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Deb S, Borah A. l-theanine, the unique constituent of tea, improves neuronal survivability by curtailing inflammatory responses in MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2024; 179:105830. [PMID: 39128625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Discrete components of tea possess multitude of health advantages. Escalating evidence advocate a consequential association between habitual tea consumption and a subsided risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). l-theanine is a non-protein amino acid inherent in tea plants, which exhibits structural resemblance with glutamate, the copious excitatory neurotransmitter in brain. Neuromodulatory effects of l-theanine are evident from its competency in traversing the blood brain barrier, promoting a sense of calmness beyond enervation, and enhancing cognition and attention. Despite the multifarious reports on antioxidant properties of l-theanine and its potential to regulate brain neurotransmitter levels, it is obligatory to understand its exact contribution in ameliorating the pathophysiology of PD. In this study, MPTP-induced mouse model was established and PD-like symptoms were developed in test animals where an increasing dosage of l-theanine (5, 25, 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered for 23 days. 50 and 100 mg/kg dosage of l-theanine alleviated motor impairment and specific non-motor symptoms in Parkinsonian mice. The dosage of 100 mg/kg of l-theanine also improved striatal dopamine and serotonin level and tyrosine-hydroxylase positive cell count in the substantia nigra. Most crucial finding of the study is the proficiency of l-theanine to diminish astroglial injury as well as nitric oxide synthesis, which suggests its possible credential to prevent neurodegeneration by virtue of its anti-inflammatory attribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Deb
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India; Department of Zoology, Patharkandi College, Patharkandi, Karimganj, Assam, India.
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India.
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Fan C, Qi J, Cong Y, Zhang C. Enhanced L-theanine production through semi-rational design of γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase from Methylovorus mays. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 180:110481. [PMID: 39047348 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The thermal instability of γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase (GMAS) from Methylovorus mays has imposed limitations on its industrial applications, affecting both stability and activity at reaction temperatures. In this study, disulfide bridges were introduced through a combination of directed evolution and rational design to enhance GMAS stability. Among the variants that we generated, M12 exhibited a 1.46-fold improvement in relative enzyme activity and a 6.23-fold increase in half-life at 40℃ compared to the wild-type GMAS. Employing variant M12 under optimal conditions, we achieved the production of 645.7 mM (112.49 g/L) L-theanine with a productivity of 29.3 mM/h, from 800 mM substrate in an ATP regeneration system. Our strategy significantly enhances the biosynthesis efficiency of L-theanine by preserving the structural stability of the enzyme during the catalysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fan
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Jiakun Qi
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Yunhan Cong
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Chunzhi Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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3
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Li Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Loake VIP, Bao X, Loake GJ. Improvement of both human and animal memory by synergy between fructooligosaccharide and L-theanine function establishing a safe and effective food supplement. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:4966-4980. [PMID: 39055226 PMCID: PMC11266938 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is classically associated with a decline of cognitive abilities, especially in relation to memory. While the development of potential treatments for neurodegenerative diseases has been in sharp focus, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a form of age-related memory loss, in the absence of severe functional impairment, a condition experienced by many healthy adults, has received relatively little attention. Advances in this space would make significant contributions to the goal of healthy aging and may also help promote cognitive performance across the wider population. The individual action of either fructooligosaccharide (FOS) or L-theanine, both natural plant-derived molecules, has been tentatively linked with improvements in cognition, but our understanding remains far from complete. We therefore determined the effect of different dose combinations of FOS and L-theanine (termed MT-01/GBL-Memory1) in mice against FOS and L-theanine monotherapy. FOS and L-theanine were found to synergistically enhance murine memory in our animal tests at a dose of 100 mg/kg (coefficient of drug interaction (CDI) < 1). In a subsequent human trial, we demonstrated that MT-01 improved the memory of healthy adults after 1 month of consumption. Our results suggest that a combination of FOS and L-theanine synergistically enhances murine memory within a specific dose range. We show that this plant natural product regimen also improves human memory in a population of healthy adults. MT-01 therefore represents a novel, safe, and effective dietary supplement to promote human memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Green Bioactives Limited, Pentland Science ParkPenicuikUK
| | - Yuying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zubing Zhang
- Yiping Medical Science & Technology Development Co. LtdChengduChina
| | | | - Xu Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Gary J. Loake
- Green Bioactives Limited, Pentland Science ParkPenicuikUK
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Liang S, Gao Y, Granato D, Ye JH, Zhou W, Yin JF, Xu YQ. Pruned tea biomass plays a significant role in functional food production: A review on characterization and comprehensive utilization of abandon-plucked fresh tea leaves. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13406. [PMID: 39030800 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Tea is the second largest nonalcoholic beverage in the world due to its characteristic flavor and well-known functional properties in vitro and in vivo. Global tea production reaches 6.397 million tons in 2022 and continues to rise. Fresh tea leaves are mainly harvested in spring, whereas thousands of tons are discarded in summer and autumn. Herein, pruned tea biomass refers to abandon-plucked leaves being pruned in the non-plucking period, especially in summer and autumn. At present, no relevant concluding remarks have been made on this undervalued biomass. This review summarizes the seasonal differences of intrinsic metabolites and pays special attention to the most critical bioactive and flavor compounds, including polyphenols, theanine, and caffeine. Additionally, meaningful and profound methods to transform abandon-plucked fresh tea leaves into high-value products are reviewed. In summer and autumn, tea plants accumulate much more phenols than in spring, especially epigallocatechin gallate (galloyl catechin), anthocyanins (catechin derivatives), and proanthocyanidins (polymerized catechins). Vigorous carbon metabolism induced by high light intensity and temperature in summer and autumn also accumulates carbohydrates, such as soluble sugars and cellulose. The characteristics of abandon-plucked tea leaves make them not ideal raw materials for tea, but suitable for novel tea products like beverages and food ingredients using traditional or hybrid technologies such as enzymatic transformation, microbial fermentation, formula screening, and extraction, with the abundant polyphenols in summer and autumn tea serving as prominent flavor and bioactive contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daniel Granato
- Bioactivity and Applications Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun-Feng Yin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
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Li Q, Ding J, Xia B, Liu K, Zheng K, Wu J, Huang C, Yuan X, You Q. L-theanine alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis through activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in mice. Mol Med 2024; 30:98. [PMID: 38943069 PMCID: PMC11214244 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-theanine is a unique non-protein amino acid in tea that is widely used as a safe food additive. We investigated the cardioprotective effects and mechanisms of L-theanine in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). METHODS The cardioprotective effects and mechanisms of L-theanine and the role of Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling were investigated in MIRI mice using measures of cardiac function, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. RESULTS Administration of L-theanine (10 mg/kg, once daily) suppressed the MIRI-induced increase in infarct size and serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels, as well as MIRI-induced cardiac apoptosis, as evidenced by an increase in Bcl-2 expression and a decrease in Bax/caspase-3 expression. Administration of L-theanine also decreased the levels of parameters reflecting oxidative stress, such as dihydroethidium, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide, and increased the levels of parameters reflecting anti-oxidation, such as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in ischemic heart tissue. Further analysis showed that L-theanine administration suppressed the MIRI-induced decrease of phospho-JAK2 and phospho-STAT3 in ischemic heart tissue. Inhibition of JAK2 by AG490 (5 mg/kg, once daily) abolished the cardioprotective effect of L-theanine, suggesting that the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway may play an essential role in mediating the anti-I/R effect of L-theanine. CONCLUSIONS L-theanine administration suppresses cellular apoptosis and oxidative stress in part via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby attenuating MIRI-induced cardiac injury. L-theanine could be developed as a potential drug to alleviate cardiac damage in MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, #20 Xishi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqi Ding
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, #20 Xishi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Boyu Xia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, #20 Xishi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, #20 Xishi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Koulong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qingsheng You
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, #20 Xishi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang X, Li X, Chen F, Cao X, Wang C, Jiao L, Yue L, Wang Z. Selenium Nanomaterials Enhance the Nutrients and Functional Components of Fuding Dabai Tea. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:681. [PMID: 38668175 PMCID: PMC11053761 DOI: 10.3390/nano14080681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Theanine, polyphenols, and caffeine not only affect the flavor of tea, but also play an important role in human health benefits. However, the specific regulatory mechanism of Se NMs on fat-reducing components is still unclear. In this study, the synthesis of fat-reducing components in Fuding Dabai (FDDB) tea was investigated. The results indicated that the 100-bud weight, theanine, EGCG, total catechin, and caffeine contents of tea buds were optimally promoted by 10 mg·L-1 Se NMs in the range of 24.3%, 36.2%, 53.9%, 67.1%, and 30.9%, respectively. Mechanically, Se NMs promoted photosynthesis in tea plants, increased the soluble sugar content in tea leaves (30.3%), and provided energy for the metabolic processes, including the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the glutamine/glutamic acid cycle, ultimately increasing the content of amino acids and antioxidant substances (catechins) in tea buds; the relative expressions of key genes for catechin synthesis, CsPAL, CsC4H, CsCHI, CsDFR, CsANS, CsANR, CsLAR, and UGGT, were significantly upregulated by 45.1-619.1%. The expressions of theanine synthesis genes CsTs, CsGs, and CsGOGAT were upregulated by 138.8-693.7%. Moreover, Se NMs promoted more sucrose transfer to the roots, with the upregulations of CsSUT1, CsSUT2, CsSUT3, and CsSWEET1a by 125.8-560.5%. Correspondingly, Se NMs enriched the beneficial rhizosphere microbiota (Roseiarcus, Acidothermus, Acidibacter, Conexicter, and Pedosphaeraceae), enhancing the absorption and utilization of ammonium nitrogen by tea plants, contributing to the accumulation of theanine. This study provides compelling evidence supporting the application of Se NMs in promoting the lipid-reducing components of tea by enhancing its nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feiran Chen
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xuesong Cao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liya Jiao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Yue
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
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Fang C, Shen Y, Ma Z, Li Y, Zhang J, Liu C, Ye Y. l-Theanine Prevents Colonic Damage via NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways Induced by a High-Fat Diet in Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300797. [PMID: 38549456 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE l-Theanine (l-Thea) is an amino acid which is naturally present in tea leaves. It has been associated with possible health advantages, including obesity prevention, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS A multiomics approach is utilized to examine the mechanism by which l-Thea exerts its antiobesity effects. This study reveals that l-Thea administration significantly ameliorates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in rats by improving body weight and hyperlipidemia. l-Thea mitigates HFD-induced inflammation and reverses hepatic and colonic damage, and intestinal barrier. This research verifies that the preventive effect of l-Thea on obesity in rats induced by an HFD with colitis is accomplished by suppressing the phosphorylation of important proteins in the NF-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Metabolome analysis reveals that l-Thea regulates HFD-induced metabolic disorders, specifically through modulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis. Microbiome analysis reveals that l-Thea mitigates HFD-induced dysbiosis by increasing the relative abundance of obesity-associated probiotic bacteria, including Blautia coccoides and Lactobacillus murinus, while simultaneously suppressing the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. CONCLUSIONS l-Thea alleviates colitis generated by an HFD by restoring the integrity of the intestinal barrier, suppressing inflammation through regulation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways, and enhancing microbial metabolism in colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Fang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology Research, Tea Research Institute, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, PR China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yifeng Shen
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Ziyang Ma
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yulong Ye
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology Research, Tea Research Institute, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, PR China
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Cho DH, Kim S, Lee Y, Shin Y, Choi S, Oh J, Kim HT, Park SH, Park K, Bhatia SK, Yang YH. Enhanced theanine production with reduced ATP supply by alginate entrapped Escherichia coli co-expressing γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase and polyphosphate kinase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 175:110394. [PMID: 38277867 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
L-theanine is an amino acid with a unique flavor and many therapeutic effects. Its enzymatic synthesis has been actively studied and γ-Glutamylmethylamide synthetase (GMAS) is one of the promising enzymes in the biological synthesis of theanine. However, the theanine biosynthetic pathway with GMAS is highly ATP-dependent and the supply of external ATP was needed to achieve high concentration of theanine production. As a result, this study aimed to investigate polyphosphate kinase 2 (PPK2) as ATP regeneration system with hexametaphosphate. Furthermore, the alginate entrapment method was employed to immobilize whole cells containing both gmas and ppk2 together resulting in enhanced reusability of the theanine production system with reduced supply of ATP. After immobilization, theanine production was increased to 239 mM (41.6 g/L) with a conversion rate of 79.7% using 15 mM ATP and the reusability was enhanced, maintaining a 100% conversion rate up to the fifth cycles and 60% of conversion up to eighth cycles. It could increase long-term storage property for future uses up to 35 days with 75% activity of initial activity. Overall, immobilization of both production and cofactor regeneration system could increase the stability and reusability of theanine production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyun Cho
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwon Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeda Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuni Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhye Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinok Oh
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Taek Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoon Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Liu S, Wang B, Lin L, Xu W, Gong ZH, Xiao WJ. L-Theanine alleviates heat stress through modulation of gut microbiota and immunity. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2059-2072. [PMID: 37917744 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat stress (HS) damages the intestines, disrupting gut microbiota and immune balance. l-Theanine (LTA), found in tea, alleviates oxidative stress and cell apoptosis under HS; however, its effects on gut microbiota and immunity under HS remain unclear. To investigate this, we administered LTA doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 to C57BL/6J mice. On day 44, the model group and LTA intervention group were subjected to continuous 7-day HS treatment for 2 h per day. RESULTS The results demonstrated that LTA intervention improved food intake, body weight, and intestinal epithelium, and reduced the water intake of heat-stressed mice. It increased the abundance of Turicibacter, Faecalibaculum, Bifidobacterium, and norank_f_Muribaculaceae, while reducing that of Lachnoclostridium and Desulfovibrio. LTA intervention also increased the concentrations of amino acid and lipid metabolites, regulated macrophage differentiation stimulated by gut microbiota and metabolites, reduced the antigen presentation by macrophages to the specific immune system, promoted B-cell differentiation and sIgA secretion, inhibited pro-inflammatory factors, and enhanced intestinal defense. Mechanistically, LTA downregulated heat shock protein 70 expression and the TLR4/NF-κB/p38 MAPK signaling pathway, restoring gut microbiota and immune balance. CONCLUSION We suggest that LTA can alleviate HS by modulating gut microbiota, metabolites, and immunity, indicating its potential as a natural active ingredient for anti-HS food products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Sino-Kenya Joint Laboratory of Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Sino-Kenya Joint Laboratory of Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Sino-Kenya Joint Laboratory of Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Sino-Kenya Joint Laboratory of Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Gong
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Sino-Kenya Joint Laboratory of Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Jun Xiao
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Sino-Kenya Joint Laboratory of Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Yang T, Zhang D, Cai M, Zhang H, Pan X, You J, Zhang X, Xu M, Rao Z. Combining protein and metabolic engineering strategies for high-level production of L-theanine in Corynebacterium glutamicum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130200. [PMID: 38103752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
L-theanine is a natural non-protein amino acid with wide applications. Thus, a high yield of L-theanine production is required on an industrial scale. Herein, an efficient L-theanine-producing strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum was constructed by combining protein and metabolic engineering. Firstly, a γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase from Paracoccus aminovorans (PaGMAS) was isolated and engineered by computer-aided design, the resulting mutant E179K/N105R improved L-theanine yield by 36.61 %. Subsequently, to increase carbon flux towards L-theanine production, the gene ggt which degrades L-theanine, the gene alaT which participated in L-alanine synthesis, and the gene NCgl1221 which encodes glutamate-exporting protein were deleted. Finally, ppk gene was overexpressed to enhance intracellular ATP production. The reprogramed strain produced 44.12 g/L L-theanine with a yield of 57.11 % and productivity of 1.16 g/L/h, which is the highest L-theanine titer reported by Corynebacterium glutamicum. This study provides an efficient and economical biosynthetic pathway for the industrial production of L-theanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Mengmeng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Hengwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Xuewei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Jiajia You
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China.
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11
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Zhang J, Yu Y, Qian X, Zhang X, Li X, Sun X. Recent Advances in the Specialized Metabolites Mediating Resistance to Insect Pests and Pathogens in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:323. [PMID: 38276780 PMCID: PMC10818678 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Tea is the second most popular nonalcoholic beverage consumed in the world, made from the buds and young leaves of the tea plants (Camellia sinensis). Tea trees, perennial evergreen plants, contain abundant specialized metabolites and suffer from severe herbivore and pathogen attacks in nature. Thus, there has been considerable attention focusing on investigating the precise function of specialized metabolites in plant resistance against pests and diseases. In this review, firstly, the responses of specialized metabolites (including phytohormones, volatile compounds, flavonoids, caffeine, and L-theanine) to different attacks by pests and pathogens were compared. Secondly, research progress on the defensive functions and action modes of specialized metabolites, along with the intrinsic molecular mechanisms in tea plants, was summarized. Finally, the critical questions about specialized metabolites were proposed for better future research on phytohormone-dependent biosynthesis, the characteristics of defense responses to different stresses, and molecular mechanisms. This review provides an update on the biological functions of specialized metabolites of tea plants in defense against two pests and two pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.Q.); (X.Z.); (X.L.)
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12
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Chen Q, Wang B, Pan L. Efficient expression of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in Bacillus subtilis via CRISPR/Cas9n and its immobilization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:149. [PMID: 38240797 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we successfully applied the strategy of combining tandem promoters and tandem signal peptides with overexpressing signal peptidase to efficiently express and produce γ-glutamyl peptidase (GGT) enzymes (BsGGT, BaGGT, and BlGGT) from Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus licheniformis in Bacillus subtilis ATCC6051Δ5. In order to avoid the problem of instability caused by duplicated strong promoters, we assembled tandem promoters of different homologous genes from different species. To achieve resistance marker-free enzyme in the food industry, we first removed the replication origin and corresponding resistance marker of Escherichia coli from the expression vector. The plasmid was then transformed into the B. subtilis host, and the Kan resistance gene in the expression plasmid was directly edited and silenced using the CRISPR/Cas9n-AID base editing system. As a result, a recombinant protein expression carrier without resistance markers was constructed, and the enzyme activity of the BlGGT strain during shake flask fermentation can reach 53.65 U/mL. The recombinant BlGGT was immobilized with epoxy resin and maintained 82.8% enzyme activity after repeated use for 10 times and 87.36% enzyme activity after storage at 4 °C for 2 months. The immobilized BlGGT enzyme was used for the continuous synthesis of theanine with a conversion rate of 65.38%. These results indicated that our approach was a promising solution for improving enzyme production efficiency and achieving safe production of enzyme preparations in the food industry. KEY POINTS: • Efficient expression of recombinant proteins by a combination of dual promoter and dual signal peptide. • Construction of small vectors without resistance markers in B. subtilis using CRISPR/Cas9n-AID editing system. • The process of immobilizing BlGGT with epoxy resin was optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlin Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Pan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Baruah PM, Bordoloi KS, Gill SS, Agarwala N. CircRNAs responsive to winter dormancy and spring flushing conditions of tea leaf buds. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111828. [PMID: 37586421 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important regulators of diverse biological processes of plants. However, the evolution and potential functions of circRNAs during winter dormancy and spring bud flushing of tea plant is largely unknown. Using RNA-seq data, a total of 1184 circRNAs were identified in the winter dormant and spring bud flushing leaf samples of tea plants in two different cultivars exhibiting different duration of winter dormancy. A total of 156 circRNAs are found to be differentially expressed and the weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) analysis revealed that 22 and 20 differentially expressed-circRNAs (DE-circRNAs) positively correlated with the flushing and dormant leaf traits, respectively, in both the tea cultivars used. Some transcription factors (TFs) viz. MYB, WRKY, ERF, bHLH and several genes related to secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways are found to co-express with circRNAs. DE-circRNAs also predicted to interact with miRNAs and can regulate phytohormone biosynthesis and various signalling pathways in tea plant. This study uncovers the potential roles of circRNAs to determine winter dormancy and spring bud flushing conditions in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Moni Baruah
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
| | - Kuntala Sarma Bordoloi
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India; Mangaldai College, Upahupara, Mangaldai 784125, Assam, India
| | - Sarvajeet Singh Gill
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Niraj Agarwala
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
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14
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Li H, Song K, Zhang X, Wang D, Dong S, Liu Y, Yang L. Application of Multi-Perspectives in Tea Breeding and the Main Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12643. [PMID: 37628823 PMCID: PMC10454712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea plants are an economically important crop and conducting research on tea breeding contributes to enhancing the yield and quality of tea leaves as well as breeding traits that satisfy the requirements of the public. This study reviews the current status of tea plants germplasm resources and their utilization, which has provided genetic material for the application of multi-omics, including genomics and transcriptomics in breeding. Various molecular markers for breeding were designed based on multi-omics, and available approaches in the direction of high yield, quality and resistance in tea plants breeding are proposed. Additionally, future breeding of tea plants based on single-cellomics, pangenomics, plant-microbe interactions and epigenetics are proposed and provided as references. This study aims to provide inspiration and guidance for advancing the development of genetic breeding in tea plants, as well as providing implications for breeding research in other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Long Yang
- College of Plant Protection and Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
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15
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Wu Z, Jiao Y, Jiang X, Li C, Sun W, Chen Y, Yu Z, Ni D. Effects of Sun Withering Degree on Black Tea Quality Revealed via Non-Targeted Metabolomics. Foods 2023; 12:2430. [PMID: 37372642 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of different sun withering degrees (75% (CK), 69% (S69), 66% (S66), 63% (S63), and 60% (S60) water content in the withered leaves) on black tea sensory quality were investigated by means of sensory evaluation plus metabolomics analysis. Sensory evaluation results showed higher sensory quality scores for the black tea in S69-S66, due to better freshness, sweeter taste, and a sweet and even floral and fruity aroma. Additionally, 65 non-volatile components were identified using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Among them, the content increase of amino acids and theaflavins was found to promote the freshness and sweetness of black tea. The aroma of tea was analyzed using combined Solvent Assisted Flavor Evaporation-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (SAFE-GC-MS) and Headspace-Solid Phase Micro Extract-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and 180 volatiles were identified, including 38 variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1 (p < 0.05) and 25 Odor Activity Value (OAV) > 1 volatiles. Statistical analysis revealed 11 volatiles as potential major aroma differential metabolites in black tea with a different sun withering degree, such as volatile terpenoids (linalool, geraniol, (E)-citral, and β-myrcene), amino-acid-derived volatiles (benzeneethanol, benzeneacetaldehyde, and methyl salicylate), carotenoid-derived volatiles (jasmone and β-damascenone), and fatty-acid-derived volatiles ((Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (E)-2-hexenal). Among them, volatile terpenoids and amino acid derived volatiles mainly contributed to the floral and fruity aroma quality of sun-withered black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanrong Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanfang Jiao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinfeng Jiang
- Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang 330202, China
| | - Chen Li
- Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang 330202, China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuqiong Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
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16
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Ma H, Liu N, Sun X, Zhu M, Mao T, Huang S, Meng X, Li H, Wang M, Liang H. Establishment of an efficient transformation system and its application in regulatory mechanism analysis of biological macromolecules in tea plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125372. [PMID: 37321436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis), one of the most important beverage crops originated from China and is now cultivated worldwide, provides numerous secondary metabolites that account for its health benefits and rich flavor. However, the lack of an efficient and reliable genetic transformation system has seriously hindered the gene function investigation and precise breeding of C. sinensis. In this study, we established a highly efficient, labor-saving, and cost-effective Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy roots genetic transformation system for C. sinensis, which can be used for gene overexpression and genome editing. The established transformation system was simple to operate, bypassing tissue culture and antibiotic screening, and only took two months to complete. We used this system to conduct function analysis of transcription factor CsMYB73 and found that CsMYB73 negatively regulates L-theanine synthesis in tea plant. Additionally, callus formation was successfully induced using transgenic roots, and the transgenic callus exhibited normal chlorophyll production, enabling the study of the corresponding biological functions. Furthermore, this genetic transformation system was effective for multiple C. sinensis varieties and other woody plant species. By overcoming technical obstacles such as low efficiency, long experimental periods, and high costs, this genetic transformation will be a valuable tool for routine gene investigation and precise breeding in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
| | - Ningge Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengling Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingfeng Mao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suya Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyue Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hangfei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiling Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Vanizor Kural B, Azi Mohamed S, Kör S, Arıkan Malkoç M, Yuluğ E, Hajizadeh Tekmeh H, Örem A. Caution may be required in using l-theanine in diabetes mellitus: A study on the rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 666:170-178. [PMID: 37199135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to identify the effects of l-theanine on kidney and heart tissues in diabetic rats. 24 male rats included in the study were divided into 4 groups (n = 6/group): SHAM, LTEA, DM and DM + LTEA. For 28 days, drinking water was given to SHAM and DM, and LTEA (200 mg/kg/day) to LTEA and DM + LTEA groups, intragastrically. DM was induced by 120 mg/kg nicotinamide (NA) + 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). The levels of cystatin C (CysC) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) were determined by ELISA kits, homocysteine, electrolytes and iron by an autoanalyzer, the ratio of oxidized/total reduced glutathione (GSSG/TGSH) by assay kits. The tissues were histopathologically analyzed. RESULTS LTEA alleviated histopathological degenerations. However, it decreased significantly serum iron and homocysteine levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION LTEA did not exhibit significant protective effects on kidney and heart tissues; it may have affected the homocysteine and iron metabolisms in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgül Vanizor Kural
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkiye.
| | - Sabrina Azi Mohamed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | - Sevil Kör
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | - Meltem Arıkan Malkoç
- Vocational School of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | - Esin Yuluğ
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | - Hamed Hajizadeh Tekmeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | - Asım Örem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkiye
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18
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Chang M, Ma J, Sun Y, Tian L, Liu L, Chen Q, Zhang Z, Wan X, Sun J. γ-Glutamyl-transpeptidase CsGGT2 functions as light-activated theanine hydrolase in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1596-1609. [PMID: 36757089 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is an important secondary metabolite endowing tea with umami taste and health effects. It is essential to explore the metabolic pathway and regulatory mechanism of theanine to improve tea quality. Here, we demonstrated that the expression patterns of CsGGT2 (γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase), participated in theanine synthesis in vitro in our previous research, are significantly different in the aboveground and underground tissues of tea plants and regulated by light. Light up-regulated the expression of CsHY5, directly binding to the promoter of CsGGT2 and acting as an activator of CsGGT2, with a negative correlation with theanine accumulation. The enzyme activity assays and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that CsGGT2, acting as bifunctional protein, synthesize and degrade theanine in vitro and in planta. The results of enzyme kinetics, Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays and targeted gene-silencing assays showed that CsGGT2 had a higher substrate affinity of theanine than that of ethylamine, and performed a higher theanine degradation catalytic efficiency. Therefore, light mediates the degradation of theanine in different tissues by regulating the expression of the theanine hydrolase CsGGT2 in tea plants, and these results provide new insights into the degradation of theanine mediated by light in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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19
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Chen S, Kang J, Zhu H, Wang K, Han Z, Wang L, Liu J, Wu Y, He P, Tu Y, Li B. L-Theanine and Immunity: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093846. [PMID: 37175254 PMCID: PMC10179891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
L-theanine (N-ethyl-γ-glutamine) is the main amino acid in tea leaves. It not only contributes to tea flavor but also possesses several health benefits. Compared with its sedative and calming activities, the immunomodulatory effects of L-theanine have received less attention. Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that L-theanine reduces immunosuppression caused by strenuous exercise and prevents colds and influenza by improving immunity. Numerous cell and animal studies have proven that theanine plays an immunoregulatory role in inflammation, nerve damage, the intestinal tract, and tumors by regulating γδT lymphocyte function, glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and the secretion of cytokines and neurotransmitters. In addition, theanine can be used as an immunomodulator in animal production. This article reviews the research progress of L-theanine on immunoregulation and related mechanisms, as well as its application in poultry and animal husbandry. It is hoped that this work will be beneficial to future related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Chen
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaxin Kang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huanqing Zhu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaixi Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ziyi Han
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Leyu Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junsheng Liu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Puming He
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Youying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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20
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Shamabadi A, Kafi F, Arab-Bafrani M, Asadigandomani H, Basti FA, Akhondzadeh S. l-theanine adjunct to sertraline for major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Affect Disord 2023; 333:38-43. [PMID: 37084960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unsatisfactory responses to major depressive disorder (MDD) therapeutics available necessitated up-to-date treatment approaches. This study sought to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive l-theanine, a tea constituent with neuropsychotropic effects, for MDD. METHODS Sixty MDD (DSM-5) patients were equally assigned to receive sertraline (100 mg/d) plus either l-theanine (200 mg/d) or matched placebo in a six-week randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The participants were assessed using the Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) at baseline and weeks 2, 4, and 6. Changes in scores, early improvement, response and remission rates, and adverse events were compared between the groups. RESULTS Twenty-five participants in each group, a total of 50 patients, completed the study. All baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. The general linear model repeated-measures analysis demonstrated a significant time-treatment interaction effect for HDRS during the trial (p-value = 0.014), indicating more remarkable symptom improvement in the l-theanine group. A greater reduction in HDRS scores was observed in the l-theanine group from baseline to weeks 2, 4, and 6 (p-values = 0.02, 0.03, and 0.01, respectively). All patients responded to sertraline plus l-theanine until week 6. l-theanine was superior to placebo regarding response to treatment and remission rates at week 6 (p-values = 0.05 and 0.02, respectively). The frequency of side effects was comparable between the groups. LIMITATIONS The small sample size and short study period were limitations. CONCLUSIONS l-theanine adjunct to sertraline outperforms placebo in treating MDD in a safe manner. Further long-term, large-scale studies are recommended to confirm this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shamabadi
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Kafi
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Arab-Bafrani
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Asadigandomani
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh A Basti
- Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Dai H, Chen X, Chen D, Yu B, He J, Chen H, Yan H, Zheng P, Luo Y, Huang Z. Effects of dietary l-theanine supplementation on pork quality and muscle fiber type transformation in finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:2106-2115. [PMID: 36460906 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This experiment aimed to investigate effects of dietary l-theanine supplementation on pork quality and muscle fiber type transformation in finishing pigs. In a 30-day experiment, 18 healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) pigs with an average body weight of 86.03 ± 0.83 kg were randomly divided into three groups (a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 500 and 1000 ppm l-theanine, respectively), with six duplicates and one pig per replicate. RESULTS The results showed that dietary 1000 ppm l-theanine supplementation significantly reduced (P < 0.05) b*24 h and drip loss. Dietary 1000 ppm l-theanine supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) protein expression and the percentage of slow-twitch fibers, as well as significantly decreased (P < 0.05) fast MyHC protein expression and the percentage of fast-twitch fibers, accompanied by an increase in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities and a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. In addition, the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway was activated by l-theanine. CONCLUSION Together, this study demonstrated for the first time that dietary supplementation of 1000 ppm l-theanine can improve pork color and drip loss and promote muscle fiber type transformation from fast-twitch to slow-twitch in finishing pigs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dai
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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22
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Processing Technologies for the Extraction of Value-Added Bioactive Compounds from Tea. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-023-09338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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23
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Li Y, Fan K, Shen J, Wang Y, Jeyaraj A, Hu S, Chen X, Ding Z, Li X. Glycine-Induced Phosphorylation Plays a Pivotal Role in Energy Metabolism in Roots and Amino Acid Metabolism in Leaves of Tea Plant. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020334. [PMID: 36673426 PMCID: PMC9858451 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is the most extensive post-translational modification of proteins and thus regulates plant growth. However, the regulatory mechanism of phosphorylation modification on the growth of tea plants caused by organic nitrogen is still unclear. In order to explore the phosphorylation modification mechanism of tea plants in response to organic nitrogen, we used glycine as the only nitrogen source and determined and analyzed the phosphorylated proteins in tea plants by phosphoproteomic analysis. The results showed that the phosphorylation modification induced by glycine-supply played important roles in the regulation of energy metabolism in tea roots and amino acid metabolism in tea leaves. In roots, glycine-supply induced dephosphorylation of proteins, such as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase cytoplasmic isozyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, resulted in increased intensity of glycolysis and decreased intensity of tricarboxylic acid cycle. In leaves, the glycine-supply changed the phosphorylation levels of glycine dehydrogenase, aminomethyltransferase, glutamine synthetase, and ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase, which accelerated the decomposition of glycine and enhanced the ability of ammonia assimilation. In addition, glycine-supply could improve the tea quality by increasing the intensity of amino acids, such as theanine and alanine. This research clarified the important regulatory mechanism of amino acid nitrogen on tea plant growth and development through protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jiazhi Shen
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Anburaj Jeyaraj
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shunkai Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (Z.D.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-(53)-288030231 (Z.D.); +86-(25)-84396651 (X.L.)
| | - Xinghui Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (Z.D.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-(53)-288030231 (Z.D.); +86-(25)-84396651 (X.L.)
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Adsorption Behavior of the L-Theanine onto Cation Exchange Resin ZGSPC106Na and D001SD. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223625. [PMID: 36429218 PMCID: PMC9689365 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adsorption is an important technology for the separation of different tea components. The adsorption behavior of L-theanine onto adsorbents was comprehensively studied in this paper. Among tested adsorbents, cation exchange resin ZGSPC106Na and D001SD were suitable for separating L-theanine, PVPP and PA-6 for catechins and macroporous resin HPD-400 for caffeine. Adsorption of L-theanine onto the cation resins was significantly influenced by the acidity, contact time and temperature. The adsorption behavior could be described by the pseudo-second-order rate equation and fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models. ZGSPC106Na exhibited higher adsorption capacity, while D001SD showed higher adsorption selectivity. These might be attributed to the distinctive structure of the two resins and different ionization of the adsorbates. A method for simultaneous preparation of decaffeinated polyphenols, caffeine-enriched extract and decaffeinated L-theanine was established through successive separation on the columns fulfilled with PA-6, HPD-400 and D001SD, respectively.
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25
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Sun L, Dong X, Wang Y, Maker G, Agarwal M, Ding Z. Tea-Soybean Intercropping Improves Tea Quality and Nutrition Uptake by Inducing Changes of Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2149. [PMID: 36363740 PMCID: PMC9697773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive aspects of the tea plant/legume intercropping system draw attention to the Chinese tea industry for its benefit for soil fertility improvement with low fertilizer input. However, limited information exists as to the roles of intercropped legumes in the rhizosphere microbiome and tea quality. Hereby, soybean was selected as the intercropped plant to investigate its effect on bacterial communities, nutrient competition, tea plant development, and tea quality. Our data showed that intercropped soybean boosted the uptake of nitrogen in tea plants and enhanced the growth of young tea shoots. Nutrient competition for phosphorus and potassium in soil existed between soybeans and tea plants. Moreover, tea/soybean intercropping improved tea quality, manifested by a significantly increased content of non-ester type catechins (C, EGC, EC), total catechins and theanine, and decreased content of ester type catechins (EGCG). Significant differences in rhizobacterial composition were also observed under different systems. At the genus level, the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Bradyrhizobium, Saccharimonadales and Mycobacterium, was significantly increased with the intercropping system, while the relative abundance of denitrifying bacteria, Pseudogulbenkiania, was markedly decreased. Correlation analysis showed that Pseudogulbenkiania, SBR1031, and Burkholderiaceae clustered together showing a similar correlation with soil physicochemical and tea quality characteristics; however, other differential bacteria showed the opposite pattern. In conclusion, tea/soybean intercropping improves tea quality and nutrition uptake by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial rhizosphere bacteria and decreasing denitrifying bacteria. This study strengthens our understanding of how intercropping system regulate the soil bacterial community to maintain the health of soils in tea plantations and provides the basis for replacing chemical fertilizers and improving the ecosystem in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Xue Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Garth Maker
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Manjree Agarwal
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Scientific Service Division, Chemcentre, Government of Western Australia, B.No. 500, Corner of Manning Road and Townsing Drive, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
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Han Z, Jiang Z, Zhang H, Qin C, Rong X, Lai G, Wen M, Zhang L, Wan X, Ho CT. Amadori Reaction Products of Theanine and Glucose: Formation, Structure, and Analysis in Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11727-11737. [PMID: 36084346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs) derived from the Maillard reaction between theanine and glucose (ARP 1), as well as pyroglutamic acid and glucose (ARP 2), were identified by liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectroscopy methods. The effects of initial reactant ratio, temperature, pH, and heating time on ARP generation were analyzed. The formation of both ARPs was most favored under 100 °C, while an alkaline environment slightly promoted the generation of ARP 1 and acidic conditions contributed more to ARP 2 formation. The decomposition of ARP 1 was suggested to be the predominant formation mechanism of ARP 2. Preparation, purification, and structure identification of ARP 1 were conducted, with its structure confirmed as 1-deoxy-1-l-theanino-d-fructose. The contents of ARP 1 in green, black, dark, white, yellow, and Oolong teas were quantitatively determined, of which black teas contained the highest levels of ARP 1, possibly due to the high glucose content and processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zisheng Han
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Zongde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunyin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaoqing Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Guoping Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mingchun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Xie H, Chen Z, Feng X, Wang M, Luo Y, Wang Y, Xu P. L-theanine exuded from Camellia sinensis roots regulates element cycling in soil by shaping the rhizosphere microbiome assembly. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155801. [PMID: 35561922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root exudate metabolites are a key medium for the interaction between plants and soil microbiota. L-theanine is a unique non-protein amino acid critical for the flavor and potential health benefits of tea products; however, its biological function in tea plants is not well understood. As L-theanine is mainly synthesized in the roots of tea plants, we hypothesized that L-theanine could affect the function of the rhizosphere microbiota by modulating microbial assembly. In the present study, L-theanine was detected in the exudates of tea plant roots using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that L-theanine significantly altered the structure of the rhizosphere microbiota and selectively shaped rhizosphere microbial assembly. Moreover, metagenomic data showed that L-theanine affected the abundance of genes encoding element cycling in soil. Interestingly, the denitrification and complete nitrification pathways were significantly inhibited by L-theanine by decreasing the narH, napA, and napB genes abundance. These findings provide new insights into the biological function of L-theanine, as well as the implications of interactions between tea plant root exudates and the rhizosphere microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengtong Xie
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zimeng Chen
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengcen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Institute of Soil & Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory properties of Mango Sorbet containing L-theanine as a potential functional food product. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:4833-4843. [PMID: 36276553 PMCID: PMC9579258 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The non-proteinous amino acid L-theanine (L-THE) is associated with a range of health benefits including improvements in immune function, cardiovascular outcomes and cognition. The aims of this study were to develop a food product (mango sorbet; ms-L-THE) containing physiologically relevant doses of L-THE (0.2/100 g w/w) and determine its antioxidant, physicochemical and sensory properties in comparison to a mango sorbet without L-THE (ms). Total phenolic and flavanol content, and antioxidant analysis (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS) were determined spectrophotometrically. Both products were also evaluated for acceptability and likeability in healthy participants using the 9-point hedonic scale. Any differences that could be caused by the addition of L-THE were examined using the triangle test. Results indicated no significant differences between ms-L-THE and ms in taste of the products (p > 0.05), and the ms-L-THE was well received and accepted as a potential commercial product. Findings of the DPPH assay indicated significant difference between the two products (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we have successfully created a mango sorbet that contains a potentially physiologically relevant concentration of L-THE with antioxidant properties that could be used as a novel method of L-THE delivery to clinical and healthy populations.
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Ahammed GJ, Li X. Hormonal regulation of health-promoting compounds in tea (Camellia sinensis L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:390-400. [PMID: 35785551 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tea is the most frequently consumed natural beverage across the world produced with the young leaves and shoots of the evergreen perennial plant Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. The expanding global appeal of tea is partly attributed to its health-promoting benefits such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, anti-hypertension, anti-obesity, and anti- SARS-CoV-2 activity. The many advantages of healthy tea intake are linked to its bioactive substances such as tea polyphenols, flavonoids (catechins), amino acids (theanine), alkaloids (caffeine), anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, etc. that are produced through secondary metabolic pathways. Phytohormones regulate secondary metabolite biosynthesis in a variety of plants, including tea. There is a strong hormonal response in the biosynthesis of polyphenols, catechins, theanine and caffeine in tea under control and perturbed environmental conditions. In addition to the impact of preharvest plant hormone manipulation on green tea quality, changes in hormones of postharvest tea also regulate quality-related metabolites in tea. In this review, we discuss the health benefits of major tea constituents and the role of various plant hormones in improving the endogenous levels of these compounds for human health benefits. The fact that the ratio of tea polyphenols to amino acids and the concentrations of tea components are changed by environmental conditions, most notably by climate change-associated variables, the selection and usage of optimal hormone combinations may aid in sustaining tea quality, and thus can be beneficial to both consumers and producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China.
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30
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López-Martínez MI, Miguel M, Garcés-Rimón M. Protein and Sport: Alternative Sources and Strategies for Bioactive and Sustainable Sports Nutrition. Front Nutr 2022; 9:926043. [PMID: 35782926 PMCID: PMC9247391 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.926043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and sport play an important role in achieving a healthy lifestyle. In addition to the intake of nutrients derived from the normal diet, some sport disciplines require the consumption of supplements that contribute positively to improved athletic performance. Protein intake is important for many aspects related to health, and current evidence suggests that some athletes require increased amounts of this nutrient. On the other hand, society's demand for more environmentally friendly products, focus on the search for alternative food sources more sustainable. This review aims to summarize the latest research on novel strategies and sources for greener and functional supplementation in sport nutrition. Alternative protein sources such as insects, plants or mycoproteins have proven to be an interesting substrate due to their high added value in terms of bioactivity and sustainability. Protein hydrolysis has proven to be a very useful technology to revalue by-products, such as collagen, by producing bioactive peptides beneficial on athletes performance and sport-related complications. In addition, it has been observed that certain amino acids from plant sources, as citrulline or theanine, can have an ergogenic effect for this target population. Finally, the future perspectives of protein supplementation in sports nutrition are discussed. In summary, protein supplementation in sports nutrition is a very promising field of research, whose future perspective lies with the search for alternatives with greater bioactive potential and more sustainable than conventional sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel I. López-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miguel
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Miguel
| | - Marta Garcés-Rimón
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Alimentaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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Huang Y, Wei Y, Xu J, Wei X. A comprehensive review on the prevention and regulation of Alzheimer's disease by tea and its active ingredients. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10560-10584. [PMID: 35647742 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2081128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has brought a heavy burden to society as a representative neurodegenerative disease. The etiology of AD combines multiple factors, concluding family, gender, head trauma, diseases and social psychology. There are multiple hypotheses explaining the pathogenesis of AD such as β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, which lead to extracellular amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in neurons. The existing therapeutic drugs have several disadvantages including single target, poor curative effect, and obvious side effects. Tea contains many bioactive components, such as tea polyphenols (TPP), L-theanine (L-TH), tea pigment, tea polysaccharides and caffeine. The epidemiological investigations have shown that drinking tea can reduce the risk of AD. The mechanisms of tea active ingredients in the prevention and regulation of AD includes reducing the generation and aggregation of Aβ; inhibiting tau aggregation and hyperphosphorylation; inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and regulate neurotransmitters; relieving oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as well as the regulation of intestinal flora. This review summarizes the different signaling pathways that tea active ingredients regulate AD. Furthermore, we propose the main limitations of current research and future research directions, hoping to contribute to the development of natural functional foods based on tea active ingredients in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
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Ji X, Liu WQ, Li J. Recent advances in applying cell-free systems for high-value and complex natural product biosynthesis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 67:102142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Irla M, Wendisch VF. Efficient cell factories for the production of N-methylated amino acids and for methanol-based amino acid production. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2145-2159. [PMID: 35488805 PMCID: PMC9328739 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing world needs commodity amino acids such as L‐glutamate and L‐lysine for use as food and feed, and specialty amino acids for dedicated applications. To meet the supply a paradigm shift regarding their production is required. On the one hand, the use of sustainable and cheap raw materials is necessary to sustain low production cost and decrease detrimental effects of sugar‐based feedstock on soil health and food security caused by competing uses of crops in the feed and food industries. On the other hand, the biotechnological methods to produce functionalized amino acids need to be developed further, and titres enhanced to become competitive with chemical synthesis methods. In the current review, we present successful strain mutagenesis and rational metabolic engineering examples leading to the construction of recombinant bacterial strains for the production of amino acids such as L‐glutamate, L‐lysine, L‐threonine and their derivatives from methanol as sole carbon source. In addition, the fermentative routes for bioproduction of N‐methylated amino acids are highlighted, with focus on three strategies: partial transfer of methylamine catabolism, S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine dependent alkylation and reductive methylamination of 2‐oxoacids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Irla
- Microbial Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
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Lin S, Chen Z, Chen T, Deng W, Wan X, Zhang Z. Theanine metabolism and transport in tea plants ( Camellia sinensis L.): advances and perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:327-341. [PMID: 35430936 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2036692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Theanine, a tea plant-specific non-proteinogenic amino acid, is the most abundant free amino acid in tea leaves. It is also one of the most important quality components of tea because it endows the "umami" taste, relaxation-promoting, and many other health benefits of tea infusion. Its content in tea leaves is directly correlated with the quality and price of green tea. Theanine biosynthesis primarily occurs in roots and is transported to new shoots in tea plants. Recently, great advances have been made in theanine metabolism and transport in tea plants. Along with the deciphering of the genomic sequences of tea plants, new genes in theanine metabolic pathway were discovered and functionally characterized. Theanine transporters were identified and were characterized on the affinity for: theanine, substrate specificity, spatiotemporal expression, and the role in theanine root-to-shoot transport. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of theanine accumulation by: cultivars, seasons, nutrients, and environmental factors are also being rapidly uncovered. Transcription factors were identified to be critical regulators of theanine biosynthesis. In this review, we summarize the progresses in theanine: biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport processes. We also discuss the future studies on theanine in tea plants, and application of the knowledge to crops to synthesize theanine to improve the health-promoting quality of non-tea crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
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Zhu Y, He X, Huang R, Wang W, Yu Y, Zhou T. Screening Bacillus subtilis for Effective L-theanine Production from Tea Plant Rhizosphere Soil. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368382202017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wei Y, Xu J, Miao S, Wei K, Peng L, Wang Y, Wei X. Recent advances in the utilization of tea active ingredients to regulate sleep through neuroendocrine pathway, immune system and intestinal microbiota. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7598-7626. [PMID: 35266837 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2048291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders have received widespread attention nowadays, which have been promoted by the accelerated pace of life, unhealthy diets and lack of exercise in modern society. The chemical medications to improve sleep has shown serious side effects and risks with high costs. Therefore, it is urgent to develop efficient nutraceuticals from natural sources to ensure sleep quality as a sustainable strategy. As the second most consumed beverage worldwide, the health-promoting effects of tea have long been widely recognized. However, the modulatory effect of teas on sleep disorders has received much less attention. Tea contains various natural sleep-modulating active ingredients such as L-theanine (LTA), caffeine, tea polyphenols (TPP), tea pigments, tea polysaccharides (TPS) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This review focuses on the potential influence and main regulating mechanisms of different tea active ingredients on sleep, including being absorbed by the small intestine and then cross the blood-brain barrier to act on neurons in the brain as neurotransmitters, manipulating the immune system and further affect sleep-wake cycle by regulating the levels of cytokines, and controlling the gut microbes to maintain the homeostasis of circadian rhythm. Current research progress and limitations are summarized and several future development directions are also proposed. This review hopes to provide new insights into the future elucidation of the sleep-regulating mechanisms of different teas and their natural active ingredients and the development of tea-based functional foods for alleviating sleep disorders. HighlightsNatural sleep-modulating active ingredients in tea have been summarized.Influences of drinking tea or tea active ingredients on sleep are reviewed.Three main regulating mechanisms of tea active ingredients on sleep are explained.The associations among nervous system, immune system and intestinal microbiota are investigated.The potential of developing delivery carriers for tea active ingredients is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Siwei Miao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kang Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Peng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Chen Y, Luo L, Hu S, Gan R, Zeng L. The chemistry, processing, and preclinical anti-hyperuricemia potential of tea: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7065-7090. [PMID: 35236179 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2040417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is an abnormal purine metabolic disease that occurs when there is an excess of uric acid in the blood, associated with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, gout, and renal disease. Dietary intervention is one of the most promising strategies for preventing hyperuricemia and controlling uric acid concentrations. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is known as one of the most common beverages and the source of dietary polyphenols. However, the effect of tea on hyperuricemia is unclear. Recent evidence shows that a lower risk of hyperuricemia is associated with tea intake. To better understand the anti-hyperuricemia effect of tea, this review first briefly describes the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia and the processing techniques of different types of tea. Next, the epidemiological and experimental studies of tea and its bioactive compounds on hyperuricemia in recent years were reviewed. Particular attention was paid to the anti-hyperuricemia mechanisms targeting the hepatic uric acid synthase, renal uric acid transporters, and intestinal microbiota. Additionally, the desirable intake of tea for preventing hyperuricemia is provided. Understanding the anti-hyperuricemia effect and mechanisms of tea can better utilize it as a preventive dietary strategy.HighlightsHigh purine diet, excessive alcohol/fructose consumption, and less exercise/sleep are the induction factors of hyperuricemia.Tea and tea compounds showed alleviated effects for hyperuricemia, especially polyphenols.Tea (containing caffeine or not) is not associated with a higher risk of hyperuricemia.Xanthine oxidase inhibition (reduce uric acid production), Nrf2 activation, and urate transporters regulation (increase uric acid excretion) are the potential molecular targets of anti-hyperuricemic effect of tea.About 5 g tea intake per day may be beneficial for hyperuricemia prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liyong Luo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Food Science, Tea Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Renyou Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Zhang R, Zheng S, Guo Z, Wang Y, Yang G, Yin Z, Luo L. L-Theanine inhibits melanoma cell growth and migration via regulating expression of the clock gene BMAL1. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:763-777. [PMID: 34542664 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE L-Theanine is a unique non-protein amino acid found in green tea, which has been identified as a safe dietary supplement. It has been reported that L-theanine exerts various biological activities. In this study, we explored the anti-cancer effects of L-theanine on melanoma cells. METHODS A375, B16-F10, and PIG1 cell lines were used in the present study. EdU labeling, TUNEL and Annexin V/PI staining, wound-healing, and transwell migration assay were performed to detect the effects of L-theanine on melanoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1 (BMAL1) was knocked down in melanoma cells to evaluate if L-theanine plays the anti-cancer role through regulating circadian rhythm of melanoma cells. The western blot, qRT-PCR, and dual luciferase assay were performed to explore the mechanism involved in the effects of L-theanine on melanoma cells. RESULTS L-Theanine apparently reduced the viability of melanoma cells. Further experiments showed that L-theanine attenuated the proliferation and migration, and promoted apoptosis of melanoma cells. L-Theanine significantly enhanced the expression of BMAL1, a clock gene in melanoma cells. Down-regulation of BMAL1 suppressed the anti-cancer effects of L-theanine on melanoma cells. Further experiments indicated that the p53 transcriptional activity raised by L-theanine was dependent on BMAL1 expression in melanoma cells. CONCLUSION L-Theanine exerts the anti-cancer effect on melanoma cells through attenuating the proliferation and migration, and promoting apoptosis of them, which is dependent on the regulation of the clock gene Bmal1 in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guocui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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She G, Yu S, Li Z, Peng A, Li P, Li Y, Chang M, Liu L, Chen Q, Shi C, Sun J, Zhao J, Wan X. Characterization of CsTSI in the Biosynthesis of Theanine in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:826-836. [PMID: 35029385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is a unique major amino acid in tea plants responsible for umami taste and mental health benefits of tea. However, theanine biosynthesis and physiological role in tea plants are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that tea plant theanine synthetase is encoded by a glutamine synthetase gene CsTSI. The expression pattern of CsTSI is closely correlated with theanine and glutamine levels in various tissues. CsTSI transcripts were accumulated in root tip epidermal cells, pericycle and procambial cells, where CsTSI presents as a cytosolic protein. Ectopic expression of the gene in Arabidopsis led to greater glutamine and theanine production than controls when fed with ethylamine (EA). RNAi knockdown or overexpression of CsTSI in tea plant hairy roots reduced or enhanced theanine and glutamine contents, respectively, compared with controls. The CsTSI recombinant enzymes used glutamate as an acceptor and ammonium or EA as a donor to synthesize glutamine and theanine, respectively. CsTSI expression in tea roots responded to nitrogen supply and deprivation and was correlated with theanine contents. This study provides fresh insights into the molecular basis for the biosynthesis of theanine, which may facilitate the breeding of high-theanine tea plants for improving the nutritional benefit of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbiao She
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shuwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhenguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Anqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Manman Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chengying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Genetic, morphological, and chemical discrepancies between Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze and its close relatives. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Evans M, McDonald AC, Xiong L, Crowley DC, Guthrie N. A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study to Investigate the Efficacy of a Single Dose of AlphaWave ® L-Theanine on Stress in a Healthy Adult Population. Neurol Ther 2021; 10:1061-1078. [PMID: 34562208 PMCID: PMC8475422 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-021-00284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stress is a complex life occurrence essential for survival and goal achievement but can be damaging in excess. Because of the high prevalence of stress in North America, a safe supplement that effectively reduces stress is in demand. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of AlphaWave®l-Theanine on whole-scalp and frontal alpha power, midline theta power, and salivary cortisol in healthy, moderately stressed adults. Methods This was a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study that consisted of two study periods with a 7-day washout. A single dose of AlphaWave®l-Theanine (200 mg) or placebo was administered. To induce stress, a mental arithmetic test (MAT) was administered before and after the dose. Electroencephalogram, salivary cortisol, blood pressure, heart rate, self-reported stress, adverse events, clinical chemistry, and hematology were assessed to evaluate efficacy and safety. Results Increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and self-reported stress and state anxiety indicated that participants experienced stress during the MAT. AlphaWave®l-Theanine led to a greater increase in frontal region and whole-scalp alpha power 3 h post-dose compared to placebo (p ≤ 0.050). Within groups, there were increases in alpha power, at 3 h with AlphaWave®l-Theanine, over the whole recording and during the eyes-open portions (p ≤ 0.048) of the alpha task. The changes in alpha wave activity are supported by greater decreases in salivary cortisol 1 h post-dose (p < 0.001) with AlphaWave®l-Theanine compared to placebo. Conclusion This study was conducted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which has had a rapid and significant effect on both physical and mental health around the world. A single dose of AlphaWave®l-Theanine significantly increased frontal region alpha power compared to placebo in response to an acute stress challenge. These changes are indicative of relaxation in the brain and suggest a calming response. AlphaWave®l-Theanine was found to be safe and well tolerated by participants. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04706494. Stress is a complex part of life that is essential for survival and achieving goals. Too much stress, however, can be damaging. There is a high prevalence of stress in North America, creating a demand for a safe and effective supplement to reduce it. This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of AlphaWave®l-Theanine on brainwaves and salivary cortisol in healthy, moderately stressed adults facing an acute stressor. This was a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study that consisted of two study periods with a 7-day washout. A single dose of 200 mg of AlphaWave®l-Theanine or placebo was administered before and after a mental arithmetic test to elicit acute stress. Electroencephalogram, salivary cortisol, blood pressure, heart rate, self-reported stress, and safety were assessed to evaluate efficacy and safety. This study was conducted during the coronavirus pandemic, which has had a rapid and significant effect on both physical and mental health around the world. A single dose of AlphaWave®l-Theanine had significant positive effects on brainwaves, salivary cortisol, and self-reported state anxiety compared to the placebo in response to an acute stress challenge. These changes are indicative of relaxation in the brain and suggest a calming response in a moderately stressed but otherwise healthy population. AlphaWave®l-Theanine was found to be safe and well tolerated by participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malkanthi Evans
- KGK Science Inc., 255 Queens Ave, London, ON, N6A 5R8, Canada.
| | | | - Lora Xiong
- Ethical Naturals, Inc., 2731 Fair Oaks Ave, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - David C Crowley
- KGK Science Inc., 255 Queens Ave, London, ON, N6A 5R8, Canada
| | - Najla Guthrie
- KGK Science Inc., 255 Queens Ave, London, ON, N6A 5R8, Canada
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Wang Y, Cheng X, Yang T, Su Y, Lin S, Zhang S, Zhang Z. Nitrogen-Regulated Theanine and Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Tea Plant Roots: Protein-Level Regulation Revealed by Multiomics Analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10002-10016. [PMID: 34406741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Theanine and flavonoids (especially proanthocyanidins) are the most important and abundant secondary metabolites synthesized in the roots of tea plants. Nitrogen promotes theanine and represses flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plant roots, but the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Here, we analyzed theanine and flavonoid metabolism in tea plant roots under nitrogen deficiency and explored the regulatory mechanism using proteome and ubiquitylome profiling together with transcriptome data. Differentially expressed proteins responsive to nitrogen deficiency were identified and found to be enriched in flavonoid, nitrogen, and amino acid metabolism pathways. The proteins responding to nitrogen deficiency at the transcriptional level, translational level, and both transcriptional and translational levels were classified. Nitrogen-deficiency-responsive and ubiquitinated proteins were further identified. Our results showed that most genes encoding enzymes in the theanine synthesis pathway, such as CsAlaDC, CsGDH, and CsGOGATs, were repressed by nitrogen deficiency at transcriptional and/or protein level(s). While a large number of enzymes in flavonoid metabolism were upregulated at the transcriptional and/or translational level(s). Importantly, the ubiquitylomic analysis identified important proteins, especially the hub enzymes in theanine and flavonoid biosynthesis, such as CsAlaDC, CsTSI, CsGS, CsPAL, and CsCHS, modified by ubiquitination. This study provided novel insights into the regulation of theanine and flavonoid biosynthesis and will contribute to future studies on the post-translational regulation of secondary metabolism in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Shupei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
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Peng WQ, Xiao G, Li BY, Guo YY, Guo L, Tang QQ. l-Theanine Activates the Browning of White Adipose Tissue Through the AMPK/α-Ketoglutarate/Prdm16 Axis and Ameliorates Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice. Diabetes 2021; 70:1458-1472. [PMID: 33863801 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
l-Theanine is a nonprotein amino acid with much beneficial efficacy. We found that intraperitoneal treatment of the mice with l-theanine (100 mg/kg/day) enhanced adaptive thermogenesis and induced the browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) with elevated expression of Prdm16, Ucp1, and other thermogenic genes. Meanwhile, administration of the mice with l-theanine increased energy expenditure. In vitro studies indicated that l-theanine induced the development of brown-like features in adipocytes. The shRNA-mediated depletion of Prdm16 blunted the role of l-theanine in promoting the brown-like phenotypes in adipocytes and in the iWAT of mice. l-theanine treatment enhanced AMPKα phosphorylation both in adipocytes and iWAT. Knockdown of AMPKα abolished l-theanine-induced upregulation of Prdm16 and adipocyte browning. l-Theanine increased the α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) level in adipocytes, which may increase the transcription of Prdm16 by inducing active DNA demethylation on its promoter. AMPK activation was required for l-theanine-induced increase of α-KG and DNA demethylation on the Prdm16 promoter. Moreover, intraperitoneal administration with l-theanine ameliorated obesity, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and reduced plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, and free fatty acids in the high-fat diet-fed mice. Our results suggest a potential role of l-theanine in combating diet-induced obesity in mice, which may involve l-theanine-induced browning of WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qiu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bai-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Qun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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45
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Uzunova G, Pallanti S, Hollander E. Presentation and management of anxiety in individuals with acute symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, and in the post-COVID-19 recovery phase. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2021; 25:115-131. [PMID: 33635172 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1887264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is associated with neuropsychiatric complications, the most frequent one being anxiety. Multiple biological and psychosocial factors contribute to anxiety in COVID-19. Among the biological factors, stress, genetics, gender, immune system, resilience, anosmia, hypogeusia, and central nervous system infection with SARS-CoV-2 are key. Anxiety is a complication of COVID-19 that may exacerbate the infection course, and the infection may exacerbate anxiety. We present the mechanisms of anxiety in symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19. We discuss the presentation of anxiety in patients without or with prior psychiatric illness, and with co-morbidities. Timely diagnosis and management of anxiety in COVID-19 patients is important. Given the frequent complication of COVID-19 with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Intensive Care Unit stay, anxiety may be a long-term complication. We review the diagnostic tools for anxiety in COVID-19, and summarise pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments. We provide recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow up of anxiety in COVID-19.Key pointsPatients with COVID-19 (symptomatic or asymptomatic) exhibit a high frequency of neuropsychiatric complications with highest percentage attributed to anxiety.Multiple biological and psychosocial risk factors for anxiety exist in COVID-19-ill individuals. Biological risk factors include stress, resilience, genetics, gender, age, immune system, direct infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with SARS-CoV-2, comorbid psychiatric and general medical illnesses, ARDS and ICU stay. Anosmia and hypogeusia are COVID-19-specific anxiety risk factors. Knowledge of the anxiety risk factors is essential to focus on timely interventions, because anxiety may be a complication of and exacerbate the COVID-19 course.An inverse correlation exists between resilience and anxiety because of COVID-19, and therefore efforts should be made to increase resilience in COVID-19 patients.In COVID-19, important anxiety mechanism is neuroinflammation resulting from activation of the immune system and an ensuing cytokine storm.The general approach to management of anxiety in COVID-19 should be compassionate, similar to that during trauma or disaster, with efforts focussed on instilling a sense of hope and resilience.In selecting pharmacological treatment of anxiety, the stress response and immune system effects should be key. Medications with cardio-respiratory adverse effects should be avoided in patients with respiratory problems.Anxiety is a disorder that will require for long-term follow up at least one month after COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoveva Uzunova
- Psychiatric Research Institute at Montefiore-Einstein, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Stefano Pallanti
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Firenze, Italy.,Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eric Hollander
- Autism and Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Psychiatric Research Institute at Montefiore-Einstein, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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46
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Chen H, Wei L, Guo X, Hai C, Xu L, Zhang L, Lan W, Zhou C, She Y, Fu H. Determination of l-theanine in tea water using fluorescence-visualized paper-based sensors based on CdTe quantum dots/corn carbon dots and nano-porphyrin with chemometrics. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2552-2560. [PMID: 33063338 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of tea is influenced by numerous factors, especially l-theanine, which is one of the important markers used to evaluate the sweetness and freshness of tea. Sensitive, rapid, and accurate detection of l-theanine is therefore useful to identify the grade and quality of tea. RESULTS A high-sensitivity, paper-based fluorescent sensor combined with chemometrics was established to detect l-theanine in tea water based on CdTe quantum dots / corn carbon dots and nano tetra pyridel-porphine zinc (ZnTPyP). To verify the reliability of this method, fluorescence spectra and fluorescence-visualized paper-based sensors were compared. The fluorescence spectrum method demonstrated a linear range of 1 to 10 000 nmol L-1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.19 nmol L-1 . In the fluorescence-visualized paper-based sensors there was a linear range of 10-1000 nmol L-1 , and the LOD was 10 nmol L-1 . Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) and partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR) were used successfully to determine l-theanine accurately in tea water with this approach. The accuracy of the PLSDA model was 100% both in the training set and the predicting set, and the correlation coefficient between the actual concentration and the predicted concentration was greater than 0.9997 in the PLSR model. CONCLUSION This fluorescence-visualized paper-based sensor, combined with chemometrics, could be applied efficiently to the practical analysis of tea water samples, which provides a new idea to ensure the flavor and quality of tea. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengye Chen
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Liuna Wei
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Guo
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengying Hai
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Xu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lan
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunsong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- International Environmental Protection City Technology Limited Company (IEPCT), Yixing, China
| | - Yuanbin She
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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47
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Yang T, Liu S, Liu H, Long M, Chen P, Zhang X, Xu M, Rao Z. Semi-quantitative activity assays for high-throughput screening of higher activity gamma glutamyl transferase and enzyme immobilization to efficiently synthesize L-theanine. J Biotechnol 2021; 330:9-16. [PMID: 33636215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bio-production of theanine is currently of significant interest due to its wide applications in food and healthcare products. Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) has been widely applied in L-theanine synthesis, but L-theanine yields remain prohibitively low for commercial production. In this study, a robust high-throughput screening process for isolating GGT mutants was developed through a combination of error-prone PCR techniques and a colorimetric reaction. The co-expression of PrsA lipoprotein enhances the secretion of GGT, thus GGT could be obtained quickly and easily without crushing cells. Random mutations on ggt genes were introduced by using error-prone PCR kits to build a large mutant library. A colorless compound generated by the reaction between NH4+ (released from L-theanine synthesis) and OPA was measured quantitatively by UV/visible spectroscopy when mixed with TCA and DMSO. Approximately 30 positive clones with improved color formation on the 96-well plates were identified, and mutants T413P and T463S with more than by 30 % higher transpeptidation activity versus the original GGT were isolated. To improve the operational stability and economical use, mutant GGT was immobilized on a prepared oxidized cellulose nanofiber membrane. The remaining activity of immobilized GGT was 88 % versus 72 % of free enzyme over 15 h. A fed-batch conversion was performed with the immobilized GGT, and over 70 g/L L-theanine could be accumulated within 18 h after feeding twice. Versus other studies, this is one of the best L-theanine synthesis systems using immobilized GGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
| | - Shuanying Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Mengfei Long
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
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48
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Tsuge Y, Matsuzawa H. Recent progress in production of amino acid-derived chemicals using Corynebacterium glutamicum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:49. [PMID: 33569648 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Green chemical production by microbial processes is critical for the development of a sustainable society in the twenty-first century. Among the important industrial microorganisms, the gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum has been utilized for amino acid fermentation, which is one of the largest microbial-based industries. To date, several amino acids, including L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, and L-threonine, have been produced by C. glutamicum. The capability to produce substantial amounts of amino acids has gained immense attention because the amino acids can be used as a precursor to produce other high-value-added chemicals. Recent developments in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology technologies have enabled the extension of metabolic pathways from amino acids. The present review provides an overview of the recent progress in the microbial production of amino acid-derived bio-based monomers such as 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,5-diaminopentane, glutaric acid, 5-aminolevulinic acid, L-pipecolic acid, 4-amino-1-butanol, and 5-aminolevulinic acid, as well as building blocks for healthcare products and pharmaceuticals such as ectoine, L-theanine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid by metabolically engineered C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Tsuge
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan. .,Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Matsuzawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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Chen Z, Wang Z, Yuan H, He N. From Tea Leaves to Factories: A Review of Research Progress in l-Theanine Biosynthesis and Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1187-1196. [PMID: 33475342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
l-Theanine is the most popular nonprotein amino acid contained in tea leaves. It is one of the umami components of green tea, contributing to the unique flavor of tea. Because of its various health functions, l-theanine has been commercially developed as a valuable ingredient easily used for various applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, l-theanine is mass-produced by plant extraction, chemical synthesis, or enzymatic transformation in factories. This review embodies the available up to date information on the l-theanine synthesis metabolism in the tea plant as well as approaches to produce it, placing emphasis on the biotransformation of l-theanine. It also gives insight into the challenges of l-theanine production on a large scale, as well as directions for future research. This review comprehensively summarizes information on l-theanine to provide an approach for an in-depth study of l-theanine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- TBI, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31013, France
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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50
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Xiao Z, Tao M, Liu Z. Effects of stem removal on physicochemical properties and sensory quality of tencha beverages (Camellia sinensis; Chuanxiaoye). J Food Sci 2021; 86:327-333. [PMID: 33438221 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fresh tea leaves (Camellia sinensis; Chuanxiaoye) used to make tencha tea are a combination of the stem and leaf. Tencha made from the leaf alone is considered a high-quality tencha beverage with a seaweed-like aroma, mellow taste, and a green appearance. However, no study has investigated the differences between these two variants. In this study, the effects of stem removal on physicochemical properties and sensory quality of tencha beverage were investigated. The appearance feature, taste, and aroma were evaluated, and the results indicated that stem removal improved the quality of tencha beverages. The water extract, total free amino acids, total catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, caffeine, and chlorophyll were higher in leaf-only tencha (LOT) than in leaf and stem tencha (LST), whereas the crude fiber and phenol ammonia ratios were lower in LOT than in LST. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis further discriminated between the tencha beverages with different stem contents. This study provided a theoretical basis for quality control by adopting a stem-leaf separation process in tencha manufacturing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research provides theoretical guidance for improving tencha quality during manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China.,School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Meng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China.,School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhengquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China.,School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
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