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Djuris J, Cvijic S, Djekic L. Model-Informed Drug Development: In Silico Assessment of Drug Bioperformance following Oral and Percutaneous Administration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:177. [PMID: 38399392 PMCID: PMC10892858 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has faced significant changes in recent years, primarily influenced by regulatory standards, market competition, and the need to accelerate drug development. Model-informed drug development (MIDD) leverages quantitative computational models to facilitate decision-making processes. This approach sheds light on the complex interplay between the influence of a drug's performance and the resulting clinical outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to explain the mechanisms that control the dissolution and/or release of drugs and their subsequent permeation through biological membranes. Furthermore, the importance of simulating these processes through a variety of in silico models is emphasized. Advanced compartmental absorption models provide an analytical framework to understand the kinetics of transit, dissolution, and absorption associated with orally administered drugs. In contrast, for topical and transdermal drug delivery systems, the prediction of drug permeation is predominantly based on quantitative structure-permeation relationships and molecular dynamics simulations. This review describes a variety of modeling strategies, ranging from mechanistic to empirical equations, and highlights the growing importance of state-of-the-art tools such as artificial intelligence, as well as advanced imaging and spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Djuris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.C.); (L.D.)
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2
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Mays ZJS, Nair NU. A quantitative model for metabolic intervention using gut microbes. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3125. [PMID: 33426814 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As medicine shifts toward precision-based and personalized therapeutics, utilizing more complex biomolecules to treat increasingly difficult and rare conditions, microorganisms provide an avenue for realizing the production and processing necessary for novel drug pipelines. More so, probiotic microbes can be co-opted to deliver therapeutics by oral administration as living drugs, able to survive and safely transit the digestive tract. As living therapeutics are in their nascency, traditional pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models for evaluating drug candidates are not appropriate for this novel platform. Using a living therapeutic in late-stage clinical development for phenylketonuria (PKU) as a case study, we adapt traditional oral drug delivery models to properly evaluate and inform the engineering of living therapeutics. We develop the adapted for living therapeutics compartmental absorption and transit (ALT-CAT) model to provide metrics for drug efficacy across nine age groups of PKU patients and evaluate model parameters that are influenced by patient physiology, microbe selection and therapeutic production, and dosing formulations. In particular, the ALT-CAT model describes the mathematical framework to model the behavior of orally delivered engineered bacteria that act as living therapeutics by adapting similar methods that have been developed and widely-used for small molecular drug delivery and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J S Mays
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nikhil U Nair
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Manta K, Papakyriakopoulou P, Chountoulesi M, Diamantis DA, Spaneas D, Vakali V, Naziris N, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Andreadelis I, Moschovou K, Athanasiadou I, Dallas P, Rekkas DM, Demetzos C, Colombo G, Banella S, Javornik U, Plavec J, Mavromoustakos T, Tzakos AG, Valsami G. Preparation and Biophysical Characterization of Quercetin Inclusion Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin Derivatives to be Formulated as Possible Nose-to-Brain Quercetin Delivery Systems. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4241-4255. [PMID: 32986435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin (Que) is a flavonoid associated with high oxygen radical scavenging activity and potential neuroprotective activity against Alzheimer's disease. Que's oral bioavailability is limited by its low water solubility and extended peripheral metabolism; thus, nasal administration may be a promising alternative to achieve effective Que concentrations in the brain. The formation of Que-2-hydroxypropylated-β-cyclodextrin (Que/HP-β-CD) complexes was previously found to increase the molecule's solubility and stability in aqueous media. Que-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Que/Me-β-CD) inclusion complexes were prepared, characterized, and compared with the Que/HP-β-CD complex using biophysical and computational methods (phase solubility, fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS)) as candidates for the preparation of nose-to-brain Que's delivery systems. DSC thermograms, NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and MDS confirmed the inclusion complex formation of Que with both CDs. Differences between the two preparations were observed regarding their thermodynamic stability and inclusion mode governing the details of molecular interactions. Que's solubility in aqueous media at pH 1.2 and 4.5 was similar and linearly increased with both CD concentrations. At pH 6.8, Que's solubility was higher and positively deviated from linearity in the presence of HP-β-CD more than with Me-β-CD, possibly revealing the presence of more than one HP-β-CD molecule involved in the complex. Overall, water solubility of lyophilized Que/Me-β-CD and Que/HP-β-CD products was approximately 7-40 times and 14-50 times as high as for pure Que at pH 1.2-6.8. In addition, the proof of concept experiment on ex vivo permeation across rabbit nasal mucosa revealed measurable and similar Que permeability profiles with both CDs and negligible permeation of pure Que. These results are quite encouraging for further ex vivo and in vivo evaluation toward nasal administration and nose-to-brain delivery of Que.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Manta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Papakyriakopoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Maria Chountoulesi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Dimitrios A Diamantis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Spaneas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Vakali
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Naziris
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Maria V Chatziathanasiadou
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Ioannis Andreadelis
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Moschovou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Ioanna Athanasiadou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Paraskevas Dallas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Dimitrios M Rekkas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Costas Demetzos
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Gaia Colombo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Sabrina Banella
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Uroš Javornik
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.,Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Reasearch Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15771, Greece
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Revising Pharmacokinetics of Oral Drug Absorption: I Models Based on Biopharmaceutical/Physiological and Finite Absorption Time Concepts. Pharm Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02894-w 10.1007/s11095-020-02935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Revising Pharmacokinetics of Oral Drug Absorption: I Models Based on Biopharmaceutical/Physiological and Finite Absorption Time Concepts. Pharm Res 2020; 37:187. [PMID: 32888087 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02894-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSRACT PURPOSE: To demonstrate that oral drug absorption is terminated in finite time. To develop models based on biopharmaceutical/physiological and finite absorption time concepts. METHODS The models are based on i) the passive drug diffusion mechanism under the sink conditions principle ii) the rate limiting role of the drug's properties solubility and permeability and iii) the relevant restrictions associated with the gastrointestinal transit times of drug in the stomach, the small intestines and the colon. Two input functions of constant rate are considered for the absorption of drug from i) the stomach/small intestines with an upper limit of 5 h and ii) the colon with an upper limit of 30 h. Branched differential equations were written for the time course of drug in the body. RESULTS Simulations were performed using different scenarios, assuming a variety of drug properties and limited or non-existent absorption from the colon. Literature oral data of cephradine, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen and itraconazole were analyzed. For all drugs examined, nice fittings of the branched differential equations to the experimental data were observed. CONCLUSIONS For all drugs the absorption process was terminated in the small intestine. The meaning of partial AUCs, Cmax, tmax are questioned. Applications of these models to IVIVC are anticipated.
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Caira MR. Cyclodextrin Inclusion of Medicinal Compounds for Enhancement of their Physicochemical and Biopharmaceutical Properties. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2357-2370. [PMID: 31648636 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191018101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their wide structural diversity and unique complexing properties, cyclodextrins (CDs) find manifold applications in drug discovery and development. The focus of this mini-review is on their uses as 'enabling excipients' both in the context of early drug discovery and in subsequent optimisation of drug performance. Features highlighted here include descriptions of the structures of CDs, synthetic derivatisation to fine-tune their properties, the nature of inclusion complexation of drugs within the CD cavity, methodology for the study of free and complexed hosts in the solid state and in solution, the inherent pharmacological activity of several CDs and its utility, novel CD-based drug delivery systems, and the role of CDs in drug discovery and optimisation. Illustrative examples are generally based on research reported during the last two decades. Application of CDs to the optimisation of the performance of established drugs is commonplace, but there are many opportunities for the intervention of CDs during the early stages of drug discovery, which could guide the selection of suitable candidates for development, thereby contributing to reducing the attrition rate of new molecular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mino R Caira
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Supramolecular Chemistry Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Gatarić B, Parojčić J. An Investigation into the Factors Governing Drug Absorption and Food Effect Prediction Based on Data Mining Methodology. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 22:11. [PMID: 31823145 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug absorption is a complex process governed by a number of interrelated physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic factors. In order to explore complex relationships among these factors, multivariate exploratory analysis was performed on the dataset of drugs with diverse bioperformance. The investigated dataset included subset of drugs for which bioequivalence between solid dosage form and oral solution has been reported, and subset of drugs described in the literature as low solubility/low permeability compounds. Discriminatory power of hierarchical clustering on principal components was somewhat higher when applied on the data subsets of drugs with similar bioperformance, while analysis of the integrated dataset indicated existence of two groups of drugs with the boundaries reflected in Peff value of approximately 2 × 10-4 cm/s and Fa and Fm values higher than 85% and 50%, respectively. Majority of the investigated drugs within the integrated dataset were grouped within their initial subset indicating that overall drug bioperformance is closely related to its physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties. Classification models constructed using the random forest (RF) and support vector machine with polynomial kernel function were able to predict food effect based on drug dose/solubility ratio (D/S), effective permeability (Peff), percent of dose metabolized (Fm), and elimination half-life (τ1/2). Although both models performed well during training and testing, only RF kept satisfying performance when applied on the external dataset (kappa value > 0.4). The results obtained indicate that data mining can be employed as useful tool in biopharmaceutical drug characterization which merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Gatarić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Jelena Parojčić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
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Panos Macheras: a pioneering scientist in pharmaceutical science. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2019; 46:105-109. [PMID: 30923983 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-019-09628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Professor Panos Macheras is a pioneering scientist in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and biopharmaceutics. His many important contributions to pharmaceutical science are reviewed.
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Diamantis DA, Ramesova S, Chatzigiannis CM, Degano I, Gerogianni PS, Karadima KE, Perikleous S, Rekkas D, Gerothanassis IP, Galaris D, Mavromoustakos T, Valsami G, Sokolova R, Tzakos AG. Exploring the oxidation and iron binding profile of a cyclodextrin encapsulated quercetin complex unveiled a controlled complex dissociation through a chemical stimulus. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1913-1924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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10
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Puppolo MM, Hughey JR, Dillon T, Storey D, Jansen-Varnum S. Biomimetic Dissolution: A Tool to Predict Amorphous Solid Dispersion Performance. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2841-2853. [PMID: 28560506 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The presented study describes the development of a membrane permeation non-sink dissolution method that can provide analysis of complete drug speciation and emulate the in vivo performance of poorly water-soluble Biopharmaceutical Classification System class II compounds. The designed membrane permeation methodology permits evaluation of free/dissolved/unbound drug from amorphous solid dispersion formulations with the use of a two-cell apparatus, biorelevant dissolution media, and a biomimetic polymer membrane. It offers insight into oral drug dissolution, permeation, and absorption. Amorphous solid dispersions of felodipine were prepared by hot melt extrusion and spray drying techniques and evaluated for in vitro performance. Prior to ranking performance of extruded and spray-dried felodipine solid dispersions, optimization of the dissolution methodology was performed for parameters such as agitation rate, membrane type, and membrane pore size. The particle size and zeta potential were analyzed during dissolution experiments to understand drug/polymer speciation and supersaturation sustainment of felodipine solid dispersions. Bland-Altman analysis was performed to measure the agreement or equivalence between dissolution profiles acquired using polymer membranes and porcine intestines and to establish the biomimetic nature of the treated polymer membranes. The utility of the membrane permeation dissolution methodology is seen during the evaluation of felodipine solid dispersions produced by spray drying and hot melt extrusion. The membrane permeation dissolution methodology can suggest formulation performance and be employed as a screening tool for selection of candidates to move forward to pharmacokinetic studies. Furthermore, the presented model is a cost-effective technique.
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Puppolo MM, Hughey JR, Weber B, Dillon T, Storey D, Cerkez E, Jansen-Varnum S. Plasma modification of microporous polymer membranes for application in biomimetic dissolution studies. AAPS OPEN 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41120-017-0019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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12
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Enright EF, Joyce SA, Gahan CGM, Griffin BT. Impact of Gut Microbiota-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism on the Solubilization Capacity of Bile Salt Micelles and Drug Solubility. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1251-1263. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F. Enright
- School of Pharmacy, ‡APC Microbiome Institute, §School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, and ∥School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan A. Joyce
- School of Pharmacy, ‡APC Microbiome Institute, §School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, and ∥School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cormac G. M. Gahan
- School of Pharmacy, ‡APC Microbiome Institute, §School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, and ∥School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brendan T. Griffin
- School of Pharmacy, ‡APC Microbiome Institute, §School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, and ∥School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Cristofoletti R, Patel N, Dressman JB. Differences in Food Effects for 2 Weak Bases With Similar BCS Drug-Related Properties: What Is Happening in the Intestinal Lumen? J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2712-2722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Daousani C, Macheras P. Biopharmaceutic classification of drugs revisited. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 95:82-87. [PMID: 27496048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) was based on the tube model of the intestinal lumen. This model considers constant drug permeability along the intestines, a plug flow fluid with the suspended drug particles moving with the fluid, and dissolution in the small particle limit. Since then the research work focusing on drug gastrointestinal (GI) absorption phenomena and processes rely on the classical laws of transport, diffusion and kinetics; however, the homogeneous assumptions associated with the well-stirred Euclidean media, where the classical laws of diffusion and kinetics apply, have been questioned in the past. In this work we explore the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs using a heterogeneous pseudo steady-state model of oral drug absorption. The fraction of dose absorbed (Fabs) was expressed as a function of two time-dependent processes where time dependent coefficients govern drug absorption and non-absorption processes. Fundamental drug properties like the absorption potential are correlated with Fabs and allow the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs taking into account the heterogeneous aspects of oral drug absorption. This analysis reveals that for Class I drugs no time dependency is expected for both absorption and non absorption processes since the gastric emptying is controlling the absorption of Class I drugs while the completion of absorption (Fabs>90%) is terminated along the first part of the jejunum. Due to the biopharmaceutical properties of Class II, III and IV drugs, these drugs travel throughout the GI tract and therefore both absorption and non absorption processes will exhibit time dependency. Thus, the calculation of Fabs (<90%) for Class II, III and IV is dependent on the estimates of the time exponents of time dependent coefficients controlling drug absorption e.g. dissolution, uptake or non absorption e.g. precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysa Daousani
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Herbrink M, Nuijen B, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Variability in bioavailability of small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:412-22. [PMID: 25818541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors (smTKIs) are in the centre of the very quickly expanding area of personalized chemotherapy and oral applicability thereof. The number of drugs in this class is rapidly growing, with twenty current approvals by both the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The drugs are, however, generally characterized by a poor oral, and thus variable, bioavailability. This results in significant variation in plasma levels and exposure. The cause is a complex interplay of factors, including poor aqueous solubility, issued permeability, membrane transport and enzymatic metabolism. Additionally, food and drug-drug interactions can play a significant role. The issues related with an impaired bioavailability generally receive little attention. To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first to provide an overview of the factors that determine the bioavailability of the smTKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel Herbrink
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bastiaan Nuijen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Daughton CG. Eco-directed sustainable prescribing: feasibility for reducing water contamination by drugs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:392-404. [PMID: 24956075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from the purchase and use of medications are recognized as ubiquitous contaminants of the environment. Ecological impacts can range from subtle to overt--resulting from multi-generational chronic exposure to trace levels of multiple APIs (such as in the aquatic environment) or acute exposure to higher levels (such as with wildlife ingestion of improperly discarded waste). Reducing API entry to the environment has relied solely on conventional end-of-pipe pollution control measures such as wastewater treatment and take-back collections of leftover, unwanted drugs (to prevent disposal by flushing to sewers). An exclusive focus on these conventional approaches has ignored the root sources of the problem and may have served to retard progress in minimizing the environmental footprint of the healthcare industry. Potentially more effective and less-costly upstream pollution prevention approaches have long been considered imprudent, as they usually involve the modification of long-established norms in the practice of clinical prescribing. The first pollution prevention measure to be proposed as feasible (reducing the dose or usage of certain select medications) is followed here by an examination of another possible approach--one that would rely on the excretion profiles of APIs. These two approaches combined could be termed eco-directed sustainable prescribing (EDSP) and may hold the potential for achieving the largest reductions in API entry to the environment--largely by guiding prescribers' decisions regarding drug selection. EDSP could reduce API entry to the environment by minimizing the need for disposal (as a consequence of avoiding leftover, unwanted medications) and reducing the excretion of unmetabolized APIs (by preferentially prescribing APIs that are more extensively metabolized). The potential utility of the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) is examined for the first time as a guide for API prescribing decisions by revealing relative API quantities entering sewage via excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Daughton
- Environmental Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119, United States.
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18
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An improved method for the characterization of supersaturation and precipitation of poorly soluble drugs using pulsatile microdialysis (PMD). Int J Pharm 2014; 468:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Macheras P, Karalis V. A non-binary biopharmaceutical classification of drugs: The ABΓ system. Int J Pharm 2014; 464:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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