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Yang P, Deng F, Yuan M, Chen M, Zeng L, Ouyang Y, Chen X, Zhao B, Yang Z, Tian Z. Metabolomics reveals the defense mechanism of histidine supplementation on high-salt exposure-induced hepatic oxidative stress. Life Sci 2023; 314:121355. [PMID: 36596407 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study mainly evaluated the protective mechanism of histidine against the hepatic oxidative stress after high-salt exposure (HSE) through combined analysis of non-targeted metabolomics and biological metabolic networks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats were fed with normal-salt diet or HSE ± histidine in addition to drinking water for 14 days. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the hepatic metabolites. The metabolic profile was analyzed by SIMCA-14.1, the metabolic correlation network was performed using Gephi-0.9.2, and pathway enrichment was analyzed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 online website. KEY FINDINGS Results indicated that HSE disturbed the hepatic metabolic profile, generated abnormal liver metabolism and exacerbated oxidative stress. Histidine supplementation significantly reversed the hepatic metabolic profile. Of note, 14 differential metabolic pathways were enriched after histidine supplementation, most of which played an important role in ameliorating redox and nitric oxide (NO) metabolism. Histidine administration decreased the levels of hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde, and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione S-transferase and Glutathione reductases). Histidine effectively enhanced the endogenous synthesis of glutathione by increasing the levels of glutamate and cysteine, thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of the glutathione system. After histidine administration, lysine, glutamate, and hypotaurine owned a higher metabolic centrality in the correlation network. In addition, histidine could also effectively increase the endogenous synthesis of NO by enhancing the L-arginine/NO pathway. SIGNIFICANCE This study offers new insights into the metabolic mechanisms underlying the antioxidant protective effect of histidine on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Fenfen Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mengdi Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Meng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Li Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yanan Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiangbo Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhongmin Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Wu GJ, Cherng YG, Chen JT, Chang CC, Liu SH, Chen RM. Genistein Triggers Translocation of Estrogen Receptor-Alpha in Mitochondria to Induce Expressions of ATP Synthesis-Associated Genes and Improves Energy Production and Osteoblast Maturation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:901-923. [PMID: 33853499 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that estrogen can induce mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis-associated gene expressions and osteoblast maturation. Genistein, a phytoestrogenic isoflavone that is widely found in various foods and traditional herb products, is beneficial for osteogenesis by selectively triggering estrogen receptor alpha (ER[Formula: see text] expression. In this study, we further investigated the mechanisms of genistein-induced energy production and osteoblast activation. Exposure of rat calvarial osteoblasts and human U-2 OS cells to genistein triggered osteoblast activation without affecting cell survival. Treatment with genistein time-dependently induced ER[Formula: see text] mRNA and protein expressions in rat calvarial osteoblasts. Analyses by confocal microscopy and immunoblotting showed that genistein stimulated translocation of ER[Formula: see text] from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. Subsequently, expressions of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) I and II mRNAs and proteins in primary rat osteoblasts were induced after exposure to genistein. Knocking-down ER[Formula: see text] concurrently inhibited genistein-induced COX I and II mRNA expressions. In addition, mitochondrial complex enzyme activities, the mitochondrial membrane potential, and cellular ATP levels in rat calvarial osteoblasts were time-dependently augmented by genistein. Suppressing ER[Formula: see text] expression instantaneously lowered genistein-induced enhancements of mitochondrial energy production and osteoblast activation. Effects of genistein on ER[Formula: see text] translocation, COX I and II mRNA expressions, ATP synthesis, and osteoblast activation were further confirmed in human U-2 OS cells. This study showed that genistein can stimulate energy production and consequent osteoblast activation via inducing ER[Formula: see text]-mediated mitochondrial ATP synthesis-linked gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Jhe Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Giun Cherng
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Chau Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Anastasio AT, Paniagua A, Diamond C, Ferlauto HR, Fernandez-Moure JS. Nanomaterial Nitric Oxide Delivery in Traumatic Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:592008. [PMID: 33537289 PMCID: PMC7849904 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.592008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving bone fracture union after trauma represents a major challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. Fracture non-healing has a multifactorial etiology and there are many risk factors for non-fusion. Environmental factors such as wound contamination, infection, and open fractures can contribute to non-healing, as can patient specific factors such as poor vascular status and improper immunologic response to fracture. Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, neutral, hydrophobic, highly reactive free radical that can diffuse across local cell membranes and exert paracrine functions in the vascular wall. This molecule plays a role in many biologic pathways, and participates in wound healing through decontamination, mediating inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Additionally, NO is thought to play a role in fighting wound infection by mitigating growth of both Gram negative and Gram positive pathogens. Herein, we discuss recent developments in NO delivery mechanisms and potential implications for patients with bone fractures. NO donors are functional groups that store and release NO, independent of the enzymatic actions of NOS. Donor molecules include organic nitrates/nitrites, metal-NO complexes, and low molecular weight NO donors such as NONOates. Numerous advancements have also been made in developing mechanisms for localized nanomaterial delivery of nitric oxide to bone. NO-releasing aerogels, sol- gel derived nanomaterials, dendrimers, NO-releasing micelles, and core cross linked star (CCS) polymers are all discussed as potential avenues of NO delivery to bone. As a further target for improved fracture healing, 3d bone scaffolds have been developed to include potential for nanoparticulated NO release. These advancements are discussed in detail, and their potential therapeutic advantages are explored. This review aims to provide valuable insight for translational researchers who wish to improve the armamentarium of the feature trauma surgeon through use of NO mediated augmentation of bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariana Paniagua
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Carrie Diamond
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Wu GJ, Chen JT, Cherng YG, Chang CC, Liu SH, Chen RM. Genistein Improves Bone Healing via Triggering Estrogen Receptor Alpha-Mediated Expressions of Osteogenesis-Associated Genes and Consequent Maturation of Osteoblasts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10639-10650. [PMID: 32897066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis-associated fractures may cause higher morbidity and mortality. Our previous study showed the effects of genistein, a phytoestrogen, on the induction of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) gene expression and stimulation of osteoblast mineralization. In this study, rat calvarial osteoblasts and an animal bone defect model were used to investigate the effects of genistein on bone healing. Treatment with genistein caused a time-dependent increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in rat osteoblasts. Levels of cytosolic and nuclear ERα significantly augmented following exposure to genistein. Subsequently, genistein elevated levels of ALP mRNA and protein in rat osteoblasts. Moreover, genistein induced other osteogenesis-associated osteocalcin and Runx2 mRNA and protein expressions. Knocking-down ERα using RNA interference concurrently inhibited genistein-induced Runx2, osteocalcin, and ALP mRNA expression. Attractively, administration of ICR mice suffering bone defects with genistein caused significant increases in the callus width, chondrocyte proliferation, and ALP synthesis. Results of microcomputed tomography revealed that administration of genistein increased trabecular bone numbers and improved the bone thickness and volume. This study showed that genistein can improve bone healing via triggering ERα-mediated osteogenesis-associated gene expressions and subsequent osteoblast maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Jhe Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Giun Cherng
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Chau Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Pezzotti G. Silicon Nitride: A Bioceramic with a Gift. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26619-26636. [PMID: 31251018 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the closing decades of the 20th century, silicon nitride (Si3N4) was extensively developed for high-temperature gas turbine applications. Technologists attempted to take advantage of its superior thermal and mechanical properties to improve engine reliability and fuel economy. Yet, this promise was never realized in spite of the worldwide research, which was conducted at that time. Notwithstanding this disappointment, its use in medical applications in the early 21st century has been an unexpected gift. While retaining all of its engineered mechanical properties, it is now recognized for its peculiar surface chemistry. When immersed in an aqueous environment, the slow elution of silicon and nitrogen from its surface enhances healing of soft and osseous tissue, inhibits bacterial proliferation, and eradicates viruses. These benefits permit it to be used in a wide array of different disciplines inside and outside of the human body including orthopedics, dentistry, virology, agronomy, and environmental remediation. Given the global public health threat posed by mutating viruses and bacteria, silicon nitride offers a valid and straightforward alternative approach to fighting these pathogens. However, there is a conundrum behind these recent discoveries: How can this unique bioceramic be both friendly to mammalian cells while concurrently lysing invasive pathogens? This unparalleled characteristic can be explained by the pH-dependent kinetics of two ammonia species-NH4+ and NH3-both of which are leached from the wet Si3N4 surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory , Kyoto Institute of Technology , Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki , Kyoto 606-8585 , Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Tokyo Medical University , 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023 , Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics , Osaka University , 2-2 Yamadaoka , Suita 565-0854 , Osaka , Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho , Kyoto 602-8566 , Japan
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Dong YY, Zhuang YH, Cai WJ, Liu Y, Zou WB. The mitochondrion interfering compound NPC-26 exerts potent anti-pancreatic cancer cell activity in vitro and in vivo. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:15053-15063. [PMID: 27658776 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel anti-pancreatic cancer agents is extremely important. Here, we investigated the anti-pancreatic cancer activity by NPC-26, a novel mitochondrion interfering compound. We showed that NPC-26 was anti-proliferative and cytotoxic to human pancreatic cancer cells, possibly via inducing caspase-9-dependent cell apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition or shRNA-mediated silence of caspase-9 attenuated NPC-26-induced pancreatic cancer cell death and apoptosis. Further, NPC-26 treatment led to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening in the cancer cells, which was evidenced by mitochondrial depolarization, ANT-1(adenine nucleotide translocator-1)-Cyp-D (cyclophilin-D) association and oxidative phosphorylation disturbance. mPTP blockers (cyclosporin and sanglifehrin A) or shRNA-mediated knockdown of key mPTP components (Cyp-D and ANT-1) dramatically attenuated NPC-26-induced pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis. Importantly, we showed that NPC-26, at a low concentration, potentiated gemcitabine-induced mPTP opening and subsequent pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis. In vivo, NPC-26 intraperitoneal injection significantly suppressed the growth of PANC-1 xenograft tumors in nude mice. Meanwhile, NPC-26 sensitized gemcitabine-mediated anti-pancreatic cancer activity in vivo. In summary, the results of this study suggest that NPC-26, alone or together with gemcitabine, potently inhibits pancreatic cancer cells possibly via disrupting mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Dong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362000, China.
| | - Yi-Huang Zhuang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362000, China
| | - Wen-Jie Cai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362000, China
| | - Wen-Bing Zou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362000, China
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Zielinska E, Tukaj C, Radomski MW, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Molecular Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles-Induced Human Osteoblast Cell Death: Protective Effect of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164137. [PMID: 27716791 PMCID: PMC5055295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) show strong antibacterial properties, making them excellent candidates to be used in orthopaedic repair and regeneration. However, there are concerns regarding the cytotoxicity of AgNPs and molecular mechanisms underlying AgNPs-induced bone cells toxicity have not been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of our study was to explore mechanisms of AgNPs-induced osteoblast cell death with particular emphasis on the role of nitric oxide (NO) generated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). METHODS AND RESULT Silver nanoparticles used in this study were 18.3±2.6 nm in size, uncoated, spherical, regular shape and their zeta potential was -29.1±2.4 mV as measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zetasizer. The release of silver (Ag) from AgNPs was measured in cell culture medium by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The exposure of human osteoblast cells (hFOB 1.19) to AgNPs at concentration of 30 or 60 μg/mL for 24 or 48 hours, respectively resulted in cellular uptake of AgNPs and changes in cell ultrastructure. These changes were associated with apoptosis and necrosis as shown by flow cytometry and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay as well as increased levels of pro-apoptotic Bax and decreased levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 mRNA and protein. Importantly, we have found that AgNPs elevated the levels of nitric oxide (NO) with concomitant upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein. A significant positive correlation was observed between the concentration of AgNPs and iNOS at protein and mRNA level (r = 0.837, r = 0.721, respectively; p<0.001). Finally, preincubation of osteoblast cells with N-iminoethyl-l-lysine (L-NIL), a selective iNOS inhibitor, as well as treating cells with iNOS small interfering RNAs (siRNA) significantly attenuated AgNPs-induced apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, we have found that AgNPs-induced cells death is not related to Ag dissolution is cell culture medium. CONCLUSION These results unambiguously demonstrate that increased expression of iNOS and generation of NO as well as NO-derived reactive species is involved in AgNPs-induced osteoblast cell death. Our findings may help in development of new strategies to protect bone from AgNPs-induced cytotoxicity and increase the safety of orthopaedic tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Zielinska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Cecylia Tukaj
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Witold Radomski
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
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Jiang Y, Meng Q, Chen B, Shen H, Yan B, Sun B. The small-molecule IAP antagonist AT406 inhibits pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:293-299. [PMID: 27387230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the anti-pancreatic cancer activity by AT406, a small-molecule antagonist of IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins). In established (Panc-1 and Mia-PaCa-2 lines) and primary human pancreatic cancer cells, treatment of AT406 significantly inhibited cell survival and proliferation. Yet, same AT406 treatment was non-cytotoxic to pancreatic epithelial HPDE6c7 cells. AT406 increased caspase-3/-9 activity and provoked apoptosis in the pancreatic cancer cells. Reversely, AT406' cytotoxicity in these cells was largely attenuated with pre-treatment of caspase inhibitors. AT406 treatment caused degradation of IAP family proteins (cIAP1 and XIAP) and release of cytochrome C, leaving Bcl-2 unaffected in pancreatic cancer cells. Bcl-2 inhibition (by ABT-737) or shRNA knockdown dramatically sensitized Panc-1 cells to AT406. In vivo, oral administration of AT406 at well-tolerated doses downregulated IAPs (cIAP1/XIAP) and inhibited Panc-1 xenograft tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) nude mice. Together, our preclinical results suggest that AT406 could be further evaluated as a promising anti-pancreatic cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qinghua Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University in Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyu Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baoyou Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No.9677 Jing-Shi Road, Jinan 250014, China.
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The preclinical evaluation of TIC10/ONC201 as an anti-pancreatic cancer agent. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:260-266. [PMID: 27233611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Here we evaluated the potential anti-pancreatic cancer activity by TIC10/ONC201, a first-in-class small-molecule inducer of tumor necrosis (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The in vitro results showed that TIC10 induced potent cytotoxic and cytostatic activities in several human pancreatic cancer cell lines (Panc-1, Mia-PaCa2, AsPC-1 or L3.6). TIC10 activated both extrinsic (TRAIL-caspase-8-dependent) and endogenous/mitochondrial (caspase-9-dependent) apoptosis pathways in the pancreatic cancer cells. Molecularly, we showed that TIC10 inhibited Akt-Erk activation, yet induced TRAIL expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Significantly, TIC10, at a relatively low concentration, sensitized gemcitabine-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis against pancreatic cancer cells. Further, TIC10 and gemcitabine synergistically inhibited Panc-1 xenograft growth in SCID mice. The combination treatment also significantly improved mice survival. In addition, Akt-Erk in-activation and TRAIL/cleaved-caspase-8 induction were observed in TIC10-treated Panc-1 xenografts. Together, the preclinical results of the study demonstrate the potent anti-pancreatic cancer activity by TIC10, or with gemcitabine.
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Glutamate and ATP at the Interface Between Signaling and Metabolism in Astroglia: Examples from Pathology. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:19-34. [PMID: 26915104 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter in the brain, while ATP represents the most important energy currency in any living cell. Yet, these chemicals play an important role in both processes, enabling them with dual-acting functions in metabolic and intercellular signaling pathways. Glutamate can fuel ATP production, while ATP can act as a transmitter in intercellular signaling. We discuss the interface between glutamate and ATP in signaling and metabolism of astrocytes. Not only do glutamate and ATP cross each other's paths in physiology of the brain, but they also do so in its pathology. We present the fabric of this process in (patho)physiology through the discussion of synthesis and metabolism of ATP and glutamate in astrocytes as well as by providing a general description of astroglial receptors for these molecules along with the downstream signaling pathways that may be activated. It is astroglial receptors for these dual-acting molecules that could hold a key for medical intervention in pathological conditions. We focus on two examples disclosing the role of activation of astroglial ATP and glutamate receptors in pathology of two kinds of brain tissue, gray matter and white matter, respectively. Interventions at the interface of metabolism and signaling show promise for translational medicine.
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Oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults to rat osteoblasts are attenuated by nitric oxide pretreatment via GATA-5-involved regulation of Bcl-X L gene expression and protein translocation. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:905-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lee YE, Hong CY, Lin YL, Chen RM. MicroRNA-1 participates in nitric oxide-induced apoptotic insults to MC3T3-E1 cells by targeting heat-shock protein-70. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:246-55. [PMID: 25678843 PMCID: PMC4323364 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that nitric oxide (NO) could induce osteoblast apoptosis. MicroRNA-1 (miR-1), a skeletal- and cardiac muscle-specific small non-coding RNA, contributes to the regulation of multiple cell activities. In this study, we evaluated the roles of miR-1 in NO-induced insults to osteoblasts and the possible mechanisms. Exposure of mouse MC3T3-E1 cells to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) increased amounts of cellular NO and intracellular reactive oxygen species. Sequentially, SNP decreased cell survival but induced caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis. In parallel, treatment with SNP induced miR-1 expression in a time-dependent manner. Application of miR-1 antisense inhibitors to osteoblasts caused significant inhibition of SNP-induced miR-1 expression. Knocking down miR-1 concurrently attenuated SNP-induced alterations in cell morphology and survival. Consecutively, SNP time-dependently inhibited heat-shock protein (HSP)-70 messenger (m)RNA and protein expressions. A bioinformatic search predicted the existence of miR-1-specific binding elements in the 3'-untranslational region of HSP-70 mRNA. Downregulation of miR-1 expression simultaneously lessened SNP-induced inhibition of HSP-70 mRNA and protein expressions. Consequently, SNP-induced modifications in the mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, and apoptotic insults were significantly alleviated by miR-1 antisense inhibitors. Therefore, this study showed that miR-1 participates in NO-induced apoptotic insults through targeting HSP-70 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Eng Lee
- 1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 2. Cell Biology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ye Hong
- 3. Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- 2. Cell Biology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- 2. Cell Biology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 4. Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. ; 5. Anesthetics and Toxicology Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yang L, Wu Z, Yin G, Liu H, Guan X, Zhao X, Wang J, Zhu J. Stem cell factor (SCF) protects osteoblasts from oxidative stress through activating c-Kit-Akt signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:256-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Sun L, Zhang J, Fang K, Ding Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Flavonoids from persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaves (FPL) attenuate H2O2-induced apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 cells via the NF-κB pathway. Food Funct 2014; 5:471-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Chen RM, Tai YT, Chen TG, Lin TH, Chang HC, Chen TL, Wu GJ. Propofol protects against nitrosative stress-induced apoptotic insults to cerebrovascular endothelial cells via an intrinsic mitochondrial mechanism. Surgery 2013; 154:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Sapir-Koren R, Livshits G. Is interaction between age-dependent decline in mechanical stimulation and osteocyte-estrogen receptor levels the culprit for postmenopausal-impaired bone formation? Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:1771-89. [PMID: 23229466 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Declining estrogen levels during menopause are widely considered to be a major cause of age-dependent bone loss, which is primarily manifested by increased bone resorption by osteoclasts. We present accumulating evidence supporting another aspect of metabolic bone loss, suggesting that the combined interaction between age-dependent factors, namely, estrogen deficiency and reduced day-by-day activity/mechanical stimulation, directly leads to a reduction in anabolic processes. Such decreased bone formation results in diminished bone strength and failure to maintain the load-bearing competence of a healthy skeleton and to postmenopausal osteoporosis disorder. Estrogen receptors (ERs), as mediators of estrogenic actions, are essential components of bone osteocyte and osteoblast mechano-adaptive responses. ER expression appears to be upregulated by adequate circulating estrogen levels. ERα signaling pathways participate in the mechanotransduction response through obligatory "non-genomic" actions that occur independently of estrogen binding to ER and by a potentially "genomic", estrogen-dependent mode. The experimental data indicate that cross talk between the ERα-"non-genomic" and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways constitutes the major regulatory mechanism. This interaction uses mechanically and ER-induced prostaglandin E2 as a mediator for the downregulation of osteocyte production of sclerostin. Sclerostin suppression, in turn, is a central prerequisite for load-induced formation and mineralization of the bone matrix. It is therefore plausible that future strategies for preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis may use estrogenic compounds (such as selective estrogen receptor modulators or phytoestrogens) with physical activity, to complement antiresorptive therapy, aimed at stopping further bone loss and possibly even reversing it by stimulation of bone gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sapir-Koren
- Human Population Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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17
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Wei JD, Lin YL, Tsai CH, Shieh HS, Lin PI, Ho WP, Chen RM. SATB2 participates in regulation of menadione-induced apoptotic insults to osteoblasts. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1058-66. [PMID: 22570222 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2 (SATB2), a nuclear matrix attachment region-binding protein, can regulate embryonic development, cell differentiation, and cell survival. Previous studies showed that SATB2 is involved in osteoblast differentiation and skeletal development. In this study, we evaluated the role of SATB2 in oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults to human osteoblast-like MG63 cells and mouse MC3T3-E1 cells. Exposure of MG63 cells to menadione increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Simultaneously, menadione-induced oxidative stress triggered cell shrinkage and decreased cell viability. In addition, treatment of MG63 cells with menadione time-dependently decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential but enhanced caspase-3 activity. As a result, menadione-induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. As to the mechanism, exposure of MG63 cells to menadione amplified SATB2 messenger (m)RNA and protein expression in a time-dependent manner. Knockdown of translation of SATB2 mRNA using RNA interference led to chromatin disruption and nuclear damage. When MG63 cells and MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with SATB2 small interfering RNA, menadione-induced cell apoptosis was increased. We conclude that menadione causes oxidative stress in human osteoblasts and induces cellular apoptosis via a mitochondrion-caspase protease pathway. In addition, SATB2 may play a crucial role in protecting against oxidative stress-induced osteoblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Ding Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Bedoya FJ, Salguero-Aranda C, Cahuana GM, Tapia-Limonchi R, Soria B, Tejedo JR. Regulation of pancreatic β-cell survival by nitric oxide: clinical relevance. Islets 2012; 4:108-18. [PMID: 22614339 DOI: 10.4161/isl.19822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of pancreatic β-cell mass is an important factor in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the maintenance of pancreatic β-cell mass as well as β-cell death is necessary for the establishment of therapeutic strategies. In this context, nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic, gaseous, highly reactive molecule with biological activity that participates in the regulation of pancreatic β-cell mass. Two types of cellular responses can be distinguished depending on the level of NO production. First, pancreatic β-cells exposed to inflammatory cytokines, lipid stress or hyperglycaemia produce high concentrations of NO, mainly due to the activation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), thus promoting cell death. Meanwhile, under homeostatic conditions, low concentrations of NO, constitutively produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), promote cell survival. Here, we will discuss the current knowledge of the NO-dependent mechanisms activated during cellular responses, emphasizing those related to the regulation of cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Bedoya
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University Pablo de Olavide, CIBERDEM, RED-TERCEL, Seville, Spain
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19
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Lin JW, Chen JT, Hong CY, Lin YL, Wang KT, Yao CJ, Lai GM, Chen RM. Honokiol traverses the blood-brain barrier and induces apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells via an intrinsic bax-mitochondrion-cytochrome c-caspase protease pathway. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:302-14. [PMID: 22259050 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastomas, an embryonic cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, often occur in young children. Honokiol, a small-molecule polyphenol, has multiple therapeutic effects and pharmacological activities. This study was designed to evaluate whether honokiol could pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and induce death of neuroblastoma cells and its possible mechanisms. Primary cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) prepared from mouse brain capillaries were cultured at a high density for 4 days, and these cells formed compact morphologies and expressed the ZO-1 tight-junction protein. A permeability assay showed that the CEC-constructed barrier obstructed the passing of FITC-dextran. Analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography and the UV spectrum revealed that honokiol could traverse the CEC-built junction barrier and the BBB of ICR mice. Exposure of neuroblastoma neuro-2a cells and NB41A3 cells to honokiolinduced cell shrinkage and decreased cell viability. In parallel, honokiol selectively induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis rather than cell necrosis. Sequential treatment of neuro-2a cells with honokiol increased the expression of the proapoptotic Bax protein and its translocation from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. Honokiol successively decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential but increased the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Consequently, honokiol induced cascade activation of caspases-9, -3, and -6. In comparison, reducing caspase-6 activity by Z-VEID-FMK, an inhibitor of caspase-6, simultaneously attenuated honokiol-induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Taken together, this study showed that honokiol can pass through the BBB and induce apoptotic insults to neuroblastoma cells through a Bax-mitochondrion-cytochrome c-caspase protease pathway. Therefore, honokiol may be a potential candidate drug for treating brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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20
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Hsu CK, Liao MH, Tai YT, Liu SH, Ou KL, Fang HW, Lee IJ, Chen RM. Nanoparticles prepared from the water extract of Gusuibu (Drynaria fortunei J. Sm.) protects osteoblasts against insults and promotes cell maturation. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1405-13. [PMID: 21796243 PMCID: PMC3141868 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s20473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that Gusuibu (Drynaria fortunei J. Sm.) can stimulate osteoblast maturation. This study was further designed to evaluate the effects of nanoparticles prepared from the water extract of Gusuibu (WEG) on osteoblast survival and maturation. Primary osteoblasts were exposed to 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/mL nanoparticles of WEG (nWEG) for 24, 48, and 72 hours did not affect morphologies, viability, or apoptosis of osteoblasts. In comparison, treatment of osteoblasts with 1000 μg/mL WEG for 72 hours decreased cell viability and induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. nWEG had better antioxidant bioactivity in protecting osteoblasts from oxidative and nitrosative stress-induced apoptosis than WEG. In addition, nWEG stimulated greater osteoblast maturation than did WEG. Therefore, this study shows that WEG nanoparticles are safer to primary osteoblasts than are normal-sized products, and may promote better bone healing by protecting osteoblasts from apoptotic insults, and by promoting osteogenic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-King Hsu
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Chang HC, Chen TG, Tai YT, Chen TL, Chiu WT, Chen RM. Resveratrol attenuates oxidized LDL-evoked Lox-1 signaling and consequently protects against apoptotic insults to cerebrovascular endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:842-54. [PMID: 20940732 PMCID: PMC3063630 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CECs) are crucial components of the blood-brain barrier. Our previous study showed that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induces apoptosis of CECs. This study was designed to further evaluate the effects of resveratrol on oxLDL-induced CEC insults and its possible molecular mechanisms. Resveratrol decreased the oxidation of LDL into oxLDL. Additionally, the oxLDL-caused oxidative stress and cell damage were attenuated by resveratrol. Exposure of CECs to oxLDL induced cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis, but resveratrol defended against such injuries. Application of Lox-1 small interference (si)RNA into CECs reduced the translation of this membrane receptor, and simultaneously increased resveratrol protection from oxLDL-induced cell apoptosis. By comparison, overexpression of Lox-1 attenuated resveratrol protection. Resveratrol inhibited oxLDL-induced Lox-1 mRNA and protein expressions. Both resveratrol and Lox-1 siRNA decreased oxLDL-enhanced translocation of proapoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. Sequentially, oxLDL-induced alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and activities of caspases-9, -3, and -6 were decreased by resveratrol. Pretreatment with Z-VEID-FMK (benzyloxycarbonyl-Leu-Glu-His-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone) synergistically promoted resveratrol's protection against DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Therefore, this study shows that resveratrol can protect CECs from oxLDL-induced apoptotic insults via downregulating Lox-1-mediated activation of the Bax-mitochondria-cytochrome c-caspase protease pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Son MJ, Lee SB, Byun YJ, Lee HO, Kim HS, Kwon OJ, Jeong SW. Sodium nitroprusside induces autophagic cell death in glutathione-depleted osteoblasts. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011; 24:313-22. [PMID: 20201107 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that high levels of nitric oxide (NO) induce apoptotic cell death in osteoblasts. We examined molecular mechanisms of cytotoxic injury induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, in both glutathione (GSH)-depleted and control U2-OS osteoblasts. Cell viability was reduced by much lower effective concentrations of SNP in GSH-depleted cells compared to normal cells. The data suggest that the level of intracellular GSH is critical in SNP-induced cell death processes of osteoblasts. The level of oxidative stress due to SNP treatments doubled in GSH-depleted cells when measured with fluorochrome H2DCFDA. Pretreatment with the NO scavenger PTIO preserved the viability of cells treated with SNP. Viability of cells treated with SNP was recovered by pretreatment with Wortmannin, an autophagy inhibitor, but not by pretreatment with zVAD-fmk, a pan-specific caspase inhibitor. Large increases of LC3-II were shown by immunoblot analysis of the SNP-treated cells, and the increase was blocked by pretreatment with PTIO or Wortmannin; this implies that under GSH-depleted conditions SNP induces different molecular signaling that lead to autophagic cell death. The ultrastructural morphology of SNP-treated cells in transmission electron microscopy showed numerous autophagic vacuoles. These data suggest NO produces oxidative stress and cellular damage that culminate in autophagic cell death of GSH-depleted osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Son
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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23
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Lin YL, Chang HC, Chen TL, Chang JH, Chiu WT, Lin JW, Chen RM. Resveratrol protects against oxidized LDL-induced breakage of the blood-brain barrier by lessening disruption of tight junctions and apoptotic insults to mouse cerebrovascular endothelial cells. J Nutr 2010; 140:2187-92. [PMID: 20980646 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.123505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CEC) comprise the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In a previous study, we showed that oxidized LDL (oxLDL) can induce apoptosis of mouse CEC. Resveratrol possesses chemopreventive potential. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on oxLDL-induced insults to mouse CEC and its possible mechanisms. Exposure of mouse CEC to 200 μmol/L oxLDL for 1 h did not cause cell death but significantly altered the permeability and transendothelial electrical resistance of the cell monolayer. However, resveratrol completely normalized such injury. As for the mechanisms, resveratrol completely protected oxLDL-induced disruption of F-actin and microtubule cytoskeletons as well as occludin and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) tight junctions. The oxLDL-induced decreases in the mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP levels were normalized by resveratrol. Exposure of mouse CEC to 200 μmol/L oxLDL for 24 h elevated oxidative stress and simultaneously induced cell apoptosis. However, resveratrol partially protected against oxLDL-induced CEC apoptosis. The oxLDL-induced alterations in levels of Bcl-2, Bax, and cytochrome c were completely normalized by resveratrol. Consequently, resveratrol partially decreased oxLDL-induced activation of caspases-9 and -3. Therefore, in this study, we show that resveratrol can protect against oxLDL-induced damage of the BBB through protecting disruption of the tight junction structure and apoptotic insults to CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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24
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Chen RM, Lin YL, Chou CW. GATA-3 transduces survival signals in osteoblasts through upregulation of bcl-x(L) gene expression. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:2193-204. [PMID: 20499358 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GATA-3, a transcription factor, participates in regulating cell development, proliferation, and death. This study was aimed at evaluating the roles of GATA-3 in protecting osteoblasts against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults and their possible mechanisms. Pretreatment with nitric oxide (NO) for 24 hours protected osteoblasts, prepared from neonatal rat calvaria, against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults. Such protection involved enhancement of Bcl-X(L) messenger mRNA and protein syntheses and the translocation of this antiapoptotic protein from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. GATA-3 was detected in rat osteoblasts, and GATA-3-specific DNA-binding elements exist in the promoter region of the bcl-x(L) gene. NO preconditioning attenuated oxidative stress-caused suppression of GATA-3 mRNA and protein synthesis and the translocation of this transcription factor from the cytoplasm to nuclei. Application of GATA-3 small interfering siRNA into osteoblasts decreased the levels of this transcription factor and simultaneously inhibited Bcl-X(L) mRNA synthesis. Pretreatment with NO lowered the oxidative stress-caused alteration in the binding of GATA-3 to its specific DNA motifs. Oxidative stress-inhibited Runx2 mRNA expression, but NO preconditioning decreased such inhibition. NO pretreatment time-dependently enhanced the association of GATA-3 with Runx2. Knocking down the translation of GATA-3 using RNA interference significantly decreased the protection of NO preconditioning against oxidative stress-induced alterations of cell morphologies, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis. In comparison, overexpression of GATA-3 could promote NO preconditioning-involved Bcl-X(L) expression and cell survival. Therefore, this study shows that GATA-3 plays critical roles in mediating survival signals in osteoblasts, possibly through upregulating bcl-x(L) gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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25
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Chang HC, Lin KH, Tai YT, Chen JT, Chen RM. Lipoteichoic acid-induced TNF-α and IL-6 gene expressions and oxidative stress production in macrophages are suppressed by ketamine through downregulating Toll-like receptor 2-mediated activation oF ERK1/2 and NFκB. Shock 2010; 33:485-92. [PMID: 19823118 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181c3cea5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a gram-positive bacterial outer membrane component, can cause septic shock. Our previous studies showed that ketamine has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on gram-negative LPS-induced macrophage activation. In this study, we further evaluated the effects of ketamine on the regulation of LTA-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 gene expressions and oxidative stress production in macrophages and its possible mechanisms. Exposure of macrophages to a therapeutic concentration of ketamine (100 microM) inhibited LTA-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 expressions at protein or mRNA levels. In parallel, ketamine at 100 microM reduced LTA-stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Sequentially, ketamine reduced the LTA-triggered translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) from the cytoplasm to nuclei and its transactivation activity. Pretreatment with PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK, decreased LTA-enhanced NFkappaB activation and TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA syntheses. Cotreatment with ketamine and PD98059 synergistically suppressed the LTA-induced translocation and transactivation of NFkappaB and biosyntheses of TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA. Application of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) small interfering RNA (si)RNA into macrophages decreased the levels of this receptor, and simultaneously ameliorated LTA-augmented NFkappaB transactivation and consequent production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA. Cotreatment with ketamine and TLR2 siRNA synergistically lowered TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA syntheses in LTA-activated macrophages. Ketamine and TLR2 siRNA could reduce the LTA-induced increases in production of nitrite and intracellular reactive oxygen species in macrophages, and their combination had better effects than a single exposure. Thus, this study shows that one possible mechanism involved in ketamine-induced inhibition of LTA-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 gene expressions and oxidative stress production is through downregulating TLR2-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the subsequent translocation and transactivation of NFkappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Lipopolysaccharide induces apoptotic insults to human alveolar epithelial A549 cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of an intrinsic mitochondrion-dependent pathway. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:209-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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27
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Hung TY, Chen TL, Liao MH, Ho WP, Liu DZ, Chuang WC, Chen RM. Drynaria fortunei J. Sm. promotes osteoblast maturation by inducing differentiation-related gene expression and protecting against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:70-77. [PMID: 20554009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Drynaria fortunei J. Sm. is one variety of the traditional Chinese medical herb Gusuibu. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of water extracts of Kunze on regulation of osteoblast maturation and its possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary osteoblasts prepared from neonatal rat calvarias were exposed to the water extracts of Kunze (WEK), and the cytotoxicity was assayed. Osteoblast maturation was evaluated by analyzing cell mineralization. RT-PCR was executed to determine the effects of WEK on regulation of osteoblast differentiation-related gene expression. Nitrosative stress and apoptotic cells were quantified using flow cytometry. RESULTS Exposure of rat calvarial osteoblasts to WEK did not affect cell viability, but significantly promoted osteoblast mineralization. WEK induced osteoprogenitor proliferation-related insulin-like growth factor-1 mRNA, but did not affect collagen type 1 mRNA expression. Treatment with WEK likewise induced the expression of matrix maturation-related bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and BMP-6 mRNA. Consequently, WEK enhanced the levels of mineralization-related alkaline phosphatase, ostepontin, and osteocalcin mRNA in osteoblasts. In addition, exposure of osteoblasts to WEK alleviated nitrosative stress-caused apoptotic insults. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that WEK can promote osteoblast maturation by regulating bone differentiation-related gene expression and defending against nitrosative stress-induced apoptotic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Yuan Hung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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28
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Ho WP, Chan WP, Hsieh MS, Chen RM. Runx2-mediated bcl-2 gene expression contributes to nitric oxide protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced osteoblast apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:1084-93. [PMID: 19746447 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) can regulate osteoblast activities. This study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of pretreatment with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a source of NO on hydrogen peroxide-induced osteoblast insults and its possible mechanisms. Exposure of human osteosarcoma MG63 cells to hydrogen peroxide significantly increased cellular oxidative stress, but decreased ALP activity and cell viability, inducing cell apoptosis. Pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly lowered hydrogen peroxide-induced cell insults. Treatment of human MG63 cells with hydrogen peroxide inhibited Bcl-2 mRNA and protein production, but pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly ameliorated such inhibition. Sequentially, hydrogen peroxide decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, but increased the levels of cytochrome c and caspase-3 activity. Pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly lowered such alterations. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide decreased Runx2 mRNA and protein syntheses. However, pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly lowered the suppressive effects. Runx2 knockdown using RNA interference inhibited Bcl-2 mRNA production in human MG63 cells. Protection of pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP against hydrogen peroxide-induced alterations in ALP activity, caspase-3 activity, apoptotic cells, and cell viability were also alleviated after administration of Runx2 small interference RNA. Thus, this study shows that pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP can protect human MG63 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic insults possibly via Runx2-involved regulation of bcl-2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Pin Ho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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29
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Molecular mechanisms of propofol-involved suppression of no biosynthesis and inducible iNOS gene expression in LPS-stimulated macrophage-like raw 264.7 cells. Shock 2010; 33:93-100. [PMID: 19333139 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181a6eaf5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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Son MJ, Lee SB, Byun YJ, Lee HO, Kim HS, Kwon OJ, Nam SW, Jeong SW. Sodium nitroprusside induces autophagic cell death in glutathione-depleted osteoblasts. Mol Cell Toxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-010-0006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Nitrosative stress induces osteoblast apoptosis through downregulating MAPK-mediated NFκB/AP-1 activation and subsequent Bcl-XL expression. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:359-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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Chiu WT, Lin YL, Chou CW, Chen RM. Propofol inhibits lipoteichoic acid-induced iNOS gene expression in macrophages possibly through downregulation of toll-like receptor 2-mediated activation of Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-IKK-NFkappaB. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:430-9. [PMID: 19573522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that propofol suppressed Gram-negative bacterial LPS-induced NO biosynthesis. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), an outer membrane component of Gram-positive bacteria, can induce septic shock. This study was further aimed to evaluate the effects of propofol on LTA-induced iNOS gene expression in macrophages and its possible molecular mechanisms. Exposure of macrophages to LTA increased production of nitrite and intracellular reactive oxygen species, but propofol reduced such enhancements in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Treatment of macrophages with LTA-induced iNOS mRNA and protein productions. Meanwhile, propofol at a clinically relevant concentration of 50 microM significantly inhibited LTA-caused augmentations of iNOS mRNA and protein syntheses. In parallel, exposure to LTA increased translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) from the cytoplasm to nuclei. Propofol at 50 microM decreased such translocation. Analyses by an electrophoretic mobility shift and reporter gene further showed that propofol could alleviate LTA-induced transactivation of NFkappaB. Sequentially, propofol decreased phosphorylation of IKK, ERK1/2, MEK1/2, and Raf in LTA-stimulated macrophages. Application of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) small interference (si)RNA decreased the translation of this receptor and Raf phosphorylation in LTA-stimulated macrophages. Co-treatment with propofol and TLR2 siRNA synergistically ameliorated LTA-induced iNOS mRNA expression and nitrite production. Thus, this study shows that propofol can downregulate NO biosynthesis via inhibiting iNOS gene expression. The suppressive mechanism occurs possibly through reduction of TLR2-mediated sequential activation of Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-IKK-NFkappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ta Chiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang DH, Hu YS, Du JJ, Hu YY, Zhong WD, Qin WJ. Ghrelin stimulates proliferation of human osteoblastic TE85 cells via NO/cGMP signaling pathway. Endocrine 2009; 35:112-7. [PMID: 18953675 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin regulates bone formation and osteoblast proliferation, but the detailed signaling pathway for its action on osteoblasts remains unclear. In human osteoblastic TE85 cells, we observed the effects and intracellular signaling pathway of ghrelin on cell proliferation using BrdU incorporation method. Ghrelin, at 10(-10)-10(-8) M concentration, significantly increased BrdU incorporation into TE85 cells. The action of ghrelin was inhibited by D: -Lys3-GHRP-6, a selective antagonist of GHS-R. Nitric oxide (NO) scavenger hemoglobin and the NO synthase inhibitor NAME eliminated the stimulatory action of ghrelin on proliferation, while NO donor SNAP and NO synthase substrate L-AME stimulated proliferation of osteoblastic TE85 cells. The cGMP analogue, 8-Br-cGMP, stimulated TE85 cell proliferation, and ghrelin did not enhance proliferation in the presence of 8-Br-cGMP. Inhibition of cGMP production by the guanylate cyclase inhibitor prevented ghrelin-induced osteoblastic TE85 cell proliferation. In conclusion, ghrelin stimulates proliferation of human osteoblastic TE85 cells via intracellular NO/cGMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Hu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Riddle RC, Donahue HJ. From streaming-potentials to shear stress: 25 years of bone cell mechanotransduction. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:143-9. [PMID: 18683882 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loads are vital regulators of skeletal mass and architecture as evidenced by the increase in bone formation following the addition of exogenous loads and loss of bone mass following their removal. While our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which bone cells perceive changes in their mechanical environment has increased rapidly in recent years, much remains to be learned. Here, we outline the effects of interstitial fluid flow, a potent biophysical signal induced by the deformation of skeletal tissue in response to applied loads, on bone cell behavior. We focus on the molecular mechanisms by which bone cells are hypothesized to perceive interstitial fluid flow, the cell signaling cascades activated by fluid flow, and the use of this signal in tissue engineering protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Riddle
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Lee ST, Wu TT, Yu PY, Chen RM. Apoptotic insults to human HepG2 cells induced by S-(+)-ketamine occurs through activation of a Bax-mitochondria-caspase protease pathway. Br J Anaesth 2008; 102:80-9. [PMID: 19001360 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aen322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine is widely used as an i.v. anaesthetic agent and as a drug of abuse. Hepatocytes contribute to the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances. This study evaluated the toxic effects of S-(+)-ketamine and possible mechanisms using human hepatoma HepG2 cells as the experimental model. METHODS HepG2 cells were exposed to S-(+)-ketamine. Cell viability and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GPT) were measured to determine the toxicity of S-(+)-ketamine to HepG2 cells. Cell morphology, DNA fragmentation, and apoptotic cells were analysed to evaluate the mechanism of S-(+)-ketamine-induced cell death. Amounts of Bax, an apoptotic protein, and cytochrome c in the cytoplasm or mitochondria were quantified by immunoblotting. Cellular adenosine triphosphate levels were analysed using a bioluminescence assay. Caspases-3, -9, and -6 were measured fluorometrically. RESULTS Exposure of HepG2 cells to S-(+)-ketamine increased the release of LDH and GPT, but decreased cell viability (all P<0.01). S-(+)-Ketamine time-dependently caused shrinkage of HepG2 cells. Exposure to S-(+)-ketamine led to significant DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis (P=0.003 and 0.002). S-(+)-Ketamine increased translocation of Bax from the cytoplasm to mitochondria, but decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular adenosine triphosphate levels (all P<0.01). Sequentially, cytosolic cytochrome c levels and activities of caspases-9, -3, and -6 were augmented after S-(+)-ketamine administration (all P<0.001). Z-VEID-FMK, an inhibitor of caspase-6, alleviated the S-(+)-ketamine-induced augmentation of caspase-6 activity, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis (all P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that S-(+)-ketamine can induce apoptotic insults to human HepG2 cells via a Bax-mitochondria-caspase protease pathway. Thus, we suggest that S-(+)-ketamine at a clinically relevant or an abused concentration may induce liver dysfunction possibly due to its toxicity to hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-T Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chang HC, Chen TL, Chen RM. Cytoskeleton interruption in human hepatoma HepG2 cells induced by ketamine occurs possibly through suppression of calcium mobilization and mitochondrial function. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 37:24-31. [PMID: 18845661 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.023325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is an intravenous anesthetic agent often used for inducing and maintaining anesthesia. Cytoskeletons contribute to the regulation of hepatocyte activity of drug biotransformation. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the effects of ketamine on F-actin and microtubular cytoskeletons in human hepatoma HepG2 cells and its possible molecular mechanisms. Exposure of HepG2 cells to ketamine at <or=100 microM, which corresponds to clinically relevant concentrations for 1, 6, and 24 h, did not affect cell viability. Meanwhile, administration of therapeutic concentrations of ketamine obviously interrupted F-actin and microtubular cytoskeletons. In parallel, levels of intracellular calcium concentration- and time-dependently decreased after ketamine administration. Analysis by confocal microscopy further revealed that ketamine suppressed calcium mobilization from an extracellular buffer into HepG2 cells. Exposure to ketamine decreased cellular ATP levels. The mitochondrial membrane potential and complex I NADH dehydrogenase activity were both reduced after ketamine administration. Ketamine did not change the production of actin or microtubulin mRNA in HepG2 cells. Consequently, ketamine-caused cytoskeletal interruption led to suppression of CYP3A4 expression and its metabolizing activity. Therefore, this study shows that therapeutic concentrations of ketamine can disrupt F-actin and microtubular cytoskeletons possibly through suppression of intracellular calcium mobilization and cellular ATP synthesis due to down-regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and complex I enzyme activity. Such disruption of the cytoskeleton may lead to reductions in CYP3A4 activity in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Cherng YG, Chang HC, Lin YL, Kuo ML, Chiu WT, Chen RM. Apoptotic insults to human chondrocytes induced by sodium nitroprusside are involved in sequential events, including cytoskeletal remodeling, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-1/c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and Bax-mitochondria-mediated caspase activation. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:1018-26. [PMID: 18306405 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) can regulate chondrocyte activities. This study was aimed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced insults to human chondrocytes. Exposure of human chondrocytes to SNP increased cellular NO levels but decreased cell viability in concentration- and time-dependent manners. SNP time dependently induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Treatment with 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide, an NO scavenger, significantly lowered SNP-induced cell injuries. Administration of SNP interrupted F-actin and microtubule cytoskeletons and stimulated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-1 (MEKK1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Similar to SNP, cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of F-actin formation, disturbed F-actin polymerization and increased MEKK1 and JNK activations. Overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of MEKK1 (dnMEK1) in human chondrocytes significantly ameliorated SNP-induced cell apoptosis. Exposure to SNP promoted Bax translocation from the cytoplasm to mitochondria, but application of dnMEKK1 lowered the translocation. SNP time dependently decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, complex I NADH dehydrogenase activity, and cellular ATP levels, but increased the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. Activities of caspase-9, -3, and -6 were sequentially increased by SNP administration. This study shows that SNP can induce apoptosis of human chondrocytes through sequential events, including cytoskeletal remodeling, activation of MEKK1/JNK, Bax translocation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Giun Cherng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wu GJ, Chen TG, Chang HC, Chiu WT, Chang CC, Chen RM. Nitric oxide from both exogenous and endogenous sources activates mitochondria-dependent events and induces insults to human chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2008; 101:1520-31. [PMID: 17492650 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During inflammation, overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) can damage chondrocytes. In this study, we separately evaluated the toxic effects of exogenous and endogenous NO on human chondrocytes and their possible mechanisms. Human chondrocytes were exposed to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, or a combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) as the exogenous and endogenous sources of NO, respectively. Administration of SNP or a combination of LPS and IFN-gamma in human chondrocytes increased cellular NO levels but decreased cell viability. Exposure to exogenous or endogenous NO significantly induced apoptosis of human chondrocytes. When treated with exogenous or endogenous NO, the mitochondrial membrane potential time-dependently decreased. Exposure to exogenous or endogenous NO significantly enhanced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) levels. Administration of exogenous or endogenous NO increased caspase-3 activity and consequently induced DNA fragmentation. Suppression of caspase-3 activation by Z-DEVD-FMK decreased NO-induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Similar to SNP, exposure of human chondrocytes to S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), another NO donor, caused significant increases in Cyt c levels, caspase-3 activity, and DNA fragmentation, and induced cell apoptosis. Pretreatment with N-monomethyl arginine (NMMA), an inhibitor of NO synthase, significantly decreased cellular NO levels, and lowered endogenous NO-induced alterations in cellular Cyt c amounts, caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis. Results of this study show that NO from exogenous and endogenous sources can induce apoptotic insults to human chondrocytes via a mitochondria-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Jhe Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Studies during the last decade demonstrated that apoptosis is as important as mitosis for the growth and maintenance of the skeleton and provided information on the significance and molecular regulation of apoptosis of bone cells. It is now known that: (1) all osteoclasts die by apoptosis after completing a bone resorption cycle; (2) the majority of osteoblasts also die, whereas the remainder become lining cells or osteocytes; and (3) osteocytes, although long-living cells, also can die prematurely. Furthermore, mounting evidence indicates that systemic hormones, local growth factors, cytokines, and pharmacological agents, as well as mechanical forces regulate the rate of bone cell apoptosis. This chapter summarizes the methods developed in the last few years to examine apoptosis of cultured bone cells and identify the signaling pathways and molecules involved in apoptosis regulation by diverse skeletal stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Bellido
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Tai YT, Cherng YG, Chang CC, Hwang YP, Chen JT, Chen RM. Pretreatment with low nitric oxide protects osteoblasts from high nitric oxide-induced apoptotic insults through regulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/c-Jun-mediated Bcl-2 gene expression and protein translocation. J Orthop Res 2007; 25:625-35. [PMID: 17262823 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) can regulate osteoblast activity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pretreatment with a low concentration of NO on osteoblast injuries induced by a high level of NO and its possible molecular mechanisms. Exposure of osteoblasts to 0.3 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, slightly increased cellular NO levels without affecting cell viability. SNP at 2 mM greatly increased the levels of cellular NO and reactive oxygen species, and induced osteoblast death. Thus, osteoblasts were treated with 0.3 and 2 mM SNP as the sources of low and high NO, respectively. Exposure of osteoblasts to high NO decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and cell viability, and induced cell apoptosis. With low-NO pretreatment, the high NO-induced cell insults were significantly ameliorated. When the culture medium was totally replaced after pretreatment with low NO, the protective effects obviously decreased. Administration of high NO significantly decreased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and nuclear c-Jun levels. Meanwhile, pretreatment with low NO significantly alleviated the high NO-induced reduction in activation of JNK and c-Jun. Sequentially, high NO inhibited Bcl-2 mRNA and protein synthesis. After pretreatment with low NO, the high NO-induced inhibition of the production of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein significantly decreased. Imaging analysis from confocal microscopy further revealed that high NO decreased translocation of the Bcl-2 protein from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. However, pretreatment with low NO significantly ameliorated the high NO-induced suppression of Bcl-2's translocation. Exposure of human osteoblasts to high NO significantly decreased ALP activity and cell viability, and induced cell apoptosis. Pretreatment with low NO significantly lowered the high NO-induced alterations in ALP activity, cell viability, and cell apoptosis. This study shows that pretreatment with low NO can protect osteoblasts from high NO-induced cell insults via JNK/c-Jun-mediated regulation of Bcl-2 gene expression and protein translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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