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Modi A, Raval I, Doshi P, Joshi M, Joshi C, Patel AK. Heterologous expression of recombinant nattokinase in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and media optimization for overproduction of nattokinase using RSM. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 203:106198. [PMID: 36379347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase, a serine protease, was discovered in Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of a soybean byproduct. Nattokinase is essential for the lysis of blood clots and the treatment of cardiac diseases including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, high blood pressure, and stroke. The demand for thrombolytic drugs rises as the prevalence of cardiovascular disease rises, and nattokinase is particularly effective for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to its long duration of action. In this study, we cloned the nattokinase gene from the Bacillus subtilis strain into the pET32a vector and expressed the protein in the E. coli BL21(DE3) strain. The active recombinant nattokinase was purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and then evaluated for fibrinolytic and blood clot lysis activity. Physiological parameters for optimizing protein production at optimal pH, temperature, IPTG concentration, and incubation time were investigated. A statistical technique was used to optimize media components for nattokinase overproduction, and Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology-based optimization was used to select significant components for protein production. The optimized media produced 1805.50 mg/L of expressed nattokinase and 42.80 gm/L of bacterial mass. The fibrinolytic activity obtained from refolded native protein was 58FU/mg, which was five times higher than the available orokinase drug (11FU/mg). The efficiency with which a statistical technique for media optimization was implemented improved recombinant nattokinase production and provides new information for scale - up nattokinase toward industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Modi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Ishan Raval
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Doshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Amrutlal K Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India.
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Saad WF, Othman AM, Abdel-Fattah M, Ahmad MS. Response surface methodology as an approach for optimization of α-amylase production by the new isolated thermotolerant Bacillus licheniformis WF67 strain in submerged fermentation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ghosh S, Godoy L, Anchang KY, Achilonu CC, Gryzenhout M. Fungal Cellulases: Current Research and Future Challenges. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abdel-Azeem AM, Hasan GA, Mohesien MT. Biodegradation of Agricultural Wastes by Chaetomium Species. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31612-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nair NR, Nampoothiri KM, Banarjee R, Reddy G. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of jackfruit seed powder (JFSP) to l-lactic acid and to polylactide polymer. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 213:283-288. [PMID: 27005791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A newly isolated amylolytic lactic acid bacterium, Streptococcus equinus, was used for the production of l-lactic acid from jackfruit seed powder (JFSP) by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). After optimization of shake flask fermentation by a response surface box-behnken design, the maximum lactate titer was 109g/L from 200g/L jackfruit seed powder. Amberlite IRA67, a weak base resin, was used to recover pure lactic acid from fermented broth and subsequently used for the synthesis of polylactic acid by direct condensation polymerization method with a yield of 62%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Rajendran Nair
- Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - K Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695019, India.
| | - Rintu Banarjee
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, IIT, Kharagpur, India
| | - Gopal Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, UCS, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Behera SS, Ray RC. Solid state fermentation for production of microbial cellulases: Recent advances and improvement strategies. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:656-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Solid State Fermentation of a Raw Starch Digesting Alkaline Alpha-Amylase from Bacillus licheniformis RT7PE1 and Its Characteristics. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:495384. [PMID: 24587909 PMCID: PMC3918720 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of solids state raw starch digesting alpha amylase from newly isolated Bacillus licheniformis RT7PE1 strain were studied. The kinetic values Qp, Yp/s, Yp/X, and qp were proved to be best with 15% wheat bran. The molecular weight of purified enzyme was 112 kDa. The apparent Km and Vmax values for starch were 3.4 mg mL−1 and 19.5 IU mg−1 protein, respectively. The optimum temperature and pH for α-amylase were 55°C, 9.8. The half-life of enzyme at 95°C was 17h. The activation and denaturation activation energies were 45.2 and 41.2 kJ mol−1, respectively. Both enthalpies (ΔH∗) and entropies of activation (ΔS∗) for denaturation of α-amylase were lower than those reported for other thermostable α-amylases.
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Effects of dietary inclusion of fermented cottonseed meal on growth, cecal microbial population, small intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activity of broilers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:987-93. [PMID: 23224950 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the feeding value of fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM) in broilers. In experiment 1, 480 1-day-old male yellow-feathered broilers were allocated into 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicates (20 birds per replicate) to examine the effects of FCSM on the growth response of chickens. Experimental feeding was performed for 6 weeks in two phases (starter, days 0 to 21; finisher, days 22 to 42). FCSM was used at 0, 40, 80, and 120 g/kg levels to replace soybean meal in the basal diet. The dietary inclusion of 40 and 80 g/kg FCSM increased (quadratic (Q): p<0.01) the body weight gain of broilers in the starter and in the overall feeding periods. Experiment 2 determined the effect of FCSM on the cecal microbial populations, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activity of broilers. The number of lactobacilli in the cecal digesta increased at day 21 (p<0.01) and day 42 (linear (L): p=0.01). Coliform bacteria counts decreased (L: p<0.05) with the increasing inclusion of FCSM at day 21. The inclusion of FCSM increased (L-Q: p<0.05) villus height in the duodenum and linearly elevated (p<0.05) villus height and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum at day 21. Similar improvement (L: p<0.05) was noted in jejunal villus height at day 42. The inclusion of FCSM improved (p<0.05) the activities of amylase and protease at day 21, as well as protease at day 42. In conclusion, the appropriate inclusion of FCSM improves growth, cecal microflora, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activity in yellow-feathered broilers.
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Hashemi M, Razavi SH, Shojaosadati SA, Mousavi SM, Khajeh K, Safari M. Development of a solid-state fermentation process for production of an alpha amylase with potentially interesting properties. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:333-7. [PMID: 20547329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ca-independency with potential activity and stability at low pH are among the most interesting characteristics of alpha-amylase in starch industry. In this attempt the synergetic effect of low pH on activity of crude Ca-independent alpha-amylase isolated from a native Bacillus sp. KR-8104 in solid-state fermentation (SSF) was studied using wheat bran (WB) as a substrate. The effects of different parameters including moisturizing agents, solid substrate to moisture ratio, particle size, incubation temperature and period, inoculum (v/w) and supplementation with 1% (w/w) different carbon and nitrogen sources on enzyme production were investigated. Maximum enzyme production of 140U/g dry fermented substrate was obtained from wheat bran moistened with tap water at a ratio of 1:1.5 and supplemented with 1% (w/w) NH(4)NO(3) and 1% (w/w) lactose after 48h incubation at 37 degrees C. Even though the production of alpha-amylase was lower at 40 and 45 degrees C, the viable cell count was higher. In addition response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to find optimum conditions of temperature and pH on crude amylase activity. Using central composite design (CCD) a quadratic mathematical model equation was derived for the prediction of enzyme activity. The results showed that the model was in good agreement with experimental results, with R(2)=0.90 (p<0.0001) and the low pH has a synergetic effect on enzyme activity at higher temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hashemi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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Swain MR, Ray RC. Production, Characterization and Application of a Thermostable Exo-polygalacturonase byBacillus subtilisCM5. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430903320958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Swain MR, Kar S, Ray RC. Exo-polygalacturonase production by Bacillus subtilis CM5 in solid state fermentation using cassava bagasse. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:636-48. [PMID: 24031409 PMCID: PMC3768540 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090003000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of Bacillus subtilis CM5 in solid state fermentation using cassava bagasse for production of exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG). Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of four main variables, i.e. incubation period, initial medium pH, moisture holding capacity (MHC) and incubation temperature on enzyme production. A full factorial Central Composite Design was applied to study these main factors that affected exo-PG production. The experimental results showed that the optimum incubation period, pH, MHC and temperature were 6 days, 7.0, 70% and 50°C, respectively for optimum exo-PG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R Swain
- Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (Regional Centre) , Bhubaneswar - 751019 , India
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Characterization of a Hemolysin Gene ytjA from Bacillus subtilis. Curr Microbiol 2009; 58:642-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kar S, Swain MR, Ray RC. Statistical optimization of alpha-amylase production with immobilized cells of Streptomyces erumpens MTCC 7317 in Luffa cylindrica L. sponge discs. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 152:177-88. [PMID: 18521760 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of Streptomyces erumpens cells immobilized in various matrices, i.e., agar-agar, polyacrylamide, and luffa (Luffa cylindrica L.) sponge for production of alpha-amylase. Luffa sponge was found to be 21% and 51% more effective in enzyme yield than agar-agar and polyacrylamide, respectively. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of three main variables, i.e., incubation period, pH, and temperature on enzyme production with immobilized luffa cells. The experimental results showed that the optimum incubation period, pH, and temperature were 36h, 6.0, and 50 degrees C, respectively. The repeated batch fermentation of immobilized cells in shake flasks showed that S. erumpens cells were more or less equally physiologically active on the support even after three cycles of fermentation (3,830-3,575 units). The application of S. erumpens crude enzyme in liquefying cassava starch was studied. The maximum hydrolysis of cassava starch (85%) was obtained with the application of 4ml (15,200 units) of crude enzyme after 5 h of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaktimay Kar
- Microbiology Laboratory, Regional Center of Central Tuber crops Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
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