1
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Hasija M, Ma J, Li B, Rahman N, Strahlendorf KA, Ausar SF. Determination of Deamidation in Adjuvanted Vaccine Antigens through Isoaspartic Acid Quantification. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:733. [PMID: 39066371 PMCID: PMC11281650 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Deamidation is a post-translational chemical modification that occurs within proteins and can be influenced by many factors, including temperature and pH. In vaccines, deamidation is considered undesirable as it may lead to changes in structure, function, stability, and immunogenicity. Detecting deamidation in vaccines, especially adjuvanted vaccines, can be challenging due to the lack of simple quantitative techniques. In this study, the quantification of isoaspartic acid (isoAsp) was used to assess deamidation in model antigens in the presence and absence of common vaccine adjuvants. This study shows that the detection of isoAsp was possible in the presence of various types of adjuvants with little to no interference. High levels of isoAsp were detected in thermally and pH-stressed adjuvanted vaccines, suggesting significant deamidation and highlighting the stability-indicating capabilities of the assay. The quantification of isoAsp in stability programs of a vaccine drug product could possibly find applications in product shelf-life determination, using thermal kinetic modeling to predict deamidation over time. The ability to detect deamidation early in vaccine development enhances process improvements and ultimately improves the vaccine's stability. To summarize, this paper describes a rapid and simple method to determine deamidation in adjuvanted vaccines. This method could be applicable to formulation development, stability assessment, or shelf-life determination.
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2
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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1301-1367. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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3
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Sampathkumar K, Kerwin BA. Roadmap for Drug Product Development and Manufacturing of Biologics. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:314-331. [PMID: 37944666 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic biology encompasses different modalities, and their manufacturing processes may be vastly different. However, there are many similarities that run across the different modalities during the drug product (DP) development process and manufacturing. Similarities include the need for Quality Target Product Profile (QTTP), analytical development, formulation development, container/closure studies, drug product process development, manufacturing and technical requirements set out by numerous regulatory documents such as the FDA, EMA, and ICH for pharmaceuticals for human use and other country specific requirements. While there is a plethora of knowledge on studies needed for development of a drug product, there is no specific guidance set out in a phase dependent manner delineating what studies should be completed in alignment with the different phases of clinical development from pre-clinical through commercialization. Because of this reason, we assembled a high-level drug product development and manufacturing roadmap. The roadmap is applicable across the different modalities with the intention of providing a unified framework from early phase development to commercialization of biologic drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Sampathkumar
- SSK Biosolutions LLC, 14022 Welland Terrace, North Potomac, MD 20878, USA; Currently at Invetx, Inc., One Boston Place, Suite 3930, 201 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Kerwin BioPharma Consulting LLC, 14138 Farmview Ln NE, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA; Coriolis Scientific Advisory Board, Coriolis Pharma, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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4
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Amash A, Volkers G, Farber P, Griffin D, Davison KS, Goodman A, Tonikian R, Yamniuk A, Barnhart B, Jacobs T. Developability considerations for bispecific and multispecific antibodies. MAbs 2024; 16:2394229. [PMID: 39189686 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2394229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAb) and multispecific antibodies (msAb) encompass a diverse variety of formats that can concurrently bind multiple epitopes, unlocking mechanisms to address previously difficult-to-treat or incurable diseases. Early assessment of candidate developability enables demotion of antibodies with low potential and promotion of the most promising candidates for further development. Protein-based therapies have a stringent set of developability requirements in order to be competitive (e.g. high-concentration formulation, and long half-life) and their assessment requires a robust toolkit of methods, few of which are validated for interrogating bsAbs/msAbs. Important considerations when assessing the developability of bsAbs/msAbs include their molecular format, likelihood for immunogenicity, specificity, stability, and potential for high-volume production. Here, we summarize the critical aspects of developability assessment, and provide guidance on how to develop a comprehensive plan tailored to a given bsAb/msAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Amash
- AbCellera Biologics Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Jacobs
- AbCellera Biologics Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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5
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Chu PY, Wang H, Ross E, Stephens N, Zhang HM, Andersen N, Chan W, Shivva V, Crowell SR, Spiess C, Holder PG, Agard NJ, Ji C, Chen J, Sreedhara A, Wang J, Wu C, Liu Y, Tran JC. Translatability of In Vitro Stress for Predicting Deamidation and Oxidation Biotransformation on Biotherapeutics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17957-17961. [PMID: 38084380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation leading to single residue modifications (e.g., deamidation, oxidation) can contribute to decreased efficacy/potency, poor pharmacokinetics, and/or toxicity/immunogenicity for protein therapeutics. Identifying and characterizing such liabilities in vivo are emerging needs for biologics drug discovery. In vitro stress assays involving PBS for deamidation or AAPH for oxidation are commonly used for predicting liabilities in manufacturing and storage and are sometimes considered a predictive tool for in vivo liabilities. However, reports discussing their in vivo translatability are limited. Herein, we introduce a mass spectrometry workflow that characterizes in vivo oxidation and deamidation in pharmacokinetically relevant compartments for diverse protein therapeutic modalities. The workflow has low bias of <10% in quantitating degradation in the relevant pharmacokinetic concentration range for monkey and rabbit serum/plasma (1-100 μg/mL) and allows for high sequence coverage (∼85%) for discovery/monitoring of amino acid modifications. For oxidation and deamidation, the assay was precise, with percent coefficient of variation of <8% at 1-100 μg/mL and ≤6% method-induced artifacts. A high degree of in vitro and in vivo correlation was observed for deamidation on the six diverse protein therapeutics (seven liability sites) tested. In vivo translatability for oxidation liabilities were not observed for the 11 molecules tested using in vitro AAPH stress. One of the molecules dosed in eyes resulted in a false positive and a false negative prediction for in vivo oxidation following AAPH stress. Finally, peroxide stress was also tested but resulted in limited success (1 out of 4 molecules) in predicting oxidation liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Y Chu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- NovaBioAssays, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, United States
| | - Emily Ross
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Nicole Stephens
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Nisana Andersen
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Wayman Chan
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Vittal Shivva
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Susan R Crowell
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Christoph Spiess
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Patrick G Holder
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Nicholas J Agard
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Chengjie Ji
- NovaBioAssays, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, United States
| | - John Chen
- NovaBioAssays, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, United States
| | | | - Jianyong Wang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Cong Wu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Yichin Liu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - John C Tran
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
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6
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Kopp KT, Saerens L, Voorspoels J, Van den Mooter G. Solidification and oral delivery of biologics to the colon- A review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 190:106523. [PMID: 37429482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The oral delivery of biologics such as therapeutic proteins, peptides and oligonucleotides for the treatment of colon related diseases has been the focus of increasing attention over the last years. However, the major disadvantage of these macromolecules is their degradation propensity in liquid state which can lead to the undesirable and complete loss of function. Therefore, to increase the stability of the biologic and reduce their degradation propensity, formulation techniques such as solidification can be performed to obtain a stable solid dosage form for oral administration. Due to their fragility, stress exerted on the biologic during solidification has to be reduced with the incorporation of stabilizing excipients into the formulation. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art solidification techniques required to obtain a solid dosage form for the oral delivery of biologics to the colon and the use of suitable excipients for adequate stabilization upon solidification. The solidifying processes discussed within this review are spray drying, freeze drying, bead coating and also other techniques such as spray freeze drying, electro spraying, vacuum- and supercritical fluid drying. Further, the colon as site of absorption in both healthy and diseased state is critically reviewed and possible oral delivery systems for biologics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Tatjana Kopp
- Eurofins Amatsigroup, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7B, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg ON2, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Saerens
- Eurofins Amatsigroup, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7B, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jody Voorspoels
- Eurofins Amatsigroup, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7B, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Guy Van den Mooter
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg ON2, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Ren X, Su D, Shi D, Xiang X. The improving strategies and applications of nanotechnology-based drugs in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1272850. [PMID: 37811369 PMCID: PMC10557528 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1272850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of tumor-related death worldwide. Conventional treatments for HCC include drugs, radiation, and surgery. Despite the unremitting efforts of researchers, the curative effect of HCC has been greatly improved, but because HCC is often found in the middle and late stages, the curative effect is still not satisfactory, and the 5-year survival rate is still low. Nanomedicine is a potential subject, which has been applied to the treatment of HCC and has achieved promising results. Here, we summarized the factors affecting the efficacy of drugs in HCC treatment and the strategies for improving the efficacy of nanotechnology-based drugs in HCC, reviewed the recent applications' progress on nanotechnology-based drugs in HCC treatment, and discussed the future perspectives and challenges of nanotechnology-based drugs in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Ren
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Danyang Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Doudou Shi
- The Ninth Hospital of Xi’an, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Xiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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8
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Maurer J, Grouzmann E, Eugster PJ. Tutorial review for peptide assays: An ounce of pre-analytics is worth a pound of cure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123904. [PMID: 37832388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in peptidomimetic-based medications and the growing interest in peptide hormones has brought new attention to the quantification of peptides for diagnostic purposes. Indeed, the circulating concentrations of peptide hormones in the blood provide a snapshot of the state of the body and could eventually lead to detecting a particular health condition. Although extremely useful, the quantification of such molecules, preferably by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, might be quite tricky. First, peptides are subjected to hydrolysis, oxidation, and other post-translational modifications, and, most importantly, they are substrates of specific and nonspecific proteases in biological matrixes. All these events might continue after sampling, changing the peptide hormone concentrations. Second, because they include positively and negatively charged groups and hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues, they interact with their environment; these interactions might lead to a local change in the measured concentrations. A phenomenon such as nonspecific adsorption to lab glassware or materials has often a tremendous effect on the concentration and needs to be controlled with particular care. Finally, the circulating levels of peptides might be low (pico- or femtomolar range), increasing the impact of the aforementioned effects and inducing the need for highly sensitive instruments and well-optimized methods. Thus, despite the extreme diversity of these peptides and their matrixes, there is a common challenge for all the assays: the need to keep concentrations unchanged from sampling to analysis. While significant efforts are often placed on optimizing the analysis, few studies consider in depth the impact of pre-analytical steps on the results. By working through practical examples, this solution-oriented tutorial review addresses typical pre-analytical challenges encountered during the development of a peptide assay from the standpoint of a clinical laboratory. We provide tips and tricks to avoid pitfalls as well as strategies to guide all new developments. Our ultimate goal is to increase pre-analytical awareness to ensure that newly developed peptide assays produce robust and accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Maurer
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Grouzmann
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe J Eugster
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Bashyal A, Hui JO, Flick T, Dykstra AB, Zhang Q, Campuzano IDG, Brodbelt JS. Differentiation of Aspartic and Isoaspartic Acid Using 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:11510-11517. [PMID: 37458293 PMCID: PMC10588209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous conversion of aspartic acid (Asp) to isoaspartic acid (isoAsp) is a ubiquitous modification that influences the structure and function of proteins. This modification of Asp impacts the stability of biotherapeutics and has been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. We explored the use of 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) to distinguish Asp and isoAsp in the protonated and deprotonated peptides. The differences in the relative abundances of several fragment ions uniquely generated by UVPD were used to differentiate isomeric peptide standards containing Asp or isoAsp. These fragment ions result from the cleavage of bonds N-terminal to Asp/isoAsp residues in addition to the side-chain losses from Asp/isoAsp or the losses of COOH, CO2, CO, or H2O from y-ions. Fragmentation of Asp-containing tryptic peptides using UVPD resulted in more enhanced w/w + 1/y - 1/x ions, while isoAsp-containing peptides yielded more enhanced y - 18/y - 45/y - 46 ions. UVPD was also used to identify an isomerized peptide from a tryptic digest of a monoclonal antibody. Moreover, UVPD of a protonated nontryptic peptide resulted in more enhanced y ions N- and C-terminal to isoAsp and differences in b/y ion ratios that were used to identify the isoAsp peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Bashyal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - John O Hui
- Amgen Research, Molecular Analytics, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tawnya Flick
- Process Development, Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Andrew B Dykstra
- Process Development, Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Qingchun Zhang
- Process Development, Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Iain D G Campuzano
- Amgen Research, Molecular Analytics, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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10
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VanAernum ZL, Sergi JA, Dey M, Toner T, Kilgore B, Lay-Fortenbery A, Wang Y, Bian S, Kochert BA, Bothe JR, Gao X, Richardson D, Schuessler HA. Discovery and Control of Succinimide Formation and Accumulation at Aspartic Acid Residues in The Complementarity-Determining Region of a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1411-1423. [PMID: 36627449 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Succinimide formation and isomerization alter the chemical and physical properties of aspartic acid residues in a protein. Modification of aspartic acid residues within complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be particularly detrimental to the efficacy of the molecule. The goal of this study was to characterize the site of succinimide accumulation in the CDR of a therapeutic mAb and understand its effects on potency. Furthermore, we aimed to mitigate succinimide accumulation through changes in formulation. METHODS Accumulation of succinimide was identified through intact and reduced LC-MS mass measurements. A low pH peptide mapping method was used for relative quantitation and localization of succinimide formation in the CDR. Statistical modeling was used to correlate levels of succinimide with basic variants and potency measurements. RESULTS Succinimide accumulation in Formulation A was accelerated when stored at elevated temperatures. A strong correlation between succinimide accumulation in the CDR, an increase in basic charge variants, and a decrease in potency was observed. Statistical modeling suggest that a combination of ion exchange chromatography and potency measurements can be used to predict succinimide levels in a given sample. Reformulation of the mAb to Formulation B mitigates succinimide accumulation even after extended storage at elevated temperatures. CONCLUSION Succinimide formation in the CDR of a therapeutic mAb can have a strong negative impact on potency of the molecule. We demonstrate that thorough characterization of the molecule by LC-MS, ion exchange chromatography, and potency measurements can facilitate changes in formulation that mitigate succinimide formation and the corresponding detrimental changes in potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L VanAernum
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Joseph A Sergi
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Monisha Dey
- Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Timothy Toner
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Bruce Kilgore
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Ashley Lay-Fortenbery
- Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc, 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
- Biologics Process and Analytical Development, National Resilience, Inc, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Shengjie Bian
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
- CMC Regulatory & Technical Strategy, Amicus Therapeutics Inc. Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Brent A Kochert
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Jameson R Bothe
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Xinliu Gao
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Hillary A Schuessler
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
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11
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Designing Formulation Strategies for Enhanced Stability of Therapeutic Peptides in Aqueous Solutions: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030935. [PMID: 36986796 PMCID: PMC10056213 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the utilization of therapeutic peptides. Therapeutic peptides are usually administered via the parenteral route, requiring an aqueous formulation. Unfortunately, peptides are often unstable in aqueous solutions, affecting stability and bioactivity. Although a stable and dry formulation for reconstitution might be designed, from a pharmaco-economic and practical convenience point of view, a peptide formulation in an aqueous liquid form is preferred. Designing formulation strategies that optimize peptide stability may improve bioavailability and increase therapeutic efficacy. This literature review provides an overview of various degradation pathways and formulation strategies to stabilize therapeutic peptides in aqueous solutions. First, we introduce the major peptide stability issues in liquid formulations and the degradation mechanisms. Then, we present a variety of known strategies to inhibit or slow down peptide degradation. Overall, the most practical approaches to peptide stabilization are pH optimization and selecting the appropriate type of buffer. Other practical strategies to reduce peptide degradation rates in solution are the application of co-solvency, air exclusion, viscosity enhancement, PEGylation, and using polyol excipients.
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12
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A Review on Forced Degradation Strategies to Establish the Stability of Therapeutic Peptide Formulations. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-023-10492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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13
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Residue-Specific Impact of EDTA and Methionine on Protein Oxidation in Biotherapeutics Formulations Using an Integrated Biotherapeutics Drug Product Development Workflow. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:471-481. [PMID: 36130676 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The rational design and selection of formulation composition to meet molecule-specific and product-specific needs are critical for biotherapeutics development to ensure physical and chemical stability. This work, based on three antibody-based (mAb) proteins (mAbA, mAbB, and mAbC), evaluates residue-specific impact of EDTA and methionine on protein oxidation, using an integrated biotherapeutics drug product development workflow. This workflow includes statistical experimental design, high-throughput experimental automation and execution, structure-based in silico modeling, inferential statistical analysis, and enhanced interactive data visualization of large datasets. This oxidation study evaluates the impact of formulation parameters including pH, protein concentration, and the presence of polysorbate 80 on the oxidation of specific conserved and variable residues of mAbs A, B, and C in the presence of stressors (iron, peroxide) and/or protectants (EDTA, L-methionine). Residue-specific analysis by automated high-throughput peptide mapping demonstrates differential residue-specific effects of EDTA and methionine in protecting against oxidation, highlighting the need for molecule-specific and product-specific selection of these excipients during formulation development. Computational modeling based on a homology model and the two-shell water coordination method (WCN) was employed to gain mechanistic understanding of residue-specific oxidation susceptibility of methionine residues. The computational determinants of local solvent exposure of methionine residues showed good correlation of WCN with experimentally determined oxidation for corresponding residues. The rapid generation of high-resolution data, statistical data analysis and interactive visualization of the high-throughput residue-level data containing ∼200 unique formulations facilitate residue-specific, molecule-specific and product-specific oxidation (global and local) assessment for oxidation protectants during early development for mAbs and related mAb-based modalities.
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14
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Li ZL, Buck M. A proteome-scale analysis of vertebrate protein amino acid occurrence: Thermoadaptation shows a correlation with protein solvation but less so with dynamics. Proteins 2023; 91:3-15. [PMID: 36053994 PMCID: PMC10087973 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite differences in behaviors and living conditions, vertebrate organisms share the great majority of proteins, often with subtle differences in amino acid sequence. Here, we present a simple way to analyze the difference in amino acid occurrence by comparing highly homologous proteins on a subproteome level between several vertebrate model organisms. Specifically, we use this method to identify a pattern of amino acid conservation as well as a shift in amino acid occurrence between homeotherms (warm-blooded species) and poikilotherms (cold-blooded species). Importantly, this general analysis and a specific example further establish a broad correlation, if not likely connection between the thermal adaptation of protein sequences and two of their physical features: on average a change in their protein dynamics and, even more strongly, in their solvation. For poikilotherms, such as frog and fish, the lower body temperature is expected to increase the protein-protein interaction due to a decrease in protein internal dynamics. In order to counteract the tendency for enhanced binding caused by low temperatures, poikilotherms enhance the solvation of their proteins by favoring polar amino acids. This feature appears to dominate over possible changes in dynamics for some proteins. The results suggest that a general trend for amino acid choice is part of the mechanism for thermoadaptation of vertebrate organisms at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Lu Li
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology and of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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15
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Jia L, Sun Y. In Silico Prediction Method for Protein Asparagine Deamidation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2552:199-217. [PMID: 36346593 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2609-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In silico prediction methods were developed to predict protein asparagine (Asn) deamidation. The method is based on understanding deamidation mechanism on structural level with machine learning. Our structure-based method is more accurate than the sequence-based method which is still widely used in protein engineering process. In addition, molecular dynamics simulation was applied to study the time occupancy of nucleophilic attack distance, which is hypothesized as the most important step toward the rate-limiting succinimide intermediate formation. A more accurate prediction method for distinguishing potentially liable amino acid residues would allow their elimination or reduction as early as possible in the drug discovery process. It is possible that such quantitative protein structure-property relationship tools can also be applied to other protein hotspot predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
| | - Yaxiong Sun
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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16
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Ghosh I, Gutka H, Krause ME, Clemens R, Kashi RS. A systematic review of commercial high concentration antibody drug products approved in the US: formulation composition, dosage form design and primary packaging considerations. MAbs 2023; 15:2205540. [PMID: 37243580 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2205540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three critical aspects that define high concentration antibody products (HCAPs) are as follows: 1) formulation composition, 2) dosage form, and 3) primary packaging configuration. HCAPs have become successful in the therapeutic sector due to their unique advantage of allowing subcutaneous self-administration. Technical challenges, such as physical and chemical instability, viscosity, delivery volume limitations, and product immunogenicity, can hinder successful development and commercialization of HCAPs. Such challenges can be overcome by robust formulation and process development strategies, as well as rational selection of excipients and packaging components. We compiled and analyzed data from US Food and Drug Administration-approved and marketed HCAPs that are ≥100 mg/mL to identify trends in formulation composition and quality target product profile. This review presents our findings and discusses novel formulation and processing technologies that enable the development of improved HCAPs at ≥200 mg/mL. The observed trends can be used as a guide for further advancements in the development of HCAPs as more complex antibody-based modalities enter biologics product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Ghosh
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hiten Gutka
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mary E Krause
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ryan Clemens
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Ramesh S Kashi
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, USA
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17
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Zhang W, Wang H, Feng N, Li Y, Gu J, Wang Z. Developability assessment at early-stage discovery to enable development of antibody-derived therapeutics. Antib Ther 2022; 6:13-29. [PMID: 36683767 PMCID: PMC9847343 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developability refers to the likelihood that an antibody candidate will become a manufacturable, safe and efficacious drug. Although the safety and efficacy of a drug candidate will be well considered by sponsors and regulatory agencies, developability in the narrow sense can be defined as the likelihood that an antibody candidate will go smoothly through the chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC) process at a reasonable cost and within a reasonable timeline. Developability in this sense is the focus of this review. To lower the risk that an antibody candidate with poor developability will move to the CMC stage, the candidate's developability-related properties should be screened, assessed and optimized as early as possible. Assessment of developability at the early discovery stage should be performed in a rapid and high-throughput manner while consuming small amounts of testing materials. In addition to monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, multispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates, as the derivatives of monoclonal antibodies, should also be assessed for developability. Moreover, we propose that the criterion of developability is relative: expected clinical indication, and the dosage and administration route of the antibody could affect this criterion. We also recommend a general screening process during the early discovery stage of antibody-derived therapeutics. With the advance of artificial intelligence-aided prediction of protein structures and features, computational tools can be used to predict, screen and optimize the developability of antibody candidates and greatly reduce the risk of moving a suboptimal candidate to the development stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Nan Feng
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Technology and Process Development, WuXi Biologicals, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jijie Gu
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Biologics Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China, Phone number: +86-21-50518899
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18
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Nazeam JA, Singab ANB. Immunostimulant plant proteins: Potential candidates as vaccine adjuvants. Phytother Res 2022; 36:4345-4360. [PMID: 36128599 PMCID: PMC9538006 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is shaking up global scientific structures toward addressing antibiotic resistance threats and indicates an urgent need to develop more cost-effective vaccines. Vaccine adjuvants play a crucial role in boosting immunogenicity and improving vaccine efficacy. The toxicity and adversity of most adjuvant formulations are the major human immunization problems, especially in routine pediatric and immunocompromised patients. The present review focused on preclinical studies of immunoadjuvant plant proteins in use with antiparasitic, antifungal, and antiviral vaccines. Moreover, this report outlines the current perspective of immunostimulant plant protein candidates that can be used by researchers in developing new generations of vaccine-adjuvants. Future clinical studies are required to substantiate the plant proteins' safety and applicability as a vaccine adjuvant in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilan A. Nazeam
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of PharmacyOctober 6 UniversityGizaEgypt
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19
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Gurel B, Berksoz M, Capkin E, Parlar A, Pala MC, Ozkan A, Capan Y, Daglikoca DE, Yuce M. Structural and Functional Analysis of CEX Fractions Collected from a Novel Avastin® Biosimilar Candidate and Its Innovator: A Comparative Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081571. [PMID: 36015197 PMCID: PMC9415858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avastin® is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody used to treat cancer by targeting VEGF-A to inhibit angiogenesis. SIMAB054, an Avastin® biosimilar candidate developed in this study, showed a different charge variant profile than its innovator. Thus, it is fractionated into acidic, main, and basic isoforms and collected physically by Cation Exchange Chromatography (CEX) for a comprehensive structural and functional analysis. The innovator product, fractionated into the same species and collected by the same method, is used as a reference for comparative analysis. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) ESI-QToF was used to analyze the modifications leading to charge heterogeneities at intact protein and peptide levels. The C-terminal lysine clipping and glycosylation profiles of the samples were monitored by intact mAb analysis. The post-translational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, and N-terminal pyroglutamic acid formation, were determined by peptide mapping analysis in the selected signal peptides. The relative binding affinities of the fractionated charge isoforms against the antigen, VEGF-A, and the neonatal receptor, FcRn, were revealed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies. The results show that all CEX fractions from the innovator product and the SIMAB054 shared the same structural variants, albeit in different ratios. Common glycoforms and post-translational modifications were the same, but at different percentages for some samples. The dissimilarities were mostly originating from the presence of extra C-term Lysin residues, which are prone to enzymatic degradation in the body, and thus they were previously assessed as clinically irrelevant. Another critical finding was the presence of different glyco proteoforms in different charge species, such as increased galactosylation in the acidic and afucosylation in the basic species. SPR characterization of the isolated charge variants further confirmed that basic species found in the CEX analyses of the biosimilar candidate were also present in the innovator product, although at lower amounts. The charge variants’ in vitro antigen- and neonatal receptor-binding activities varied amongst the samples, which could be further investigated in vivo with a larger sample set to reveal the impact on the pharmacokinetics of drug candidates. Minor structural differences may explain antigen-binding differences in the isolated charge variants, which is a key parameter in a comparability exercise. Consequently, such a biosimilar candidate may not comply with high regulatory standards unless the binding differences observed are justified and demonstrated not to have any clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Melike Berksoz
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Eda Capkin
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Meltem Corbacioglu Pala
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Aylin Ozkan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yılmaz Capan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Duygu Emine Daglikoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
| | - Meral Yuce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
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20
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A long-acting C-natriuretic peptide for achondroplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201067119. [PMID: 35858423 PMCID: PMC9335275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201067119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-natriuretic peptide (CNP) analog vosoritide has recently been approved for treatment of achondroplasia in children. However, the regimen requires daily subcutaneous injections in pediatric patients over multiple years. The present work sought to develop a long-acting CNP that would provide efficacy equal to or greater than that of vosoritide but require less frequent injections. We used a technology for half-life extension, whereby a drug is attached to tetra-polyethylene glycol hydrogels (tetra-PEG) by β-eliminative linkers that cleave at predetermined rates. These hydrogels-fabricated as uniform ∼60-μm microspheres-are injected subcutaneously, where they serve as a stationary depot to slowly release the drug into the systemic circulation. We prepared a highly active, stable CNP analog-[Gln6,14]CNP-38-composed of the 38 C-terminal amino acids of human CNP-53 containing Asn to Gln substitutions to preclude degradative deamidation. Two microsphere [Gln6,14]CNP-38 conjugates were prepared, with release rates designed to allow once-weekly and once-monthly administration. After subcutaneous injection of the conjugates in mice, [Gln6,14]CNP-38 was slowly released into the systemic circulation and showed biphasic elimination pharmacokinetics with terminal half-lives of ∼200 and ∼600 h. Both preparations increased growth of mice comparable to or exceeding that produced by daily vosoritide. Simulations of the pharmacokinetics in humans indicated that plasma [Gln6,14]CNP-38 levels should be maintained within a therapeutic window over weekly, biweekly, and likely, monthly dosing intervals. Compared with vosoritide, which requires ∼30 injections per month, microsphere [Gln6,14]CNP-38 conjugates-especially the biweekly and monthly dosing-could provide an alternative that would be well accepted by physicians, patients, and patient caregivers.
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21
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Butler KE, Dodds JN, Flick T, Campuzano IDG, Baker ES. High-Resolution Demultiplexing (HRdm) Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry for Aspartic and Isoaspartic Acid Determination and Screening. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6191-6199. [PMID: 35421308 PMCID: PMC9635094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isomeric peptide analyses are an analytical challenge of great importance to therapeutic monoclonal antibody and other biotherapeutic product development workflows. Aspartic acid (Asp, D) to isoaspartic acid (isoAsp, isoD) isomerization is a critical quality attribute (CQA) that requires careful control, monitoring, and quantitation during the drug discovery and production processes. While the formation of isoAsp has been implicated in a variety of disease states such as autoimmune diseases and several types of cancer, it is also understood that the formation of isoAsp results in a structural change impacting efficacy, potency, and immunogenic properties, all of which are undesirable. Currently, lengthy ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) separations are coupled with MS for CQA analyses; however, these measurements often take over an hour and drastically limit analysis throughput. In this manuscript, drift tube ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (DTIMS-MS) and both a standard and high-resolution demultiplexing approach were utilized to study eight isomeric Asp and isoAsp peptide pairs. While the limited resolving power associated with the standard DTIMS analysis only separated three of the eight pairs, the application of HRdm distinguished seven of the eight and was only unable to separate DL and isoDL. The rapid high-throughput HRdm DTIMS-MS method was also interfaced with both flow injection and an automated solid phase extraction system to present the first application of HRdm for isoAsp and Asp assessment and demonstrate screening capabilities for isomeric peptides in complex samples, resulting in a workflow highly suitable for biopharmaceutical research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Butler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - James N Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tawnya Flick
- Pivotal Attribute Sciences, Amgen Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Iain D G Campuzano
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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22
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Differential T cell immune responses to deamidated adeno-associated virus vector. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:255-267. [PMID: 35211638 PMCID: PMC8829777 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high safety profile demonstrated in clinical trials, the immunogenicity of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy remains a major hurdle. Specifically, T-cell-mediated immune responses to AAV vectors are related to loss of efficacy and potential liver toxicities. As post-translational modifications in T cell epitopes have the potential to affect immune reactions, the cellular immune responses to peptides derived from spontaneously deamidated AAV were investigated. Here, we report that highly deamidated sites in AAV9 contain CD4 T cell epitopes with a Th1 cytokine pattern in multiple human donors with diverse human leukocyte antigen (HLA) backgrounds. Furthermore, some peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples demonstrated differential T cell activation to deamidated or non-deamidated epitopes. Also, in vitro and in silico HLA binding assays showed differential binding to the deamidated or non-deamidated peptides in some HLA alleles. This study provides critical attributes to vector-immune-mediated responses, as AAV deamidation can impact the immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy of AAV-mediated gene therapy in some patients.
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23
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Effects of polyol excipient stability during storage and use on the quality of biopharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:774-782. [PMID: 36320601 PMCID: PMC9615580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are formulated using a variety of excipients to maintain their storage stability. However, some excipients are prone to degradation during repeated use and/or improper storage, and the impurities generated by their degradation are easily overlooked by end users and are usually not strictly monitored, affecting the stability of biopharmaceuticals. In this study, we evaluated the degradation profile of polyol excipient glycerol during repeated use and improper storage and identified an unprecedented cyclic ketal impurity using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The other polyol excipient, mannitol, was much more stable than glycerol. The effects of degraded glycerol and mannitol on the stability of the model biopharmaceutical pentapeptide, thymopentin, were also evaluated. The thymopentin content was only 66.4% in the thymopentin formulations with degraded glycerol, compared to 95.8% in other formulations after the stress test. Most glycerol impurities (i.e., aldehydes and ketones) reacted with thymopentin, affecting the stability of thymopentin formulations. In conclusion, this work suggests that more attention should be paid to the quality changes of excipients during repeated use and storage. Additional testing of excipient stability under real or accelerated conditions by manufacturers would help avoid unexpected and painful results. Unprecedented impurities in degraded glycerol were identified with GC-MS. Degradation of thymopentin due to glycerol degradation was determined using LC-MS/MS. Excipient stability affects biopharmaceutical formulation quality.
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24
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are susceptible to chemical and enzymatic modifications during manufacturing, storage, and shipping. Deamidation, isomerization, and oxidation can compromise the potency, efficacy, and safety of therapeutic antibodies. Recently, in silico tools have been used to identify liable residues and engineer antibodies with better chemical stability. Computational approaches for predicting deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, glycation, carbonylation, sulfation, and hydroxylation are reviewed here. Although liable motifs have been used to improve the chemical stability of antibodies, the accuracy of in silico predictions can be improved using machine learning and molecular dynamic simulations. In addition, there are opportunities to improve predictions for specific stress conditions, develop in silico prediction of novel modifications in antibodies, and predict the impact of modifications on physical stability and antigen-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabdita Vatsa
- Development Services, Lonza Biologics, Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Lawson KE, Dekle JK, Evans MN, Adamczyk AJ. Deamidation reaction network mapping of pharmacologic and related proteins: impact of solvation dielectric on the degradation energetics of asparagine dipeptides. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Asn-X deamidation pathways in the FV region of the monoclonal antibody (mAb).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph K. Dekle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Megan N. Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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26
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Dhahri M, Alghrably M, Mohammed HA, Badshah SL, Noreen N, Mouffouk F, Rayyan S, Qureshi KA, Mahmood D, Lachowicz JI, Jaremko M, Emwas AH. Natural Polysaccharides as Preventive and Therapeutic Horizon for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:1. [PMID: 35056897 PMCID: PMC8777698 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a serious and widespread global public health burden amongst aging populations. The total estimated worldwide global cost of dementia was US$818 billion in 2015 and has been projected to rise to 2 trillion US$ by 2030. While advances have been made to understand different neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, effective therapeutic strategies do not generally exist. Several drugs have been proposed in the last two decades for the treatment of different types of neurodegenerative diseases, with little therapeutic benefit, and often with severe adverse and side effects. Thus, the search for novel drugs with higher efficacy and fewer drawbacks is an ongoing challenge in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Several natural compounds including polysaccharides have demonstrated neuroprotective and even therapeutic effects. Natural polysaccharides are widely distributed in plants, animals, algae, bacterial and fungal species, and have received considerable attention for their wide-ranging bioactivity, including their antioxidant, anti-neuroinflammatory, anticholinesterase and anti-amyloidogenic effects. In this review, we summarize different mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases and the neuroprotective effects of natural polysaccharides, highlighting their potential role in the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Dhahri
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu El-Bahr 46423, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mawadda Alghrably
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.J.)
| | - Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
| | - Syed Lal Badshah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; (S.L.B.); (N.N.)
| | - Noreen Noreen
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; (S.L.B.); (N.N.)
| | - Fouzi Mouffouk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait;
| | - Saleh Rayyan
- Chemistry Department, Birzeit University, Birzeit P627, Palestine;
| | - Kamal A. Qureshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Danish Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.J.)
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Gupta S, Jiskoot W, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Oxidation and Deamidation of Monoclonal Antibody Products: Potential Impact on Stability, Biological Activity, and Efficacy. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:903-918. [PMID: 34890632 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role in human health of therapeutic proteins in general, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in particular, has been significant and is continuously evolving. A considerable amount of time and resources are invested first in mAb product development and then in clinical examination of the product. Physical and chemical degradation can occur during manufacturing, processing, storage, handling, and administration. Therapeutic proteins may undergo various chemical degradation processes, including oxidation, deamidation, isomerization, hydrolysis, deglycosylation, racemization, disulfide bond breakage and formation, Maillard reaction, and β-elimination. Oxidation and deamidation are the most common chemical degradation processes of mAbs, which may result in changes in physical properties, such as hydrophobicity, charge, secondary or/and tertiary structure, and may lower the thermodynamic or kinetic barrier to unfold. This may predispose the product to aggregation and other chemical modifications, which can alter the binding affinity, half-life, and efficacy of the product. This review summarizes major findings from the past decade on the impact of oxidation and deamidation on the stability, biological activity, and efficacy of mAb products. Mechanisms of action, influencing factors, characterization tools, clinical impact, and risk mitigation strategies have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
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Sang-Aroon W, Phatchana R, Tontapha S, Ruangpornvisuti V. A DFT calculation on nonenzymatic degradation of isoaspartic residue. J Mol Model 2021; 27:300. [PMID: 34570254 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
βAsp is an isomer of Asp that can be formed by either deamidation of Asn or isomerization of Asp and known as biological clock. The presence of βAsp affects the proteolytic stability of the protein. Formation of the isomerized Asp plays a diverse and crucial role in aging, cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and other diseases. A number of methods have been developed to detect βAsp, and they are usually used in conjunction. Because of identical mass, differentiation of βAsp and Asp residues is challenged. Degradation of βAsp is still unclear and needed to be explored. The energetics and mechanism of five possible pathways for cleavages at βAsp in peptide model have been investigated by DFT/B3LYP/6-311 + + G(d,p) level of the theory. The calculations show that peptide bond cleavage at α-chain (amino side) due to αOC → αCN ring closure is the most favorable reaction. The result is in agreement with experiment utilizing PSD/CRF method. The second most favorable pathway is due to αOC → βC ring closure results in β-chain cleavage. The cleavage products βAsp and Asp fragments can be used to signify an abundance of βAsp residue in nonenzymatic condition. Other three cyclizations initiated by either α- or β-amino nitrogen result in various cleavages, isomerization to Asp, and reconversion to original βAsp. These three cyclization pathways are obstructed because they require mostly high activation barriers and their intermediates are quite less thermodynamically stable. Thus, computational results also confirm that βAsp → Asp is prohibited in case of nonenzymatic condition which means that protein L-isoaspartyl O-methyl transferase (PIMT) is needed for this modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wichien Sang-Aroon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, KhonKaen Campus, Khon Kaen, 40000, Thailand.
| | - Ratchanee Phatchana
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, KhonKaen Campus, Khon Kaen, 40000, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Tontapha
- Post Doctoral Research Fellow, Integrated Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, KhonKaen University, Khon Kaen, 40001, Thailand
| | - Vithaya Ruangpornvisuti
- Supramolecular Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10320, Thailand
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Powell T, Knight MJ, Wood A, O'Hara J, Burkitt W. Detection of Isopeptide Bonds in Monoclonal Antibody Aggregates. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1519-1530. [PMID: 34528168 PMCID: PMC8497302 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose A major difficulty in monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutic development is product aggregation. In this study, intermolecular isopeptide bonds in mAb aggregates were characterized for the first time. We aim to propose a mechanism of covalent aggregation in a model antibody using stressed studies at raised temperatures to aid in the understanding of mAb aggregation pathways. Methods Aggregate fractions were generated using raised temperature and were purified using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The fractions were tryptically digested and characterized using liquid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass-spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Results An increased amount of clipping between aspartic acid and proline in a solvent accessible loop in the constant heavy 2 (CH2) domain of the mAb was observed under these conditions. Detailed peptide mapping revealed 14 isopeptide bonds between aspartic acid at that cleavage site and lysine residues on adjacent antibodies. Two additional isopeptide bonds were identified between the mAb HC N-terminal glutamic acid or a separate aspartic acid to lysine residues on adjacent antibodies. Conclusions Inter-protein isopeptide bonds between the side chains of acidic amino acids (aspartate and glutamate) and lysine were characterized for the first time in mAb aggregates. A chemical mechanism was presented whereby spontaneous isopeptide bond formation could be facilitated via either the aspartic acid side chain or C-terminus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-021-03103-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Powell
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough, SL3WE, UK.
| | - Michael J Knight
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough, SL3WE, UK
| | - Amanda Wood
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough, SL3WE, UK
| | - John O'Hara
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough, SL3WE, UK
| | - William Burkitt
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough, SL3WE, UK
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30
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Park H, Ha ES, Kim MS. Complexation of exenatide and cyclodextrin: An approach for the stabilization and sustained release of exenatide in PLGA microsphere. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 266:118169. [PMID: 34044960 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cyclodextrins (CyDs) to stabilize exnatide in the microencapsulation medium and influence on the pharmaceutical properties of exenatide loaded PLGA microsphere. Three CyDs interacted differently with exenatide by investigation using ultraviolet, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The binding affinities of CyDs to the hydrophobic tryptophan residues of exenatide increased in following order: α-CyD < β-CyD < γ-CyD. It was consistent with orders of W/O interface stabilizing and anti-adsorption effects. However, the stabilizing effect of β-CyD on liquid-state and freeze-drying of exenatide was greater than that of γ-CyD. The negative values of ΔH0, ΔS0, and ΔG0 indicated that the exenatide-CyDs complex formation was a favorable exothermic and spontaneous processes that increased the order in the complex with structural rigidity. Furthermore, it was also shown that β-CyD improved encapsulation efficiency, in vitro extended release, and in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of prepared PLGA microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, 33, Samyangro 144-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sol Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Haberger M, Heidenreich AK, Hook M, Fichtl J, Lang R, Cymer F, Adibzadeh M, Kuhne F, Wegele H, Reusch D, Bonnington L, Bulau P. Multiattribute Monitoring of Antibody Charge Variants by Cation-Exchange Chromatography Coupled to Native Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2062-2071. [PMID: 33687195 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the product variants of a therapeutic T-cell bispecific humanized monoclonal antibody (TCB Mab, ∼200 kDa, asymmetric) and to develop an online cation-exchange chromatography native electrospray mass spectrometry method (CEC-UV-MS) for direct TCB Mab charge variant monitoring during bioprocess and formulation development. For the identification and functional evaluation of the diverse and complex TCB Mab charge variants, offline fractionation combined with comprehensive analytical testing was applied. The offline fractionation of abundant product variant peaks enabled identification of coeluting acid charge variants such as asparagine deamidation, primary and secondary Fab glycosylation (with and without sialic acid), and the presence of O-glycosylation in the G4S-linker region. Consequently, a new nonconsensus N-glycosylation motif (N-338-FG) in the heavy chain CDR region was discovered. Functional evaluation by cell-based potency testing demonstrated a clear and negative impact of both asparagine deamidations, whereas the O-glycosylation did not affect the TCB Mab biological activity. We established an online native CEC-UV-MS method, with an ammonium acetate buffer and pH gradient, to directly monitor the TCB Mab charge variants. All abundant chemical degradations and post-translational amino acid modifications already identified by offline fraction experiments and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry peptide mapping could also be monitored by the online CEC-UV-MS method. The herein reported online native CEC-UV-MS methodology represents a complementary or even alternative approach for multiattribute monitoring of biologics, offering multiple benefits, including increased throughput and reduced sample handling and intact protein information in the near-native state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Hook
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fichtl
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Lang
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Florian Cymer
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., c, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mahdi Adibzadeh
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., c, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Kuhne
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lea Bonnington
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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Nakayoshi T, Wanita K, Kato K, Kurimoto E, Oda A. Computational analysis of nonenzymatic deamidation of asparagine residues catalysed by acetic acid. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1827176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nakayoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kota Wanita
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiji Kurimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akifumi Oda
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Institute for Protein Research, Suita, Japan
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33
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Magami K, Hachiya N, Morikawa K, Fujii N, Takata T. Isomerization of Asp is essential for assembly of amyloid-like fibrils of αA-crystallin-derived peptide. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250277. [PMID: 33857260 PMCID: PMC8049310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications are often detected in age-related diseases associated with protein misfolding such as cataracts from aged lenses. One of the major post-translational modifications is the isomerization of aspartate residues (L-isoAsp), which could be non-enzymatically and spontaneously occurring in proteins, resulting in various effects on the structure and function of proteins including short peptides. We have reported that the structure and function of an αA66–80 peptide, corresponding to the 66–80 (66SDRDKFVIFLDVKHF80) fragment of human lens αA-crystallin, was dramatically altered by the isomerization of aspartate residue (Asp) at position 76. In the current study, we observed amyloid-like fibrils of L-isoAsp containing αA66–80 using electron microscopy. The contribution of each amino acid for the peptide structure was further evaluated by circular dichroism (CD), bis-ANS, and thioflavin T fluorescence using 14 alanine substituents of αA66–80, including L-isoAsp at position 76. CD of 14 alanine substituents demonstrated random coiled structures except for the substituents of positively charged residues. Bis-ANS fluorescence of peptide with substitution of hydrophobic residue with alanine revealed decreased hydrophobicity of the peptide. Thioflavin T fluorescence also showed that the hydrophobicity around Asp76 of the peptide is important for the formation of amyloid-like fibrils. One of the substitutes, H79A (SDRDKFVIFL(L-isoD)VKAF) demonstrated an exact β-sheet structure in CD and highly increased Thioflavin T fluorescence. This phenomenon was inhibited by the addition of protein-L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase (PIMT), which is an enzyme that changes L-isoAsp into Asp. These interactions were observed even after the formation of amyloid-like fibrils. Thus, isomerization of Asp in peptide is key to form fibrils of αA-crystallin-derived peptide, and L-isoAsp on fibrils can be a candidate for disassembling amyloid-like fibrils of αA-crystallin-derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Magami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Hachiya
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Morikawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Fujii
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takumi Takata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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34
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Hey A, Baumann A, Kronenberg S, Blaich G, Mohl S, Fagg R, Ulrich P, Rattel B, Richter WF, Kiessling A, Weir L. Nonclinical Development of Biologics: Integrating Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics to Create Smarter and More Flexible Nonclinical Safety Programs Optimizing Animal Use. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:270-284. [PMID: 33631988 DOI: 10.1177/1091581821994288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Safety assessment of biological drugs has its challenges due to the multiple new different modalities, for example, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecifics, nanobodies, fusion proteins and advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), their different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and their ability to trigger immunogenicity and toxicity. In the public and in the pharmaceutical industry, there is a strong and general desire to reduce the number of animals used in research and development of drugs and in particular reducing the use of nonhuman primates. Important discussions and activities are ongoing investigating the smarter designs of early research and dose range finding studies, reuse of animals, and replacing animal experiments with in vitro studies. Other important challenges include absence of a relevant species and design of studies and developing genetically modified animals for special investigative toxicology studies. Then, the learnings and challenges from the development of the first ATMPs are available providing valuable insights in the development path for these new potentially transformative treatments. Finally, development of strategies for assessment of immunogenicity and prediction of translation of immunogenicity and associated findings to the clinic. On this, the eighth meeting for the European BioSafe members, these challenges served as the basis for the presentations and discussions during the meeting. This article serves as the workshop report reviewing the presentations and discussions at the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hey
- Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sven Kronenberg
- 30259Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Silke Mohl
- 30259Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang F Richter
- 30259Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Kuang J, Tao Y, Song Y, Chemmalil L, Mussa N, Ding J, Li ZJ. Understanding the pathway and kinetics of aspartic acid isomerization in peptide mapping methods for monoclonal antibodies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2113-2123. [PMID: 33543314 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Isomerization of aspartic acid (Asp) in therapeutic proteins could lead to safety and efficacy concerns. Thus, accurate quantitation of various Asp isomerization along with kinetic understanding of the variant formations is needed to ensure optimal process development and sufficient product quality control. In this study, we first observed Asp-succinimide conversion in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) Asp-Gly motif of a recombinant mAb through ion exchange chromatography, intact protein analysis by mass spectrometry, and LC-MS/MS. Then, we developed a specific peptide mapping method, with optimized sample digestion conditions, to accurately quantitate Asp-succinimide-isoAsp variants at peptide level without method-induced isomerization. Various kinetics of Asp-succinimide-isoAsp isomerization pathways were elucidated using 18O labeling followed by LC-MS analysis. Molecular modeling and molecular dynamic simulation provide additional insight on the kinetics of Asp-succinimide formation and stability of succinimide intermediate. Findings of this work shed light on the molecular construct and the kinetics of the formation of isoAsp and succinimide in peptides and proteins, which facilitates analytical method development, protein engineering, and late phase development for commercialization of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Kuang
- Biologics Development Organization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, 01434, USA
| | - Yuanqi Tao
- Biologics Development Organization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, 01434, USA
- Analytical Science Biologics, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Yuanli Song
- Biologics Development Organization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, 01434, USA
- Process Development & Manufacture Operations, GSK, MA, 02451, Waltham, USA
| | - Letha Chemmalil
- Biologics Development Organization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, 01434, USA
| | - Nesredin Mussa
- Biologics Development Organization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, 01434, USA
- Ultragenyx, CA, 94005, Brisbane, USA
| | - Julia Ding
- Biologics Development Organization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, 01434, USA.
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development Organization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, 01434, USA
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36
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Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) in vitro potency has been shown to be dependent on drug load, with higher drug load providing lower IC50 values. However, in vivo potency is affected by intrinsic biological effects as well, such as plasma clearance, dose-limiting toxicity, etc. Developing a preparative HIC process for ADC purification to isolate species with a specific drug loading involves several steps including conjugation optimization, resin selection, solubility studies gradient screening, and step gradient development (buffer selection). In this chapter, the rationale and general considerations for developing a preparative hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) method are described for isolation of an example ADC with specific drug load, e.g., two monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) payloads (E2).
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37
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Zhu HJ, Liu D, Tran VP, Wu Z, Jiang K, Zhu H, Zhang J, Gibbons C, Xue B, Shi H, Wang PG. N-Linked Glycosylation Prevents Deamidation of Glycopeptide and Glycoprotein. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:3197-3205. [PMID: 33270417 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deamidation has been recognized as a common spontaneous pathway of protein degradation and a prevalent concern in the pharmaceutical industry; deamidation caused the reduction of protein/peptide drug efficacy and shelf life in several cases. More importantly, deamidation of physiological proteins is related to several human diseases and considered a "timer" for the diseases. N-linked glycosylation has a variety of significant biological functions, and it interestingly occurs right on the deamidation site-asparagine. It has been perceived that N-glycosylation could prevent deamidation, but experimental support is still lacking for clearly understanding the role of N-glycosylation on deamidation. Our results presented that deamidation is prevented by naturally occurring N-linked glycosylation. Glycopeptides and corresponding nonglycosylated peptides were used to compare their deamidation rates. All the nonglycosylated peptides have different half-lives ranging from one to 20 days, for the corresponding glycosylated peptides; all the results showed that the deamidation reaction was significantly reduced by the introduction of N-linked glycosylation. A glycoprotein, RNase B, also showed a significantly elongated deamidation half-life compared to nonglycosylated protein RNase A. At last, N-linked glycosylation on INGAP-P, a therapeutic peptide, increased the deamidation half-life of INGAP-P as well as its therapeutic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Joshua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Vy P. Tran
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kuan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Christopher Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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Garripelli VK, Wu Z, Gupta S. Developability assessment for monoclonal antibody drug candidates: a case study. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 26:11-20. [PMID: 32986499 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1829641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Various screening approaches are used by industry to evaluate development risks associated with discovery candidates. This process has become more complicated with biological therapeutics, a class dominated by monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and, increasingly, their derivative constructs. Effective early assessment for drug-like properties (DLP) can save time and costs by allowing a more complete consideration of issues that could impact the desired end result of a stable drug product. Here we report a case study of four IgG1 mAbs, with sequence variations in the variable domain region, screened as a set of possible drug candidates. Our comprehensive, tiered approach used a battery of analytical tools to assess molecular characteristics, conformational stability, colloidal stability, and short-term storage stability. While most DLP for the four candidates were developmentally acceptable and comparable, mAb-2 was associated with adverse colloidal properties. Further investigation of mAb-2 in an expanded pH range revealed a propensity for phase separation, indicating a need for the additional product development effort. Our results support that comprehensive DLP assessments in an expanded pH range are beneficial in identifying development options for promising molecules that show challenging stability trends. This adaptable approach may be especially useful in the development of increasingly complex antibody constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Garripelli
- Pharmaceutical Development, Oncology Early Development CMC Biologics, AbbVie, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Wu
- ADC Therapeutics, San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Supriya Gupta
- Pharmaceutical Development, Oncology Early Development CMC Biologics, AbbVie, Redwood City, CA, USA
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Diversity and Regulation of S-Adenosylmethionine Dependent Methyltransferases in the Anhydrobiotic Midge. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090634. [PMID: 32947792 PMCID: PMC7565475 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple co-localized paralogs of genes in Polypedilum vanderplanki's genome have strong transcriptional response to dehydration and considered to be a part of adaptation machinery at the larvae stage. One group of such genes represented by L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferases (PIMT). In order to highlight specific role of PIMT paralogization in desiccation tolerance of the larvae we annotated and compared S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) dependent methyltransferases of four insect species. From another side we applied co-expression analysis in desiccation/rehydration time course and showed that PIMT coding genes could be separated into five clusters by expression profile. We found that among Polypedilum vanderplanki's PIMTs only PIMT1 and PIMT2 have enzymatic activity in normal physiological conditions. From in silico analysis of the protein structures we found two highly variable regions outside of the active center, but also amino acid substitutions which may affect SAM stabilization. Overall, in this study we demonstrated features of Polypedilum vanderplanki's PIMT coding paralogs related to different roles in desiccation tolerance of the larvae. Our results also suggest a role of different SAM-methyltransferases in the adaptation, including GSMT, JHAMT, and candidates from other classes, which could be considered in future studies.
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40
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Ghosh P, De P. Modulation of Amyloid Protein Fibrillation by Synthetic Polymers: Recent Advances in the Context of Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6598-6625. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ghosh
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 Nadia, West Bengal, India
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Bisht R, Nirmal S, Agrawal R, Jain GK, Nirmal J. Injectable in-situ gel depot system for targeted delivery of biologics to the retina. J Drug Target 2020; 29:46-59. [PMID: 32729731 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1803886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In current clinical settings, frequent intravitreal (IVT) injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors are used due to their short in-vivo half-life and rapid clearance from the back of the eye. The IVT injections are associated with pain, risk of infection, retinal detachment, and financial burden. Biologics molecules can undergo physical, chemical, and enzymatic degradation during formulation development and in the biological environment. Moreover, the complex ocular structures also act as a rate-limiting barrier for these biologics. Thus, delivering stable and clinically relevant biologics concentration to the back of the eye is still a challenge. Compare to other drug delivery platforms, injectable in-situ gelling depot systems (IISGDs) have emerged as an effective system for biologics delivery. In this review, we have discussed various biologics used in ocular therapeutics and their associated challenges. Different routes of delivery and associated tissue barriers are also discussed. Different types of IISGDs developed to date for biologics delivery to the back of the eye were also covered. To conclude, various critical parameters related to the formulation development process and injectable depot systems that need careful consideration and further investigations were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bisht
- Department of Pharmacy, Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sonali Nirmal
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Incozen Therapeutics Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Current affiliation)
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gaurav K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayabalan Nirmal
- Department of Pharmacy, Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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42
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Das SS, Alkahtani S, Bharadwaj P, Ansari MT, ALKahtani MDF, Pang Z, Hasnain MS, Nayak AK, Aminabhavi TM. Molecular insights and novel approaches for targeting tumor metastasis. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119556. [PMID: 32574684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, due to the effective drug delivery and preciseness of tumor sites or microenvironment, the targeted drug delivery approaches have gained ample attention for tumor metastasis therapy. The conventional treatment approaches for metastasis therapy have reported with immense adverse effects because they exhibited maximum probability of killing the carcinogenic cells along with healthy cells. The tumor vasculature, comprising of vasculogenic impressions and angiogenesis, greatly depends upon the growth and metastasis in the tumors. Therefore, various nanocarriers-based delivery approaches for targeting to tumor vasculature have been attempted as efficient and potential approaches for the treatment of tumor metastasis and the associated lesions. Furthermore, the targeted drug delivery approaches have found to be most apt way to overcome from all the limitations and adverse effects associated with the conventional therapies. In this review, various approaches for efficient targeting of pharmacologically active chemotherapeutics against tumor metastasis with the cohesive objectives of prognosis, tracking and therapy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabya Sachi Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835 215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Priyanshu Bharadwaj
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Mohammed Tahir Ansari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Kajang, Selangor 43500, Malaysia
| | - Muneera D F ALKahtani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 102275, Riyadh 11675, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Md Saquib Hasnain
- Department of Pharmacy, Shri Venkateshwara University, NH-24, Rajabpur, Gajraula, Amroha 244236, U.P., India.
| | - Amit Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mayurbhanj 757086, Odisha, India.
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43
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Coffman J, Marques B, Orozco R, Aswath M, Mohammad H, Zimmermann E, Khouri J, Griesbach J, Izadi S, Williams A, Sankar K, Walters B, Lin J, Hepbildikler S, Schiel J, Welsh J, Ferreira G, Delmar J, Mody N, Afdahl C, Cui T, Khalaf R, Hanke A, Pampel L, Parimal S, Hong X, Patil U, Pollard J, Insaidoo F, Robinson J, Chandra D, Blanco M, Panchal J, Soundararajan S, Roush D, Tugcu N, Cramer S, Haynes C, Willson RC. Highland games: A benchmarking exercise in predicting biophysical and drug properties of monoclonal antibodies from amino acid sequences. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2100-2115. [PMID: 32255523 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical product and process development do not yet take advantage of predictive computational modeling to nearly the degree seen in industries based on smaller molecules. To assess and advance progress in this area, spirited coopetition (mutually beneficial collaboration between competitors) was successfully used to motivate industrial scientists to develop, share, and compare data and methods which would normally have remained confidential. The first "Highland Games" competition was held in conjunction with the October 2018 Recovery of Biological Products Conference in Ashville, NC, with the goal of benchmarking and assessment of the ability to predict development-related properties of six antibodies from their amino acid sequences alone. Predictions included purification-influencing properties such as isoelectric point and protein A elution pH, and biophysical properties such as stability and viscosity at very high concentrations. Essential contributions were made by a large variety of individuals, including companies which consented to provide antibody amino acid sequences and test materials, volunteers who undertook the preparation and experimental characterization of these materials, and prediction teams who attempted to predict antibody properties from sequence alone. Best practices were identified and shared, and areas in which the community excels at making predictions were identified, as well as areas presenting opportunities for considerable improvement. Predictions of isoelectric point and protein A elution pH were especially good with all-prediction average errors of 0.2 and 1.6 pH unit, respectively, while predictions of some other properties were notably less good. This manuscript presents the events, methods, and results of the competition, and can serve as a tutorial and as a reference for in-house benchmarking by others. Organizations vary in their policies concerning disclosure of methods, but most managements were very cooperative with the Highland Games exercise, and considerable insight into common and best practices is available from the contributed methods. The accumulated data set will serve as a benchmarking tool for further development of in silico prediction tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Marques
- Process Development, Century Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Hasan Mohammad
- ProUnlimited supporting Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont Inc., Fremont, California
| | | | - Joelle Khouri
- ProUnlimited supporting Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont Inc., Fremont, California
| | | | - Saeed Izadi
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Jasper Lin
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - John Schiel
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Rockville, Maryland
| | - John Welsh
- Pall Life Sciences, Portsmouth, UK.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Siddharth Parimal
- Downstream Process Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuan Hong
- Protein Design and Informatics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | - Ujwal Patil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer Pollard
- BioProcess Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Francis Insaidoo
- BioProcess Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Julie Robinson
- BioProcess Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Divya Chandra
- BioProcess Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Marco Blanco
- BioProcess Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Jainik Panchal
- BioProcess Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | | | - David Roush
- BioProcess Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Nihal Tugcu
- Purification Process Development, Sanofi-aventis, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steven Cramer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Charles Haynes
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard C Willson
- Protein Design and Informatics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud ITESM, Monterrey, Mexico
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44
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Cao M, Xu W, Niu B, Kabundi I, Luo H, Prophet M, Chen W, Liu D, Saveliev SV, Urh M, Wang J. An Automated and Qualified Platform Method for Site-Specific Succinimide and Deamidation Quantitation Using Low-pH Peptide Mapping. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3540-3549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Riggs DL, Silzel JW, Lyon YA, Kang AS, Julian RR. Analysis of Glutamine Deamidation: Products, Pathways, and Kinetics. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13032-13038. [PMID: 31498611 PMCID: PMC8805438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous chemical modifications play an important role in human disease and aging at the molecular level. Deamidation and isomerization are known to be among the most prevalent chemical modifications in long-lived human proteins and are implicated in a growing list of human pathologies, but the relatively minor chemical change associated with these processes has presented a long standing analytical challenge. Although the adoption of high-resolution mass spectrometry has greatly aided the identification of deamidation sites in proteomic studies, isomerization (and the isomeric products of deamidation) remain exceptionally challenging to characterize. Herein, we present a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based approach for rapidly characterizing the isomeric products of Gln deamidation using diagnostic fragments that are abundantly produced and capable of unambiguously identifying both Glu and isoGlu. Importantly, the informative fragment ions are produced through orthogonal fragmentation pathways, thereby enabling the simultaneous detection of both isomeric forms while retaining compatibility with shotgun proteomics. Furthermore, the diagnostic fragments associated with isoGlu pinpoint the location of the modified residue. The utility of this technique is demonstrated by characterizing the isomeric products generated during in vitro aging of a series of glutamine-containing peptides. Sequence-dependent product profiles are obtained, and the abundance of deamidation-linked racemization is examined. Finally, comparisons are made between Gln deamidation, which is relatively poorly understood, and asparagine deamidation, which has been more thoroughly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan L. Riggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jacob W. Silzel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yana A. Lyon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Amrik S. Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan R. Julian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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46
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Jing X, Jin K. A gold mine for drug discovery: Strategies to develop cyclic peptides into therapies. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:753-810. [PMID: 31599007 DOI: 10.1002/med.21639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a versatile therapeutic modality, peptides attract much attention because of their great binding affinity, low toxicity, and the capability of targeting traditionally "undruggable" protein surfaces. However, the deficiency of cell permeability and metabolic stability always limits the success of in vitro bioactive peptides as drug candidates. Peptide macrocyclization is one of the most established strategies to overcome these limitations. Over the past decades, more than 40 cyclic peptide drugs have been clinically approved, the vast majority of which are derived from natural products. The de novo discovered cyclic peptides on the basis of rational design and in vitro evolution, have also enabled the binding with targets for which nature provides no solutions. The current review summarizes different classes of cyclic peptides with diverse biological activities, and presents an overview of various approaches to develop cyclic peptide-based drug candidates, drawing upon series of examples to illustrate each strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Jing
- Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kang Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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47
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Bandi S, Singh SM, Shah DD, Upadhyay V, Mallela KM. 2D NMR Analysis of the Effect of Asparagine Deamidation Versus Methionine Oxidation on the Structure, Stability, Aggregation, and Function of a Therapeutic Protein. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4621-4635. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Surinder M. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Dinen D. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Krishna M.G. Mallela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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48
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Zhou K, Cao X, Bautista J, Chen Z, Hershey N, Ludwig R, Tao L, Zeng M, Das TK. Structure-Function Assessment and High-Throughput Quantification of Site-Specific Aspartate Isomerization in Monoclonal Antibody Using a Novel Analytical Tool Kit. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:422-428. [PMID: 31469998 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isomerization of surface-exposed aspartic acid (Asp) in the complementarity-determining regions of therapeutic proteins could potentially impact their target binding affinity because of the sensitive location, and often requires complex analytical tactics to understand its effect on structure-function and stability. Inaccurate quantitation of Asp-isomerized variants, especially the succinimide intermediate, presents major challenge in understanding Asp degradation kinetics, its stability, and consequently establishing a robust control strategy. As a practical solution to this problem, a comprehensive analytical tool kit has been developed, which provides a solution to fully characterize and accurately quantify the Asp-related product variants. The toolkit offers a combination of 2 steps, an ion-exchange chromatography method to separate and enrich the isomerized variants in the folded structure for structure-function evaluation and a novel focused peptide mapping method to quantify the individual complementarity-determining region isomerization components including the unmodified Asp, succinimide, and isoaspartate. This novel procedure allowed an accurate quantification of each Asp-related variant and a comprehensive assessment of the functional impact of Asp isomerization, which ultimately helped to establish an appropriate control strategy for this critical quality attribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimeng Zhou
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Xiang Cao
- Analytical Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Pkwy, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
| | - James Bautista
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Zhi Chen
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Neil Hershey
- Analytical Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Pkwy, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
| | - Richard Ludwig
- Biophysical and Chemical Characterization Center of Excellence, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Rd, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
| | - Li Tao
- Biophysical and Chemical Characterization Center of Excellence, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Rd, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
| | - Ming Zeng
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901.
| | - Tapan K Das
- Biophysical and Chemical Characterization Center of Excellence, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Rd, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
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Thermosensitive hybrid hydrogels for the controlled release of bioactive vancomycin in the treatment of orthopaedic implant infections. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:322-333. [PMID: 31295503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was the development of antibacterial delivery systems for vancomycin, with potential application in the prevention or treatment of orthopedic implant infections. Previous studies have shown tandem thermal gelling and Michael addition cross-linking of hydrogels based on methacrylate, acrylate or vinylsulfone triblock copolymers of PEG-p(HPMAm-lac1-2) and thiolated hyaluronic acid. In this work we exploited these α-β unsaturated derivatives of PEG-p(HPMAm-lac1-2) triblock copolymers and used them in combination with thiolated hyaluronic acid as controlled delivery systems for vancomycin. It was found that the antibiotic was sustainably released from the hydrogel networks for at least 5 days with release kinetics depending on diffusion and dissociation of the positively charged vancomycin from the negatively charged hyaluronic acid. The release of vancomycin could be tailored mainly by HA-SH solid content and degree of thiolation. The developed hydrogels were demonstrate efficacious in preserving the structural and functional integrity of the encapsulated drug by physical immobilization within the gel network and ionic interaction with hyaluronic acid, thereby preventing vancomycin deamidation processes. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of vancomycin loaded hydrogels was assessed, demonstrating retention of inhibitory activity towards Staphylococcus aureus during formulation and release, with slightly increased activity of vancomycin encapsulated in hydrogels of higher HA-SH content as compared to controls.
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50
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Navarro S, Ventura S. Computational re-design of protein structures to improve solubility. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1077-1088. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1637413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Navarro
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Parc de Recerca UAB, Mòdul B, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Parc de Recerca UAB, Mòdul B, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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