopic or microscopic techniques. We here demonstrate that the ex vivo mesoscopic MRI of surgically excised hippocampi can bridge the explanatory and analytical gap between the macro‐ and microscopic scale. Specifically, diffusion‐ and T2‐weighted MRI can be integrated to visualize a cytoarchitecture that is akin to immunohistochemistry. An appropriate spatial resolution to discern individual cell layers can then be established. Processing of diffusion tensor images using tractography detects extra‐ and intrahippocampal connections, hence providing a unique systems view of the hippocampus and its connected regions. Here, this approach suggests that there is indeed an aberrant connection between the DG and SM, supporting the sprouting hypothesis of a reverberant excitatory network. Mesoscopic ex vivo MR imaging hence provides an exciting new avenue to study hippocampi from treatment‐resistant patients and allows exploration of existing hypotheses, as well as the development of new treatment strategies based on these novel insights. Hum Brain Mapp 37:780–795, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Centre for the Neural Basis of Behavior, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessie R Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - R Mark Richardson
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Centre for the Neural Basis of Behavior, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
The hippocampus has a pivotal role in learning and in the formation and consolidation of memory and is critically involved in the regulation of emotion, fear, anxiety, and stress. Studies of the hippocampus have been central to the study of memory in humans and in recent years, the regional specialization and organization of hippocampal functions have been elucidated in experimental models and in human neurological and psychiatric diseases. The hippocampus has long been considered a classic model for the study of neuroplasticity as many examples of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation and -depression have been identified and demonstrated in hippocampal circuits. Neuroplasticity is the ability to adapt and reorganize the structure or function to internal or external stimuli and occurs at the cellular, population, network or behavioral level and is reflected in the cytological and network architecture as well as in intrinsic properties of hippocampal neurons and circuits. The high degree of hippocampal neuroplasticity might, however, be also negatively reflected in the pronounced vulnerability of the hippocampus to deleterious conditions such as ischemia, epilepsy, chronic stress, neurodegeneration and aging targeting hippocampal structure and function and leading to cognitive deficits. Considering this framework of plasticity and vulnerability, we here review basic principles of hippocampal anatomy and neuroplasticity on various levels as well as recent findings regarding the functional organization of the hippocampus in light of the regional vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, epilepsy, neuroinflammation and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bartsch
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
| | - P Wulff
- Institute of Physiology, Neurophysiology, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Status Epilepticus Induced Spontaneous Dentate Gyrus Spikes: In Vivo Current Source Density Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132630. [PMID: 26148195 PMCID: PMC4492740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus is considered to function as an inhibitory gate limiting excitatory input to the hippocampus. Following status epilepticus (SE), this gating function is reduced and granule cells become hyper-excitable. Dentate spikes (DS) are large amplitude potentials observed in the dentate gyrus (DG) of normal animals. DS are associated with membrane depolarization of granule cells, increased activity of hilar interneurons and suppression of CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cell firing. Therefore, DS could act as an anti-excitatory mechanism. Because of the altered gating function of the dentate gyrus following SE, we sought to investigate how DS are affected following pilocarpine-induced SE. Two weeks following lithium-pilocarpine SE induction, hippocampal EEG was recorded in male Sprague-Dawley rats with 16-channel silicon probes under urethane anesthesia. Probes were placed dorso-ventrally to encompass either CA1-CA3 or CA1-DG layers. Large amplitude spikes were detected from EEG recordings and subject to current source density analysis. Probe placement was verified histologically to evaluate the anatomical localization of current sinks and the origin of DS. In 9 of 11 pilocarpine-treated animals and two controls, DS were confirmed with large current sinks in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. DS frequency was significantly increased in pilocarpine-treated animals compared to controls. Additionally, in pilocarpine-treated animals, DS displayed current sinks in the outer, middle and/or inner molecular layers. However, there was no difference in the frequency of events when comparing between layers. This suggests that following SE, DS can be generated by input from medial and lateral entorhinal cortex, or within the dentate gyrus. DS were associated with an increase in multiunit activity in the granule cell layer, but no change in CA1. These results suggest that following SE there is an increase in DS activity, potentially arising from hyperexcitability along the hippocampal-entorhinal pathway or within the dentate gyrus itself.
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Increased levels and activity of cathepsins B and D in kainate-induced toxicity. Neuroscience 2014; 284:360-373. [PMID: 25307300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Administration of kainic acid induces acute seizures that result in the loss of neurons, gliosis and reorganization of mossy fiber pathways in the hippocampus resembling those observed in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Although these structural changes have been well characterized, the mechanisms underlying the degeneration of neurons following administration of kainic acid remain unclear. Since the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins B and D, are known to be involved in the loss of neurons and clearance of degenerative materials in a variety of experimental conditions, we evaluated their potential roles in kainic acid-treated rats. In parallel, we also measured the levels and expression of insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptors, which mediate the intracellular trafficking of these enzymes, in kainic acid-treated rats. Our results showed that systemic administration of kainic acid evoked severe loss of neurons along with hypertrophy of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus of the adult rat brain. The levels and activity of cathepsins B and D increased with time in the hippocampus of kainic acid-treated rats compared to the saline-injected control animals. The expression of both cathepsins B and D, as evident by immunolabeling studies, was also markedly increased in activated astrocytes and microglia of the kainic acid-treated rats. Additionally, cytosolic levels of the cathepsins were enhanced along with cytochrome c and to some extent Bax in the hippocampus in kainic acid-treated rats. These changes were accompanied by appearance of cleaved caspase-3-positive neurons in the hippocampus of kainic acid-treated animals. The levels of IGF-II/M6P receptors, on the other hand, were not significantly altered, but these receptors were found to be present in a subset of reactive astrocytes following administration of kainic acid. These results, taken together, suggest that enhanced levels/expression and activity of lysosomal enzymes may have a role in the loss of neurons and/or clearance of degenerative materials observed in kainic acid-treated rats.
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Bricker-Anthony C, Hines-Beard J, Rex TS. Molecular changes and vision loss in a mouse model of closed-globe blast trauma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:4853-62. [PMID: 24994864 PMCID: PMC4123895 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize retinal changes and assess vision after an eye-directed air blast. METHODS Adult C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to a blast directed at one eye. Optical coherence tomography and histology were performed to assess retina and optic nerve integrity. Cell death, oxidative stress, and glial reactivity were examined by immunohistochemistry. Visual changes were measured by ERG recordings and the optokinetic reflex. RESULTS In the outer retina, eye blast caused retinal pigment epithelium vacuoles and rare retinal detachments followed by regional cell death. Labeling for nitrotyrosine and markers of pyroptosis (caspase-1) and necroptosis (receptor-interacting protein kinases-1, -3) increased, primarily in the inner retina, after blast. Caspase-1 labeling was restricted primarily to the starburst amacrine cells. A few degenerating axons were detected at 28 days post blast. Despite a lack of substantial cell death or decreased ERG, there was a deficit in visual acuity after blast. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cell death became increasingly prevalent, over time post blast suggestive of an ongoing neurodegenerative response. Outer retinal changes either resolved or remained focal. In contrast, inner retinal changes were more robust and spread from focal regions to the entire retina over time post blast. Our model of eye blast trauma causes molecular changes and a decrease in visual acuity within the first month post blast despite a lack of overt eye injury. This subtle response matches the delayed presentation of visual deficits in some blast-exposed Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Bricker-Anthony
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jessica Hines-Beard
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Tonia S Rex
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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Kaila K, Ruusuvuori E, Seja P, Voipio J, Puskarjov M. GABA actions and ionic plasticity in epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 26:34-41. [PMID: 24650502 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Concepts of epilepsy, based on a simple change in neuronal excitation/inhibition balance, have subsided in face of recent insights into the large diversity and context-dependence of signaling mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and neuronal network level. GABAergic transmission exerts both seizure-suppressing and seizure-promoting actions. These two roles are prone to short-term and long-term alterations, evident both during epileptogenesis and during individual epileptiform events. The driving force of GABAergic currents is controlled by ion-regulatory molecules such as the neuronal K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 and cytosolic carbonic anhydrases. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal ion regulation is highly plastic, thereby contributing to the multiple roles ascribed to GABAergic signaling during epileptogenesis and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kaila
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eva Ruusuvuori
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patricia Seja
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Voipio
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Puskarjov
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Wilson SM, Ki Yeon S, Yang XF, Park KD, Khanna R. Differential regulation of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) phosphorylation by GSK3ß and CDK5 following traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:135. [PMID: 24904280 PMCID: PMC4035569 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant ion channel function has been heralded as a main underlying mechanism driving epilepsy and its symptoms. However, it has become increasingly clear that treatment strategies targeting voltage-gated sodium or calcium channels merely mask the symptoms of epilepsy without providing disease-modifying benefits. Ion channel function is likely only one important cog in a highly complex machine. Gross morphological changes, such as reactive sprouting and outgrowth, may also play a role in epileptogenesis. Mechanisms responsible for these changes are not well-understood. Here we investigate the potential involvement of the neurite outgrowth-promoting molecule collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2). CRMP2 activity, in this respect, is regulated by phosphorylation state, where phosphorylation by a variety of kinases, including glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β) renders it inactive. Phosphorylation (inactivation) of CRMP2 was decreased at two distinct phases following traumatic brain injury (TBI). While reduced CRMP2 phosphorylation during the early phase was attributed to the inactivation of GSK3β, the sustained decrease in CRMP2 phosphorylation in the late phase appeared to be independent of GSK3β activity. Instead, the reduction in GSK3β-phosphorylated CRMP2 was attributed to a loss of priming by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which allows for subsequent phosphorylation by GSK3β. Based on the observation that the proportion of active CRMP2 is increased for up to 4 weeks following TBI, it was hypothesized that it may drive neurite outgrowth, and therefore, circuit reorganization during this time. Therefore, a novel small-molecule tool was used to target CRMP2 in an attempt to determine its importance in mossy fiber sprouting following TBI. In this report, we demonstrate novel differential regulation of CRMP2 phosphorylation by GSK3β and CDK5 following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Wilson
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Seul Ki Yeon
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul, Korea
| | - Xiao-Fang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul, Korea
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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Marcette JD, Chen JJ, Nonet ML. The Caenorhabditis elegans microtubule minus-end binding homolog PTRN-1 stabilizes synapses and neurites. eLife 2014; 3:e01637. [PMID: 24569480 PMCID: PMC3930908 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics facilitate neurite growth and establish morphology, but the role of minus-end binding proteins in these processes is largely unexplored. CAMSAP homologs associate with microtubule minus-ends, and are important for the stability of epithelial cell adhesions. In this study, we report morphological defects in neurons and neuromuscular defects in mutants of the C. elegans CAMSAP, ptrn-1. Mechanosensory neurons initially extend wild-type neurites, and subsequently remodel by overextending neurites and retracting synaptic branches and presynaptic varicosities. This neuronal remodeling can be activated by mutations known to alter microtubules, and depends on a functioning DLK-1 MAP kinase pathway. We found that PTRN-1 localizes to both neurites and synapses, and our results suggest that alterations of microtubule structures caused by loss of PTRN-1 function activates a remodeling program leading to changes in neurite morphology. We propose a model whereby minus-end microtubule stabilization mediated by a functional PTRN-1 is necessary for morphological maintenance of neurons. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01637.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dorfman Marcette
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jessica Jie Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Michael L Nonet
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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47
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Kasperavičiūtė D, Catarino CB, Matarin M, Leu C, Novy J, Tostevin A, Leal B, Hessel EVS, Hallmann K, Hildebrand MS, Dahl HHM, Ryten M, Trabzuni D, Ramasamy A, Alhusaini S, Doherty CP, Dorn T, Hansen J, Krämer G, Steinhoff BJ, Zumsteg D, Duncan S, Kälviäinen RK, Eriksson KJ, Kantanen AM, Pandolfo M, Gruber-Sedlmayr U, Schlachter K, Reinthaler EM, Stogmann E, Zimprich F, Théâtre E, Smith C, O’Brien TJ, Meng Tan K, Petrovski S, Robbiano A, Paravidino R, Zara F, Striano P, Sperling MR, Buono RJ, Hakonarson H, Chaves J, Costa PP, Silva BM, da Silva AM, de Graan PNE, Koeleman BPC, Becker A, Schoch S, von Lehe M, Reif PS, Rosenow F, Becker F, Weber Y, Lerche H, Rössler K, Buchfelder M, Hamer HM, Kobow K, Coras R, Blumcke I, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF, Weale ME, Delanty N, Depondt C, Cavalleri GL, Kunz WS, Sisodiya SM. Epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis and febrile seizures linked by common genetic variation around SCN1A. Brain 2013; 136:3140-50. [PMID: 24014518 PMCID: PMC3784283 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy comprises several syndromes, amongst the most common being mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Seizures in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis are typically drug-resistant, and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is frequently associated with important co-morbidities, mandating the search for better understanding and treatment. The cause of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is unknown, but there is an association with childhood febrile seizures. Several rarer epilepsies featuring febrile seizures are caused by mutations in SCN1A, which encodes a brain-expressed sodium channel subunit targeted by many anti-epileptic drugs. We undertook a genome-wide association study in 1018 people with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and 7552 control subjects, with validation in an independent sample set comprising 959 people with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and 3591 control subjects. To dissect out variants related to a history of febrile seizures, we tested cases with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis with (overall n = 757) and without (overall n = 803) a history of febrile seizures. Meta-analysis revealed a genome-wide significant association for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis with febrile seizures at the sodium channel gene cluster on chromosome 2q24.3 [rs7587026, within an intron of the SCN1A gene, P = 3.36 × 10(-9), odds ratio (A) = 1.42, 95% confidence interval: 1.26-1.59]. In a cohort of 172 individuals with febrile seizures, who did not develop epilepsy during prospective follow-up to age 13 years, and 6456 controls, no association was found for rs7587026 and febrile seizures. These findings suggest SCN1A involvement in a common epilepsy syndrome, give new direction to biological understanding of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis with febrile seizures, and open avenues for investigation of prognostic factors and possible prevention of epilepsy in some children with febrile seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Kasperavičiūtė
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Claudia B. Catarino
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 2 Epilepsy Society, Chalfont-St-Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Mar Matarin
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Costin Leu
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jan Novy
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 2 Epilepsy Society, Chalfont-St-Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Anna Tostevin
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 2 Epilepsy Society, Chalfont-St-Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Bárbara Leal
- 3 Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- 4 UMIB - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ellen V. S. Hessel
- 5 Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Hallmann
- 6 Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- 7 Life & Brain Centre, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael S. Hildebrand
- 8 Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Hans-Henrik M. Dahl
- 8 Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Mina Ryten
- 9 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 10 Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- 9 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 10 Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 11 Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- 9 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 10 Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 12 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- 13 Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- 14 Brain Morphometry Laboratory, Neurophysics Department, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Colin P. Doherty
- 15 Department of Neurology, St James’ Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Thomas Dorn
- 16 Swiss Epilepsy Centre, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Hansen
- 16 Swiss Epilepsy Centre, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Dominik Zumsteg
- 18 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan Duncan
- 19 Edinburgh and South East Scotland Epilepsy Service, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
| | - Reetta K. Kälviäinen
- 20 Kuopio Epilepsy Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- 21 Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai J. Eriksson
- 22 Paediatric Neurology Unit, Tampere University Hospital and Paediatric Research Centre, University of Tampere, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne-Mari Kantanen
- 20 Kuopio Epilepsy Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- 23 Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kurt Schlachter
- 25 Department of Paediatrics, LKH Bregenz, 6900 Bregenz, Austria
| | - Eva M. Reinthaler
- 26 Department of Clinical Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Stogmann
- 26 Department of Clinical Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- 26 Department of Clinical Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilie Théâtre
- 27 Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-R) and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- 28 Unit of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Colin Smith
- 29 Department of Neuropathology, MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, Wilkie Building, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Terence J. O’Brien
- 30 Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3050, Australia
- 31 Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - K. Meng Tan
- 30 Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3050, Australia
- 31 Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Slave Petrovski
- 30 Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3050, Australia
- 31 Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
- 32 Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Angela Robbiano
- 33 Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Genoa, ‘G. Gaslini’ Institute, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Paravidino
- 33 Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Genoa, ‘G. Gaslini’ Institute, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- 33 Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Genoa, ‘G. Gaslini’ Institute, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- 34 Paediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, ‘G. Gaslini’ Institute, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Michael R. Sperling
- 35 Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Russell J. Buono
- 36 Department of Biomedical Science, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- 37 Centre for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
| | - João Chaves
- 38 Department of Neurological Disorders and Senses, Hospital Santo António / Centro Hospitalar do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo P. Costa
- 3 Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- 4 UMIB - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
- 39 Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 4049-019 Porto, Portugal
| | - Berta M. Silva
- 3 Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- 4 UMIB - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - António M. da Silva
- 4 UMIB - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
- 38 Department of Neurological Disorders and Senses, Hospital Santo António / Centro Hospitalar do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pierre N. E. de Graan
- 5 Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bobby P. C. Koeleman
- 40 Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Becker
- 41 Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- 41 Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marec von Lehe
- 42 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Philipp S. Reif
- 43 Epilepsy-Centre Hessen, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals and Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- 43 Epilepsy-Centre Hessen, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals and Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Becker
- 44 Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- 44 Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger Lerche
- 44 Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl Rössler
- 45 Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- 45 Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hajo M. Hamer
- 46 Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Centre, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katja Kobow
- 47 Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Coras
- 47 Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Blumcke
- 47 Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingrid E. Scheffer
- 8 Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
- 48 Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
- 49 Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Samuel F. Berkovic
- 8 Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Michael E. Weale
- 12 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - UK Brain Expression Consortium
- 9 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 10 Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Norman Delanty
- 13 Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- 50 Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Chantal Depondt
- 23 Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gianpiero L. Cavalleri
- 13 Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Wolfram S. Kunz
- 6 Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- 7 Life & Brain Centre, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 2 Epilepsy Society, Chalfont-St-Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
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48
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Van Liefferinge J, Massie A, Portelli J, Di Giovanni G, Smolders I. Are vesicular neurotransmitter transporters potential treatment targets for temporal lobe epilepsy? Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:139. [PMID: 24009559 PMCID: PMC3757300 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vesicular neurotransmitter transporters (VNTs) are small proteins responsible for packing synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters thereby determining the amount of neurotransmitter released per vesicle through fusion in both neurons and glial cells. Each transporter subtype was classically seen as a specific neuronal marker of the respective nerve cells containing that particular neurotransmitter or structurally related neurotransmitters. More recently, however, it has become apparent that common neurotransmitters can also act as co-transmitters, adding complexity to neurotransmitter release and suggesting intriguing roles for VNTs therein. We will first describe the current knowledge on vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1/2/3), the vesicular excitatory amino acid transporter (VEAT), the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT1/2), the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and the vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT) in the brain. We will focus on evidence regarding transgenic mice with disruptions in VNTs in different models of seizures and epilepsy. We will also describe the known alterations and reorganizations in the expression levels of these VNTs in rodent models for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in human tissue resected for epilepsy surgery. Finally, we will discuss perspectives on opportunities and challenges for VNTs as targets for possible future epilepsy therapies.
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49
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Reddy DS. Role of hormones and neurosteroids in epileptogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:115. [PMID: 23914154 PMCID: PMC3728472 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the emerging evidence of hormonal influence on epileptogenesis, which is a process whereby a brain becomes progressively epileptic due to an initial precipitating event of diverse origin such as brain injury, stroke, infection, or prolonged seizures. The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of epilepsy are poorly understood. Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration appear to trigger epileptogenesis. There is an intense search for drugs that truly prevent the development of epilepsy in people at risk. Hormones play an important role in children and adults with epilepsy. Corticosteroids, progesterone, estrogens, and neurosteroids have been shown to affect seizure activity in animal models and in clinical studies. However, the impact of hormones on epileptogenesis has not been investigated widely. There is emerging new evidence that progesterone, neurosteroids, and endogenous hormones may play a role in regulating the epileptogenesis. Corticosterone has excitatory effects and triggers epileptogenesis in animal models. Progesterone has disease-modifying activity in epileptogenic models. The antiepileptogenic effect of progesterone has been attributed to its conversion to neurosteroids, which binds to GABA-A receptors and enhances phasic and tonic inhibition in the brain. Neurosteroids are robust anticonvulsants. There is pilot evidence that neurosteroids may have antiepileptogenic properties. Future studies may generate new insight on the disease-modifying potential of hormonal agents and neurosteroids in epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center Bryan, TX, USA
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50
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González MI. The possible role of GABAA receptors and gephyrin in epileptogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:113. [PMID: 23885234 PMCID: PMC3717475 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The term epileptogenesis refers to a dynamic alteration in neuronal excitability that promotes the appearance of spontaneous seizures. Temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common type of acquired epilepsy, often develops after an insult to the brain such as trauma, febrile seizures, encephalitis, or status epilepticus. During the pre-epileptic state (also referred as latent or silent period) there is a plethora of molecular, biochemical, and structural changes that lead to the generation of recurrent spontaneous seizures (or epilepsy). The specific contribution of these alterations to epilepsy development is unclear, but a loss of inhibition has been associated with the increased excitability detected in the latent period. A rapid increase in neuronal hyperexcitability could be due, at least in part, to a decline in the number of physiologically active GABAA receptors (GABAAR). Altered expression of scaffolding proteins involved in the trafficking and anchoring of GABAAR could directly impact the stability of GABAergic synapses and promote a deficiency in inhibitory neurotransmission. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms operating during epileptogenesis and its possible impact on the regulation of GABAAR and scaffolding proteins may offer new targets to prevent the development of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco I González
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
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