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Prawitt D, Eggermann T. Molecular mechanisms of human overgrowth and use of omics in its diagnostics: chances and challenges. Front Genet 2024; 15:1382371. [PMID: 38894719 PMCID: PMC11183334 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1382371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Overgrowth disorders comprise a group of entities with a variable phenotypic spectrum ranging from tall stature to isolated or lateralized overgrowth of body parts and or organs. Depending on the underlying physiological pathway affected by pathogenic genetic alterations, overgrowth syndromes are associated with a broad spectrum of neoplasia predisposition, (cardio) vascular and neurodevelopmental anomalies, and dysmorphisms. Pathologic overgrowth may be of prenatal or postnatal onset. It either results from an increased number of cells (intrinsic cellular hyperplasia), hypertrophy of the normal number of cells, an increase in interstitial spaces, or from a combination of all of these. The underlying molecular causes comprise a growing number of genetic alterations affecting skeletal growth and Growth-relevant signaling cascades as major effectors, and they can affect the whole body or parts of it (mosaicism). Furthermore, epigenetic modifications play a critical role in the manifestation of some overgrowth diseases. The diagnosis of overgrowth syndromes as the prerequisite of a personalized clinical management can be challenging, due to their clinical and molecular heterogeneity. Physicians should consider molecular genetic testing as a first diagnostic step in overgrowth syndromes. In particular, the urgent need for a precise diagnosis in tumor predisposition syndromes has to be taken into account as the basis for an early monitoring and therapy. With the (future) implementation of next-generation sequencing approaches and further omic technologies, clinical diagnoses can not only be verified, but they also confirm the clinical and molecular spectrum of overgrowth disorders, including unexpected findings and identification of atypical cases. However, the limitations of the applied assays have to be considered, for each of the disorders of interest, the spectrum of possible types of genomic variants has to be considered as they might require different methodological strategies. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostic workflows significantly contribute to the phenotype-driven selection and interpretation of molecular and physiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Prawitt
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genome Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Sulcanese L, Prencipe G, Canciello A, Cerveró-Varona A, Perugini M, Mauro A, Russo V, Barboni B. Stem-Cell-Driven Chondrogenesis: Perspectives on Amnion-Derived Cells. Cells 2024; 13:744. [PMID: 38727280 PMCID: PMC11083072 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine harnesses stem cells' capacity to restore damaged tissues and organs. In vitro methods employing specific bioactive molecules, such as growth factors, bio-inductive scaffolds, 3D cultures, co-cultures, and mechanical stimuli, steer stem cells toward the desired differentiation pathways, mimicking their natural development. Chondrogenesis presents a challenge for regenerative medicine. This intricate process involves precise modulation of chondro-related transcription factors and pathways, critical for generating cartilage. Cartilage damage disrupts this process, impeding proper tissue healing due to its unique mechanical and anatomical characteristics. Consequently, the resultant tissue often forms fibrocartilage, which lacks adequate mechanical properties, posing a significant hurdle for effective regeneration. This review comprehensively explores studies showcasing the potential of amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) and amniotic epithelial cells (AECs) in chondrogenic differentiation. These cells exhibit innate characteristics that position them as promising candidates for regenerative medicine. Their capacity to differentiate toward chondrocytes offers a pathway for developing effective regenerative protocols. Understanding and leveraging the innate properties of AMSCs and AECs hold promise in addressing the challenges associated with cartilage repair, potentially offering superior outcomes in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Sulcanese
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biosciences and Agri-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.P.); (A.C.); (A.C.-V.); (A.M.); (V.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Prencipe
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biosciences and Agri-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.P.); (A.C.); (A.C.-V.); (A.M.); (V.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Angelo Canciello
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biosciences and Agri-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.P.); (A.C.); (A.C.-V.); (A.M.); (V.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Adrián Cerveró-Varona
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biosciences and Agri-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.P.); (A.C.); (A.C.-V.); (A.M.); (V.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Monia Perugini
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Annunziata Mauro
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biosciences and Agri-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.P.); (A.C.); (A.C.-V.); (A.M.); (V.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Valentina Russo
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biosciences and Agri-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.P.); (A.C.); (A.C.-V.); (A.M.); (V.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biosciences and Agri-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.P.); (A.C.); (A.C.-V.); (A.M.); (V.R.); (B.B.)
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Li B, Yang P, Shen F, You C, Wu F, Shi Y, Ye L. Gli1 labels progenitors during chondrogenesis in postnatal mice. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1773-1791. [PMID: 38409269 PMCID: PMC11014955 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal growth promoted by endochondral ossification is tightly coordinated by self-renewal and differentiation of chondrogenic progenitors. Emerging evidence has shown that multiple skeletal stem cells (SSCs) participate in cartilage formation. However, as yet, no study has reported the existence of common long-lasting chondrogenic progenitors in various types of cartilage. Here, we identify Gli1+ chondrogenic progenitors (Gli1+ CPs), which are distinct from PTHrP+ or FoxA2+ SSCs, are responsible for the lifelong generation of chondrocytes in the growth plate, vertebrae, ribs, and other cartilage. The absence of Gli1+ CPs leads to cartilage defects and dwarfishness phenotype in mice. Furthermore, we show that the BMP signal plays an important role in self-renewal and maintenance of Gli1+ CPs. Deletion of Bmpr1α triggers Gli1+ CPs quiescence exit and causes the exhaustion of Gli1+ CPs, consequently disrupting columnar cartilage. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Gli1+ CPs are common long-term chondrogenic progenitors in multiple types of cartilage and are essential to maintain cartilage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boer Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Puying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangyuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengjia You
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanzi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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4
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Ng JQ, Jafarov TH, Little CB, Wang T, Ali AM, Ma Y, Radford GA, Vrbanac L, Ichinose M, Whittle S, Hunter DJ, Lannagan TRM, Suzuki N, Goyne JM, Kobayashi H, Wang TC, Haynes DR, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Worthley DL, Woods SL, Mukherjee S. Loss of Grem1-lineage chondrogenic progenitor cells causes osteoarthritis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6909. [PMID: 37907525 PMCID: PMC10618187 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterised by an irreversible degeneration of articular cartilage. Here we show that the BMP-antagonist Gremlin 1 (Grem1) marks a bipotent chondrogenic and osteogenic progenitor cell population within the articular surface. Notably, these progenitors are depleted by injury-induced OA and increasing age. OA is also caused by ablation of Grem1 cells in mice. Transcriptomic and functional analysis in mice found that articular surface Grem1-lineage cells are dependent on Foxo1 and ablation of Foxo1 in Grem1-lineage cells caused OA. FGFR3 signalling was confirmed as a promising therapeutic pathway by administration of pathway activator, FGF18, resulting in Grem1-lineage chondrocyte progenitor cell proliferation, increased cartilage thickness and reduced OA. These findings suggest that OA, in part, is caused by mechanical, developmental or age-related attrition of Grem1 expressing articular cartilage progenitor cells. These cells, and the FGFR3 signalling pathway that sustains them, may be effective future targets for biological management of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Q Ng
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Toghrul H Jafarov
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone & Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Abdullah M Ali
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgette A Radford
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mari Ichinose
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Samuel Whittle
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Rheumatology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tamsin R M Lannagan
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jarrad M Goyne
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David R Haynes
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Danijela Menicanin
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Colonoscopy Clinic, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Susan L Woods
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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5
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Ng JQ, Jafarov TH, Little CB, Wang T, Ali A, Ma Y, Radford GA, Vrbanac L, Ichinose M, Whittle S, Hunter D, Lannagan TRM, Suzuki N, Goyne JM, Kobayashi H, Wang TC, Haynes D, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Worthley DL, Woods SL, Mukherjee S. Loss of Grem1-articular cartilage progenitor cells causes osteoarthritis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.29.534651. [PMID: 37034712 PMCID: PMC10081168 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.29.534651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), which carries an enormous disease burden across the world, is characterised by irreversible degeneration of articular cartilage (AC), and subsequently bone. The cellular cause of OA is unknown. Here, using lineage tracing in mice, we show that the BMP-antagonist Gremlin 1 (Grem1) marks a novel chondrogenic progenitor (CP) cell population in the articular surface that generates joint cartilage and subchondral bone during development and adulthood. Notably, this CP population is depleted in injury-induced OA, and with age. OA is also induced by toxin-mediated ablation of Grem1 CP cells in young mice. Transcriptomic analysis and functional modelling in mice revealed articular surface Grem1-lineage cells are dependent on Foxo1; ablation of Foxo1 in Grem1-lineage cells led to early OA. This analysis identified FGFR3 signalling as a therapeutic target, and injection of its activator, FGF18, caused proliferation of Grem1-lineage CP cells, increased cartilage thickness, and reduced OA pathology. We propose that OA arises from the loss of CP cells at the articular surface secondary to an imbalance in progenitor cell homeostasis and present a new progenitor population as a locus for OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Q. Ng
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Toghrul H. Jafarov
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Christopher B. Little
- Raymond Purves Bone & Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Abdullah Ali
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgette A Radford
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mari Ichinose
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Samuel Whittle
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Rheumatology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA, Australia
| | - David Hunter
- Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tamsin RM Lannagan
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jarrad M. Goyne
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - David Haynes
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Danijela Menicanin
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel L. Worthley
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Colonoscopy Clinic, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- These authors contributed equally, corresponding authors
| | - Susan L. Woods
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- These authors contributed equally, corresponding authors
| | - Siddhartha Mukherjee
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- These authors contributed equally, corresponding authors
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Muruganandan S, Pierce R, Teguh DA, Perez RF, Bell N, Nguyen B, Hohl K, Snyder BD, Grinstaff MW, Alberico H, Woods D, Kong Y, Sima C, Bhagat S, Ho K, Rosen V, Gamer L, Ionescu AM. A FoxA2+ long-term stem cell population is necessary for growth plate cartilage regeneration after injury. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2515. [PMID: 35523895 PMCID: PMC9076650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth, achieved through endochondral ossification, is accomplished by a cartilaginous structure, the physis or growth plate, comprised of morphologically distinct zones related to chondrocyte function: resting, proliferating and hypertrophic zones. The resting zone is a stem cell-rich region that gives rise to the growth plate, and exhibits regenerative capabilities in response to injury. We discovered a FoxA2+group of long-term skeletal stem cells, situated at the top of resting zone, adjacent the secondary ossification center, distinct from the previously characterized PTHrP+ stem cells. Compared to PTHrP+ cells, FoxA2+ cells exhibit higher clonogenicity and longevity. FoxA2+ cells exhibit dual osteo-chondro-progenitor activity during early postnatal development (P0-P28) and chondrogenic potential beyond P28. When the growth plate is injured, FoxA2+ cells expand in response to trauma, and produce physeal cartilage for growth plate tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Muruganandan
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rachel Pierce
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dian Astari Teguh
- Centre for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Nicole Bell
- New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E.24th St, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Brandon Nguyen
- Moderna Therapeutics, One Upland Rd, Norwood, Ohio, MA, 02062, USA
| | - Katherine Hohl
- Centre for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, SCI 518, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Brian D Snyder
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, SCI 518, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hannah Alberico
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dori Woods
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yiwei Kong
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Corneliu Sima
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sanket Bhagat
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kailing Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laura Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andreia M Ionescu
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Kazemi M, Williams JL. Properties of Cartilage-Subchondral Bone Junctions: A Narrative Review with Specific Focus on the Growth Plate. Cartilage 2021; 13:16S-33S. [PMID: 32458695 PMCID: PMC8804776 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520924776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize what is currently known about the structural, chemical, and mechanical properties of cartilage-bone interfaces, which provide tissue integrity across a bimaterial interface of 2 very different structural materials. Maintaining these mechanical interfaces is a key factor for normal bone growth and articular cartilage function and maintenance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed/Medline with a specific focus on the growth plate cartilage-subchondral bone interface. All original articles, reviews in journals, and book chapters were considered. Following a review of the overall structural and functional characteristics of the physis, the literature on histological studies of both articular and growth plate chondro-osseous junctions is briefly reviewed. Next the literature on biochemical properties of these interfaces is reviewed, specifically the literature on elemental analyses across the cartilage-subchondral bone junctions. The literature on biomechanical studies of these junctions at the articular and physeal interfaces is also reviewed and compared. RESULTS Unlike the interface between articular cartilage and bone, growth plate cartilage has 2 chondro-osseous junctions. The reserve zone of the mature growth plate is intimately connected to a plate of subchondral bone on the epiphyseal side. This interface resembles that between the subchondral bone and articular cartilage, although much less is known about its makeup and formation. CONCLUSION There is a notably paucity of information available on the structural and mechanical properties of reserve zone-subchondral epiphyseal bone interface. This review reveals that further studies are needed on the microstructural and mechanical properties of chondro-osseous junction with the reserve zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Kazemi
- Biomedical Engineering Department,
University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA,Masumeh Kazemi, Biomedical Engineering
Department, University of Memphis, 3796 Norriswood Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152,
USA.
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8
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Koyama E, Mundy C, Saunders C, Chung J, Catheline SE, Rux D, Iwamoto M, Pacifici M. Premature Growth Plate Closure Caused by a Hedgehog Cancer Drug Is Preventable by Co-Administration of a Retinoid Antagonist in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1387-1402. [PMID: 33724538 PMCID: PMC9661967 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The growth plates are key engines of skeletal development and growth and contain a top reserve zone followed by maturation zones of proliferating, prehypertrophic, and hypertrophic/mineralizing chondrocytes. Trauma or drug treatment of certain disorders can derange the growth plates and cause accelerated maturation and premature closure, one example being anti-hedgehog drugs such as LDE225 (Sonidegib) used against pediatric brain malignancies. Here we tested whether such acceleration and closure in LDE225-treated mice could be prevented by co-administration of a selective retinoid antagonist, based on previous studies showing that retinoid antagonists can slow down chondrocyte maturation rates. Treatment of juvenile mice with an experimental dose of LDE225 for 2 days (100 mg/kg by gavage) initially caused a significant shortening of long bone growth plates, with concomitant decreases in chondrocyte proliferation; expression of Indian hedgehog, Sox9, and other key genes; and surprisingly, the number of reserve progenitors. Growth plate involution followed with time, leading to impaired long bone lengthening. Mechanistically, LDE225 treatment markedly decreased the expression of retinoid catabolic enzyme Cyp26b1 within growth plate, whereas it increased and broadened the expression of retinoid synthesizing enzyme Raldh3, thus subverting normal homeostatic retinoid circuitries and in turn accelerating maturation and closure. All such severe skeletal and molecular changes were prevented when LDE-treated mice were co-administered the selective retinoid antagonist CD2665 (1.5 mg/kg/d), a drug targeting retinoid acid receptor γ, which is most abundantly expressed in growth plate. When given alone, CD2665 elicited the expected maturation delay and growth plate expansion. In vitro data showed that LDE225 acted directly to dampen chondrogenic phenotypic expression, a response fully reversed by CD2665 co-treatment. In sum, our proof-of-principle data indicate that drug-induced premature growth plate closures can be prevented or delayed by targeting a separate phenotypic regulatory mechanism in chondrocytes. The translation applicability of the findings remains to be studied. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Christina Mundy
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Cheri Saunders
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Juliet Chung
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Sarah E. Catheline
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Danielle Rux
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Oichi T, Otsuru S, Usami Y, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Iwamoto M. Wnt signaling in chondroprogenitors during long bone development and growth. Bone 2020; 137:115368. [PMID: 32380258 PMCID: PMC7354209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling together with other signaling pathways governs cartilage development and the growth plate function during long bone formation and growth. β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling is a specific lineage determinant of skeletal mesenchymal cells toward chondrogenic or osteogenic direction. Once cartilage forms and the growth plate organize, Wnt signaling continues to regulate proliferation and differentiation of the growth plate chondrocytes. Although chondrocytes in the growth plate have a high capacity to proliferate, new cells must be supplied to the growth plate from chondroprogenitor population. Advances in in vivo cell tracking techniques have demonstrated the importance of Wnt signaling in driving tissue renewal. The Wnt-responsive cells, genetically marked by the Wnt-reporter system, are found as stem cells in various tissues. Similarly, Wnt-responsive cells are found in the periphery of the growth plate and expanded to constitute entire column structure, indicating that Wnt signaling participates in the regulation of chondroprogenitors in the growth plate. This review will discuss advancements in research of progenitors in the growth plate, specifically focusing on Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oichi
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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10
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Kurenkova AD, Medvedeva EV, Newton PT, Chagin AS. Niches for Skeletal Stem Cells of Mesenchymal Origin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:592. [PMID: 32754592 PMCID: PMC7366157 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With very few exceptions, all adult tissues in mammals are maintained and can be renewed by stem cells that self-renew and generate the committed progeny required. These functions are regulated by a specific and in many ways unique microenvironment in stem cell niches. In most cases disruption of an adult stem cell niche leads to depletion of stem cells, followed by impairment of the ability of the tissue in question to maintain its functions. The presence of stem cells, often referred to as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or multipotent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), in the adult skeleton has long been realized. In recent years there has been exceptional progress in identifying and characterizing BMSCs in terms of their capacity to generate specific types of skeletal cells in vivo. Such BMSCs are often referred to as skeletal stem cells (SSCs) or skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs), with the latter term being used throughout this review. SSPCs have been detected in the bone marrow, periosteum, and growth plate and characterized in vivo on the basis of various genetic markers (i.e., Nestin, Leptin receptor, Gremlin1, Cathepsin-K, etc.). However, the niches in which these cells reside have received less attention. Here, we summarize the current scientific literature on stem cell niches for the SSPCs identified so far and discuss potential factors and environmental cues of importance in these niches in vivo. In this context we focus on (i) articular cartilage, (ii) growth plate cartilage, (iii) periosteum, (iv) the adult endosteal compartment, and (v) the developing endosteal compartment, in that order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia D Kurenkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Medvedeva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Phillip T Newton
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Chu YC, Lim J, Hwang WH, Lin YX, Wang JL. Piezoelectric stimulation by ultrasound facilitates chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 148:EL58. [PMID: 32752766 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A cellular stimulation device utilizing an AT-cut quartz coverslip mounted on an ultrasonic live imaging chamber is developed to investigate the effect of piezoelectric stimulation. Two types of chambers deliver ultrasound at intensities ranging from 1 to 20 mW/cm2 to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded on the quartz coverslip. The quartz coverslip imposes additionally localized electric charges as it vibrates with the stimulation. The device was applied to explore whether piezoelectric stimulation can facilitate chondrogenesis of MSCs. The results suggest piezoelectric stimulation drove clustering of MSCs and consequently facilitated chondrogenesis of MSCs without the use of differentiation media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Cherng Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, , , , ,
| | - Jormay Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, , , , ,
| | - Wen-Hao Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, , , , ,
| | - Yu-Xuan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, , , , ,
| | - Jaw-Lin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, , , , ,
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12
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USLU S, ÖKTEM G, OLTULU F, DEMİR K, İRBAN A, BAŞDEMİR G, İNCE Ü, UYSAL A. Maternal uterin arter ligasyon modeli uygulanan fetal sıçanlarda kondrogenez ve osteogenezin Wnt/β-Catenin, S100 immünoekspresyon ve histomorfometri ile değerlendirilmesi. EGE TIP DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.19161/etd.697866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Oichi T, Taniguchi Y, Oshima Y, Tanaka S, Saito T. Pathomechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1076. [PMID: 32211588 PMCID: PMC7084053 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the main contributor to low back pain, which is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of IDD, fundamental and long-lasting treatments for IDD are still lacking. With increased understanding of the complex pathomechanism of IDD, alternative strategies for treating IDD can be discovered. A brief overview of the prevalence and epidemiologic risk factors of IDD is provided in this review, followed by the descriptions of anatomic, cellular, and molecular structure of the intervertebral disc as well as the molecular pathophysiology of IDD. Finally, the recent findings of intervertebral disc progenitors are reviewed and the future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oichi
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Yuki Taniguchi
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yasushi Oshima
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
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14
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Abstract
Post-natal bone development is characterized by substantial longitudinal bone growth and changes in skeletal size and shape. Bone is in a dynamic process of continuous remodeling which helps to regulate calcium homeostasis, repair micro-damage to bones from everyday stress, and to shape the skeleton during growth. Bone growth is regulated by systemic hormones and locally generated factors. Understanding their mechanisms of action enables us to obtain a better appreciation of the cellular and molecular basis of bone remodeling and could therefore be valuable in approaches to new therapies. This article will review molecular and cellular control of skeletal growth in the post-natal period, the physiology of each bone cell with their systemic and local regulators, as well as the physiology of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Ali El-Farrash
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Radwa Hassan Ali
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noha Mokhtar Barakat
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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15
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Usami Y, Gunawardena AT, Francois NB, Otsuru S, Takano H, Hirose K, Matsuoka M, Suzuki A, Huang J, Qin L, Iwamoto M, Yang W, Toyosawa S, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Possible Contribution of Wnt-Responsive Chondroprogenitors to the Postnatal Murine Growth Plate. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:964-974. [PMID: 30602070 PMCID: PMC6536347 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Active cell proliferation and turnover in the growth plate is essential for embryonic and postnatal bone growth. We performed a lineage tracing of Wnt/β-catenin signaling responsive cells (Wnt-responsive cells) using Axin2CreERT2 ;Rosa26ZsGreen mice and found a novel cell population that resides in the outermost layer of the growth plate facing the Ranvier's groove (RG; the perichondrium adjacent to growth plate). These Wnt-responsive cells rapidly expanded and contributed to formation of the outer growth plate from the neonatal to the growing stage but stopped expanding at the young adult stage when bone longitudinal growth ceases. In addition, a second Wnt-responsive sporadic cell population was localized within the resting zone of the central part of the growth plate during the postnatal growth phase. While it induced ectopic chondrogenesis in the RG, ablation of β-catenin in the Wnt-responsive cells strongly inhibited expansion of their descendants toward the growth plate. These findings indicate that the Wnt-responsive cell population in the outermost layer of the growth plate is a unique cell source of chondroprogenitors involving lateral growth of the growth plate and suggest that Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates function of skeletal progenitors in a site- and stage-specific manner. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Usami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aruni T Gunawardena
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noelle B Francois
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hajime Takano
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katsutoshi Hirose
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatake Matsuoka
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Mckay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wentian Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intervertebral disc (IVD) degenerates progressively with age and after injuries. In this study, we aimed to characterize early molecular events underlying disc degeneration using a mouse tail IVD injury model. DESIGN We have established a transcutaneous minimally invasive approach to induce mouse tail IVD injury under fluoroscopic guidance. Morphological and molecular changes in the injured IVDs are compared with the baseline features of adjacent intact levels. RESULTS After needle puncture, tail IVDs exhibited time-dependent histological changes. The aggrecan neoepitope VDIPEN was evident from 2 days to 4 wks after injury. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 8 (adam8) is a surface protease known to cleave fibronectin in the IVD. Gene expression of adam8 was elevated at all time points after injury, whereas the increase of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (cxcl)-1 gene expression was statistically significant at 2 days and 2 wks after injury. Type 1 collagen gene expression decreased initially at day 2 but increased at 2 wks after injury, whereas no significant change in type 2 collagen gene expression was observed. The extracellular matrix gene expression pattern is consistent with fibrocartilage formation after injury. CONCLUSIONS Mouse tail IVDs degenerate after needle puncture, as demonstrated by histological changes and aggrecan degradation. The minimally invasive tail IVD injury model should prove useful to investigators studying mechanisms of IVD degeneration and repair.
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17
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18
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Jian QL, HuangFu WC, Lee YH, Liu IH. Age, but not short-term intensive swimming, affects chondrocyte turnover in zebrafish vertebral cartilage. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5739. [PMID: 30294512 PMCID: PMC6171498 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both age and intensive exercise are generally considered critical risk factors for osteoarthritis. In this work, we intend to establish zebrafish models to assess the role of these two factors on cartilage homeostasis. We designed a swimming device for zebrafish intensive exercise. The body measurements, bone mineral density (BMD) and the histology of spinal cartilages of 4- and 12-month-old zebrafish, as well the 12-month-old zebrafish before and after a 2-week exercise were compared. Our results indicate that both age and exercise affect the body length and body weight, and the micro-computed tomography reveals that both age and exercise affect the spinal BMD. However, quantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry and histochemistry indicate that short-term intensive exercise does not affect the extracellular matrix (ECM) of spinal cartilage. On the other hand, the cartilage ECM significantly grew from 4 to 12 months of age with an increase in total chondrocytes. dUTP nick end labeling staining shows that the percentages of apoptotic cells significantly increase as the zebrafish grows, whereas the BrdU labeling shows that proliferative cells dramatically decrease from 4 to 12 months of age. A 30-day chase of BrdU labeling shows some retention of labeling in cells in 4-month-old spinal cartilage but not in cartilage from 12-month-old zebrafish. Taken together, our results suggest that zebrafish chondrocytes are actively turned over, and indicate that aging is a critical factor that alters cartilage homeostasis. Zebrafish vertebral cartilage may serve as a good model to study the maturation and homeostasis of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Liang Jian
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun HuangFu
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from Articular Cartilage, Synovial Membrane and Synovial Fluid for Cartilage Regeneration: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:575-586. [PMID: 28721683 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Large articular cartilage defects remain an immense challenge in the field of regenerative medicine because of their poor intrinsic repair capacity. Currently, the available medical interventions can relieve clinical symptoms to some extent, but fail to repair the cartilaginous injuries with authentic hyaline cartilage. There has been a surge of interest in developing cell-based therapies, focused particularly on the use of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells with or without scaffolds. Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells are promising graft cells for tissue regeneration, but the most suitable source of cells for cartilage repair remains controversial. The tissue origin of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells notably influences the biological properties and therapeutic potential. It is well known that mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from synovial joint tissues exhibit superior chondrogenic ability compared with those derived from non-joint tissues; thus, these cell populations are considered ideal sources for cartilage regeneration. In addition to the progress in research and promising preclinical results, many important research questions must be answered before widespread success in cartilage regeneration is achieved. This review outlines the biology of stem/progenitor cells derived from the articular cartilage, the synovial membrane, and the synovial fluid, including their tissue distribution, function and biological characteristics. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical trials focusing on their applications for cartilage regeneration are summarized, and future research perspectives are discussed.
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20
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Sinha S, Mundy C, Bechtold T, Sgariglia F, Ibrahim MM, Billings PC, Carroll K, Koyama E, Jones KB, Pacifici M. Unsuspected osteochondroma-like outgrowths in the cranial base of Hereditary Multiple Exostoses patients and modeling and treatment with a BMP antagonist in mice. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006742. [PMID: 28445472 PMCID: PMC5425227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (HME) is a rare pediatric disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding the heparan sulfate (HS)-synthesizing enzymes EXT1 or EXT2. HME is characterized by formation of cartilaginous outgrowths-called osteochondromas- next to the growth plates of many axial and appendicular skeletal elements. Surprisingly, it is not known whether such tumors also form in endochondral elements of the craniofacial skeleton. Here, we carried out a retrospective analysis of cervical spine MRI and CT scans from 50 consecutive HME patients that included cranial skeletal images. Interestingly, nearly half of the patients displayed moderate defects or osteochondroma-like outgrowths in the cranial base and specifically in the clivus. In good correlation, osteochondromas developed in the cranial base of mutant Ext1f/f;Col2-CreER or Ext1f/f;Aggrecan-CreER mouse models of HME along the synchondrosis growth plates. Osteochondroma formation was preceded by phenotypic alteration of cells at the chondro-perichondrial boundary and was accompanied by ectopic expression of major cartilage matrix genes -collagen 2 and collagen X- within the growing ectopic masses. Because chondrogenesis requires bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, we asked whether osteochondroma formation could be blocked by a BMP signaling antagonist. Systemic administration with LDN-193189 effectively inhibited osteochondroma growth in conditional Ext1-mutant mice. In vitro studies with mouse embryo chondrogenic cells clarified the mechanisms of LDN-193189 action that turned out to include decreases in canonical BMP signaling pSMAD1/5/8 effectors but interestingly, concurrent increases in such anti-chondrogenic mechanisms as pERK1/2 and Chordin, Fgf9 and Fgf18 expression. Our study is the first to reveal that the cranial base can be affected in patients with HME and that osteochondroma formation is amenable to therapeutic drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Sinha
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christina Mundy
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Till Bechtold
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Federica Sgariglia
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mazen M. Ibrahim
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul C. Billings
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristen Carroll
- Shriner’s Hospital for Children, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Jones
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MP); (KBJ)
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MP); (KBJ)
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21
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Decker RS, Um HB, Dyment NA, Cottingham N, Usami Y, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Kronenberg MS, Maye P, Rowe DW, Koyama E, Pacifici M. Cell origin, volume and arrangement are drivers of articular cartilage formation, morphogenesis and response to injury in mouse limbs. Dev Biol 2017; 426:56-68. [PMID: 28438606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Limb synovial joints are composed of distinct tissues, but it is unclear which progenitors produce those tissues and how articular cartilage acquires its functional postnatal organization characterized by chondrocyte columns, zone-specific cell volumes and anisotropic matrix. Using novel Gdf5CreERT2 (Gdf5-CE), Prg4-CE and Dkk3-CE mice mated to R26-Confetti or single-color reporters, we found that knee joint progenitors produced small non-migratory progenies and distinct local tissues over prenatal and postnatal time. Stereological imaging and quantification indicated that the columns present in juvenile-adult tibial articular cartilage consisted of non-daughter, partially overlapping lineage cells, likely reflecting cell rearrangement and stacking. Zone-specific increases in cell volume were major drivers of tissue thickening, while cell proliferation or death played minor roles. Second harmonic generation with 2-photon microscopy showed that the collagen matrix went from being isotropic and scattered at young stages to being anisotropic and aligned along the cell stacks in adults. Progenitor tracing at prenatal or juvenile stages showed that joint injury provoked a massive and rapid increase in synovial Prg4+ and CD44+/P75+ cells some of which filling the injury site, while neighboring chondrocytes appeared unresponsive. Our data indicate that local cell populations produce distinct joint tissues and that articular cartilage growth and zonal organization are mainly brought about by cell volume expansion and topographical cell rearrangement. Synovial Prg4+ lineage progenitors are exquisitely responsive to acute injury and may represent pioneers in joint tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah S Decker
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Hyo-Bin Um
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Naiga Cottingham
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Yu Usami
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mark S Kronenberg
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Peter Maye
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - David W Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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22
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Articular cartilage and joint development from embryogenesis to adulthood. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:50-56. [PMID: 27771363 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Within each synovial joint, the articular cartilage is uniquely adapted to bear dynamic compressive loads and shear forces throughout the joint's range of motion. Injury and age-related degeneration of the articular cartilage often lead to significant pain and disability, as the intrinsic repair capability of the tissue is extremely limited. Current surgical and biological treatment options have been unable to restore cartilage de novo. Before successful clinical cartilage restoration strategies can be developed, a better understanding of how the cartilage forms during normal development is essential. This review focuses on recent progress made towards addressing key questions about articular cartilage morphogenesis, including the origin of synovial joint progenitor cells, postnatal development and growth of the tissue. These advances have provided novel insight into fundamental questions about the developmental biology of articular cartilage, as well as potential cell sources that may participate in joint response to injury.
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23
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Wnt signaling in cartilage development and diseases: lessons from animal studies. J Transl Med 2016; 96:186-96. [PMID: 26641070 PMCID: PMC4838282 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage not only plays essential roles in skeletal development and growth during pre- and postnatal stages but also serves to provide smooth movement of skeletons throughout life. Thus, dysfunction of cartilage causes a variety of skeletal disorders. Results from animal studies reveal that β-catenin-dependent canonical and independent non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways have multiple roles in regulation of cartilage development, growth, and maintenance. β-Catenin-dependent signaling is required for progression of endochondral ossification and growth of axial and appendicular skeletons, while excessive activation of this signaling can cause severe inhibition of initial cartilage formation and growth plate organization and function in mice. In contrast, non-canonical Wnt signaling is important in columnar organization of growth plate chondrocytes. Manipulation of Wnt signaling causes or ameliorates articular cartilage degeneration in rodent osteoarthritis models. Human genetic studies indicate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a risk factor for osteoarthritis. Accumulative findings from analysis of expression of Wnt signaling molecules and in vivo and in vitro functional experiments suggest that Wnt signaling is a therapeutic target for osteoarthritis. The target tissues of Wnt signaling may be not only articular cartilage but also synovium and subchondral bone.
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Abstract
The regulation of organ size is essential to human health and has fascinated biologists for centuries. Key to the growth process is the ability of most organs to integrate organ-extrinsic cues (eg, nutritional status, inflammatory processes) with organ-intrinsic information (eg, genetic programs, local signals) into a growth response that adapts to changing environmental conditions and ensures that the size of an organ is coordinated with the rest of the body. Paired organs such as the vertebrate limbs and the long bones within them are excellent models for studying this type of regulation because it is possible to manipulate one member of the pair and leave the other as an internal control. During development, growth plates at the end of each long bone produce a transient cartilage model that is progressively replaced by bone. Here, we review how proliferation and differentiation of cells within each growth plate are tightly controlled mainly by growth plate-intrinsic mechanisms that are additionally modulated by extrinsic signals. We also discuss the involvement of several signaling hubs in the integration and modulation of growth-related signals and how they could confer remarkable plasticity to the growth plate. Indeed, long bones have a significant ability for "catch-up growth" to attain normal size after a transient growth delay. We propose that the characterization of catch-up growth, in light of recent advances in physiology and cell biology, will provide long sought clues into the molecular mechanisms that underlie organ growth regulation. Importantly, catch-up growth early in life is commonly associated with metabolic disorders in adulthood, and this association is not completely understood. Further elucidation of the molecules and cellular interactions that influence organ size coordination should allow development of novel therapies for human growth disorders that are noninvasive and have minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roselló-Díez
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065
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Lefebvre V, Bhattaram P. Prg4-expressing cells: articular stem cells or differentiated progeny in the articular chondrocyte lineage? Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1151-4. [PMID: 25623059 DOI: 10.1002/art.39045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kozhemyakina E, Zhang M, Ionescu A, Ayturk UM, Ono N, Kobayashi A, Kronenberg H, Warman ML, Lassar AB. Identification of a Prg4-expressing articular cartilage progenitor cell population in mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1261-73. [PMID: 25603997 DOI: 10.1002/art.39030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate knockin mice that express a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase from the Prg4 locus (Prg4(GFPCreERt2) mice) and to use these animals to fate-map the progeny of Prg4-positive articular cartilage cells at various ages. METHODS We crossed Prg4(GFPCreERt2) mice with Rosa26(floxlacZ) or Rosa26(mTmG) reporter strains, admin-istered tamoxifen to the double heterozygous offspring at different ages, and assayed Cre-mediated recom-bination by histochemistry and/or fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS In 1-month-old mice, the expression of the Prg4(GFPCreERt2) allele mirrored the expression of endogenous Prg4 and, when tamoxifen was admin-istered for 10 days, caused Cre-mediated recombination in ∼70% of the superficial-most chondrocytes. Prg4(GFPCreERt2)-expressing cells were mostly confined to the top 3 cell layers of the articular cartilage in 1-month-old mice, but descendants of these cells were located in deeper regions of the articular cartilage in aged mice. On embryonic day 17.5, Prg4(GFPCreERt2)-expressing cells were largely restricted to the superficial-most cell layer of the forming joint, yet at ∼1 year, the progeny of these cells spanned the depth of the articular cartilage. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Prg4-expressing cells located at the joint surface in the embryo serve as a progenitor population for all deeper layers of the mature articular cartilage. Also, our findings indicate that Prg4(GFPCreERt2) is expressed by superficial chondrocytes in young mice, but expands into deeper regions of the articular cartilage as the animals age. The Prg4(GFPCreERt2) allele should be a useful tool for inducing efficient Cre-mediated recombination of loxP-flanked alleles at sites of Prg4 expression.
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Ray A, Singh PNP, Sohaskey ML, Harland RM, Bandyopadhyay A. Precise spatial restriction of BMP signaling is essential for articular cartilage differentiation. Development 2015; 142:1169-79. [PMID: 25758226 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The articular cartilage, which lines the joints of the limb skeleton, is distinct from the adjoining transient cartilage, and yet, it differentiates as a unique population within a contiguous cartilage element. Current literature suggests that articular cartilage and transient cartilage originate from different cell populations. Using a combination of lineage tracing and pulse-chase of actively proliferating chondrocytes, we here demonstrate that, similar to transient cartilage, embryonic articular cartilage cells also originate from the proliferating chondrocytes situated near the distal ends of skeletal anlagen. We show that nascent cartilage cells are capable of differentiating as articular or transient cartilage, depending on exposure to Wnt or BMP signaling, respectively. The spatial organization of the articular cartilage results from a band of Nog-expressing cells, which insulates these proliferating chondrocytes from BMP signaling and allows them to differentiate as articular cartilage under the influence of Wnt signaling emanating from the interzone. Through experiments conducted in both chick and mouse embryos we have developed a model explaining simultaneous growth and differentiation of transient and articular cartilage in juxtaposed domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016, India
| | - Pratik Narendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016, India
| | - Michael L Sohaskey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Richard M Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016, India
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Abstract
Limb synovial joints are intricate structures composed of articular cartilage, synovial membranes, ligaments and an articular capsule. Together, these tissues give each joint its unique shape, organization and biomechanical function. Articular cartilage itself is rather complex and organized in distinct zones, including the superficial zone that produces lubricants and contains stem/progenitor cells. For many years there has been great interest in deciphering the mechanisms by which the joints form and come to acquire such unique structural features and diversity. Decades ago, classic embryologists discovered that the first overt sign of joint formation at each prescribed limb site was the appearance of a dense and compact population of mesenchymal cells collectively called the interzone. Work carried out since then by several groups has provided evidence that the interzone cells actively participate in joint tissue formation over developmental time. This minireview provides a succinct but comprehensive description of the many important recent advances in this field of research. These include studies using various conditional reporter mice to genetically trace and track the origin, fate and possible function of joint progenitor cells; studies on the involvement and roles in signaling pathways and transcription factors in joint cell determination and functioning; and studies using advanced methods of gene expression analyses to uncover novel genetic determinants of joint formation and diversity. The overall advances are impressive, and the findings are not only of obvious interest and importance but also have major implications in the conception of future translational medicine tools to repair and regenerate defective, overused or aging joints.
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