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Zhang X, Khan NA, Yao E, Kong F, Chen M, Khan RU, Liu X, Zhang Y, Xin H. Effect of growing regions on morphological characteristics, protein subfractions, rumen degradation and molecular structures of various whole-plant silage corn cultivars. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0282547. [PMID: 38206945 PMCID: PMC10783724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Little information exists on the variation in morphological characteristics, nutritional value, ruminal degradability, and molecular structural makeup of diverse whole-plant silage corn (WPSC) cultivars among different growing regions. This study investigated the between-regions (Beijing, Urumchi, Cangzhou, Liaoyuan, Tianjin) discrepancies in five widely used WPSC cultivars in China (FKBN, YQ889, YQ23, DK301 and ZD958), in terms of 1) morphological characteristics; 2) crude protein (CP) chemical profile; 3) Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) CP subfractions; 4) in situ CP degradation kinetics; and 5) CP molecular structures. Our results revealed significant growing region and WPSC cultivar interaction for all estimated morphological characteristics (P < 0.001), CP chemical profile (P < 0.001), CNCPS subfractions (P < 0.001) and CP molecular structural features (P < 0.05). Except ear weight (P = 0.18), all measured morphological characteristics varied among different growing regions (P < 0.001). Besides, WPSC cultivars planted in different areas had remarkably different CP chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions (P < 0.001). All spectral parameters of protein primary structure of WPSC differed (P < 0.05) due to the growing regions, except amide II area (P = 0.28). Finally, the area ratio of amide I to II was negatively correlated with the contents of soluble CP (δ = -0.66; P = 0.002), CP (δ = -0.61; P = 0.006), non-protein nitrogen (δ = -0.56; P = 0.004) and acid detergent insoluble CP (δ = -0.43; P = 0.008), in conjunction with a positive correlation with moderately degradable CP (PB1; δ = 0.58; P = 0.01). In conclusion, the cultivar of DK301 exhibited high and stable CP content. The WPSC planted in Beijing showed high CP, SCP and NPN. The low rumen degradable protein of WPSC was observed in Urumchi. Meanwhile, above changes in protein profiles and digestibility were strongly connected with the ratio of amide I and amide II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nazir Ahmad Khan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Enyue Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fanlin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rifat Ullah Khan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hangshu Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Revealed interactive association between macro-molecular structures and true nutrition supply in cool-season adapted CDC chickpeas and CDC barley using advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopic techniques. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Prates LL, Yu P. Interconnection between protein-related chemical functional group spectral features of prairie oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties and ruminant relevant nutrition-Degradation, intestinal digestion and true nutrient supply to dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 107:783-793. [PMID: 36245266 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To our knowledge, the study interconnection between inherent chemical functional group spectral features and nutrient utilisation is still limited. The objective of this study was to test the adequacy of vibrational Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy as a fast tool to assess the interactive relationship between the nutritive value of the Prairie cool-season oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties in dairy cows and inherent chemical functional group spectral features. The chemical functional group spectral features of the Prairie cool-season oat varieties in western Canada were determined by Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy. The protein-related spectral parameters of chemical functional groups included peak height and peak area intensity of Amide I, Amid II, protein structural α-helix and β-sheet, and their ratios. The rumen degradation kinetics were determined using in situ techniques with four rumen-canulated lactating dairy cows. The intestinal digestion was evaluated using a three-step in vitro technique with 12 h preincubation. The experiment was an randomized complete block design. The data were analysed using the mixed-model procedure of the Statistical Analysis System. The results showed that the interconnection between rumen degradation kinetics, intestinal digestion and true nutrient supply to dairy cows and protein-related chemical functional group spectral features could be revealed by ATR-FTIR with univariate and multi-variate spectral analyses. These findings indicate that ruminant relevant nutritive value of cool-season oats could be rapidly evaluated and predicted using oat-specific functional group spectral characteristics which could be obtained by a non-distractive bioanalytical tool of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana L Prates
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Ortuño J, Traynor T, Campbell M, Theodoridou K. Using attenuated-total-reflection Fourier-transformed spectroscopy to reveal molecular structural differences among willow (Salix spp.) foliage cultivars in relation to their potential as fodders. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3237-3249. [PMID: 34796978 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Willow trees represent a suitable species for the development of agroforestry systems, integrating bioenergy and animal feed production. However, there is a lack of information regarding the suitability of leaves and stems, considered a bioenergy by-product, as animal feed. The aim of this study was the employment of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (550-4000 cm-1 ) to investigate differences in the nutrient molecular structure profile of leaves and stems of selected willow cultivars to understand their utility for ruminant nutrition. RESULTS Univariate analysis of variance of leaves showed lower intensities of cellulosic compounds and higher of protein in comparison with stems, which suggests higher leaf dry matter and protein digestibility. Spectral analyses revealed differences in both plant parts between Salix cv. Terra Nova and Salix cv. Beagle, cv. Resolution, and cv. Olof. The higher α-helix to β-sheet ratio, which is related to a higher protein digestibility, was in correlation with the lower content of condensed tannins. Principal component and agglomerative hierarchical cluster analyses showed significant discrimination among willow cultivars in the cellulosic, structural carbohydrate, and amide regions, whereas differences were less evident for total carbohydrate and lipid-related regions. CONCLUSION The application of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared molecular spectroscopy is an effective tool to rapidly identify spectral features related to the nutritional composition of willow foliage and to discriminate between cultivars and parts of the plant. This information would be useful to optimize the use of willow fodders in agroforestry systems. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ortuño
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, UK
| | - Thomas Traynor
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, UK
| | - Mairead Campbell
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, UK
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Gholizadeh H, Naserian AA, Yari M, Jonker A, Yu P. Crude protein fractionation, in situ ruminal degradability and FTIR protein molecular structures of different cultivars within barley, corn and sorghum cereal grains. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Ban Y, Prates LL, Feng X, Khan NA, Yu P. Novel Use of Ultra-Resolution Synchrotron Vibrational Micropectroscopy (SR-FT/vIMS) to Assess Carinata and Canola oilseed tissues within Cellular and Subcellular Dimensions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:118934. [PMID: 33032114 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted to: (1) apply advanced synchrotron radiation-based technique-SR-FT/vIMS to detect chemical profiles that are related to protein and carbohydrate biopolymers, (2) quantify the relationship between spectral features and nutrient utilization and bioavailability of newly developed carinata and canola seed lines. The molecular spectral features of these seed lines were analyzed using SR-FT/vIMS with both univariate and multivariate spectral analysis techniques. The results showed that the inherent structural characteristics of new carinata and new canola seeds could be detected by SR-FT/vIMS. The univariate molecular spectral analysis showed differences in absorption intensities (peak heights and areas) of functional groups related to protein and carbohydrate molecular structures, while multivariate molecular spectral analysis without any spectral parameterization results showed similar protein and carbohydrate structure between new carinata and new canola seeds. Based on both, univariate and multivariate analysis, there were some differences between carinata seeds and canola seeds in protein and Carbohydrate (CHO) structure spectral characteristics, but these differences were not distinguishable in CLA and PCA plots regardless the color seed coat when using original spectral without spectral parameterization. Protein and carbohydrate structural variables could be used as predictors of rumen protein degradation kinetics, protein intestinal digestion features and protein supply for dairy cows. The CHO molecular structure showed great correlation with rumen protein degradation, intestinal protein digestion and predicted true protein supply of the newly developed carinata and canola lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Ban
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - Luciana L Prates
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada; School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, China
| | - Nazir A Khan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada; Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada.
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Xin H, Ahmad Khan N, Sun K, Sun F, Ur Rahman S, Fu Q, Li Y, Zhang Y, Hu G. Batch-to-batch variation in protein molecular structures, nutritive value and ruminal metabolism in corn coproducts. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on protein structure and digestibility of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) muscle. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Effect of drying process assisted by high-pressure impregnation on protein quality and digestibility in red abalone ( Haliotis rufescens). JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 54:3744-3751. [PMID: 29051671 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abalone (Haliotis spp.) is an exotic seafood product recognized as a protein source of high biological value. Traditional methods used to preserve foods such as drying technology can affect their nutritional quality (protein quality and digestibility). A 28-day rat feeding study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the drying process assisted by high-pressure impregnation (HPI) (350, 450, and 500 MPa × 5 min) on chemical proximate and amino acid compositions and nutritional parameters, such as protein efficiency ratio (PER), true digestibility (TD), net protein ratio, and protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of dried abalone. The HPI-assisted drying process ensured excellent protein quality based on PER values, regardless of the pressure level. At 350 and 500 MPa, the HPI-assisted drying process had no negative effect on TD and PDCAAS then, based on nutritional parameters analysed, we recommend HPI-assisted drying process at 350 MPa × 5 min as the best process condition to dry abalone. Variations in nutritional parameters compared to casein protein were observed; nevertheless, the high protein quality and digestibility of HPI-assisted dried abalones were maintained to satisfy the metabolic demands of human beings.
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Ban Y, L Prates L, Yu P. Investigating Molecular Structures of Bio-Fuel and Bio-Oil Seeds as Predictors To Estimate Protein Bioavailability for Ruminants by Advanced Nondestructive Vibrational Molecular Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9147-9157. [PMID: 28933547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to (1) determine protein and carbohydrate molecular structure profiles and (2) quantify the relationship between structural features and protein bioavailability of newly developed carinata and canola seeds for dairy cows by using Fourier transform infrared molecular spectroscopy. Results showed similarity in protein structural makeup within the entire protein structural region between carinata and canola seeds. The highest area ratios related to structural CHO, total CHO, and cellulosic compounds were obtained for carinata seeds. Carinata and canola seeds showed similar carbohydrate and protein molecular structures by multivariate analyses. Carbohydrate molecular structure profiles were highly correlated to protein rumen degradation and intestinal digestion characteristics. In conclusion, the molecular spectroscopy can detect inherent structural characteristics in carinata and canola seeds in which carbohydrate-relative structural features are related to protein metabolism and utilization. Protein and carbohydrate spectral profiles could be used as predictors of rumen protein bioavailability in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Ban
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, ‡Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - Luciana L Prates
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, ‡Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, ‡Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada
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11
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Xin H, Ding X, Zhang L, Sun F, Wang X, Zhang Y. Investigation of the Spectroscopic Information on Functional Groups Related to Carbohydrates in Different Morphological Fractions of Corn Stover and Their Relationship to Nutrient Supply and Biodegradation Characteristics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4035-4043. [PMID: 28343395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) nutritive values and biodegradation characteristics and (2) mid-IR spectroscopic features within the regions associated with carbohydrate functional groups (including cellulosic component (CELC), structural carbohydrate (STCHO), and total carbohydrate (CHO)) in different morphological fractions of corn stover. Furthermore, correlation and regression analyses were also applied to determine the relationship between nutritional values and spectroscopic parameters. The results showed that different morphological sections of corn stover had different nutrient supplies, in situ biodegradation characteristics, and spectral structural features within carbohydrate regions. The stem rind and ear husk were both high in fibrous content, which led to the lowest effective degradabilities (ED) among these stalk fractions. The ED values of NDF were ranked ear husk > stem pith > leaf blade > leaf sheath > whole plant > stem rind. Intensities of peak height and area within carbohydrate regions were relatively more stable compared with spectral ratio profiles. Significant difference was found only in peak area intensity of CELC, which was at the highest level for stem rind, followed by stem pith, leaf sheath, whole plant, leaf blade, and ear husk. Correlation results showed that changes in some carbohydrate spectral ratios were highly associated with carbohydrate chemical profiles and in situ rumen degradation kinetics. Among the various carbohydrate molecular spectral parameters that were tested in multiple regression analysis, CHO height ratios, and area ratios of CELC:CHO and CELC:STCHO as well as CELC area were mostly sensitive to nutrient supply and biodegradation characteristics in different morphological fractions of corn stover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangshu Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xue Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030, China
- Gushi Agriculture & Animal Husbandry Group Company, Ltd. , Harbin 150078, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030, China
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Li X, Zhang Y, Yu P. Association of Bio-energy Processing-Induced Protein Molecular Structure Changes with CNCPS-Based Protein Degradation and Digestion of Co-products in Dairy Cows. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4086-94. [PMID: 27112731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to develop a model to predict Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein System (CNCPS) protein degradation and digestion based on protein molecular structure changes induced by bio-energy processing in different types of co-products (CoPR, CoPC, CoPS = co-products from bioprocessing of rapeseed, canola seed, and soybean, respectively). The results showed that the inherent structure changes induced by the processing had a close relationship with CNCPS predicted protein degradable, undegradable, and digestible contents. The amide I to II ratio and α-helix to β-sheet ratio could be used to predict total degradable protein (R(2) = 0.99, RSD = 0.84, P < 0.001). Total CNCPS intestinal digestible protein could be predicted by protein structure α-helix to β-sheet ratio (R(2) = 0.93, RSD = 0.33, P < 0.001). In conclusion, the processing-induced protein molecular structure changes were highly linked to protein nutritive value of the co-products and could be used as predictors for CNCPS protein degradation and digestion in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030, China
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
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Bai M, Qin G, Sun Z, Long G. Relationship between Molecular Structure Characteristics of Feed Proteins and Protein In vitro Digestibility and Solubility. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 29:1159-65. [PMID: 26954145 PMCID: PMC4932570 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional value of feed proteins and their utilization by livestock are related not only to the chemical composition but also to the structure of feed proteins, but few studies thus far have investigated the relationship between the structure of feed proteins and their solubility as well as digestibility in monogastric animals. To address this question we analyzed soybean meal, fish meal, corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles, corn gluten meal, and feather meal by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the protein molecular spectral band characteristics for amides I and II as well as α-helices and β-sheets and their ratios. Protein solubility and in vitro digestibility were measured with the Kjeldahl method using 0.2% KOH solution and the pepsin-pancreatin two-step enzymatic method, respectively. We found that all measured spectral band intensities (height and area) of feed proteins were correlated with their the in vitro digestibility and solubility (p≤0.003); moreover, the relatively quantitative amounts of α-helices, random coils, and α-helix to β-sheet ratio in protein secondary structures were positively correlated with protein in vitro digestibility and solubility (p≤0.004). On the other hand, the percentage of β-sheet structures was negatively correlated with protein in vitro digestibility (p<0.001) and solubility (p = 0.002). These results demonstrate that the molecular structure characteristics of feed proteins are closely related to their in vitro digestibility at 28 h and solubility. Furthermore, the α-helix-to-β-sheet ratio can be used to predict the nutritional value of feed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmei Bai
- Animal Production and Product Quality and Security Key Lab, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Guixin Qin
- Animal Production and Product Quality and Security Key Lab, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zewei Sun
- Animal Production and Product Quality and Security Key Lab, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Guohui Long
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Villegas-Torres MF, Ward JM, Lye GJ. The protein fraction from wheat-based dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS): extraction and valorization. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:606-11. [PMID: 25644639 PMCID: PMC4571995 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wheat DDGS is a major by-product from first generation bioethanol facilities. Variability in feedstocks and processing generates inconsistent batches of wheat DDGS impeding protein prediction. We described possible methods for extraction of gluten from wheat DDGS. We discuss options for valorization of the protein fraction from wheat DDGS into chemicals or biomaterials.
Nowadays there is worldwide interest in developing a sustainable economy where biobased chemicals are the lead actors. Various potential feedstocks are available including glycerol, rapeseed meal and municipal solid waste (MSW). For biorefinery applications the byproduct streams from distilleries and bioethanol plants, such as wheat-based dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS), are particularly attractive, as they do not compete for land use. Wheat DDGS is rich in polymeric sugars, proteins and oils, making it ideal as a current animal feed, but also a future substrate for the synthesis of fine and commodity chemicals. This review focuses on the extraction and valorization of the protein fraction of wheat DDGS as this has received comparatively little attention to date. Since wheat DDGS production is expected to increase greatly in the near future, as a consequence of expansion of the bioethanol industry in the UK, strategies to valorize the component fractions of DDGS are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Villegas-Torres
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, WC1H 0AH London, UK
| | - J M Ward
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, WC1H 0AH London, UK
| | - G J Lye
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, WC1H 0AH London, UK.
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Relationship of feeds protein structural makeup in common Prairie feeds with protein solubility, in situ ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Xin H, Falk KC, Yu P. Studies on Brassica carinata seed. 1. Protein molecular structure in relation to protein nutritive values and metabolic characteristics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10118-10126. [PMID: 24059852 DOI: 10.1021/jf4020763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the protein chemical profile, (2) the protein subfractions partitioned by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), (3) the rumen crude protein (CP) degradation kinetics, (4) the protein supply predicted by the DVE/OEB system, (5) the protein structural features using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique with attenuated total reflectance (ATR), and (6) the correlations between protein intrinsic structural features and nutritional profiles in three strains of Brassica carinata in yellow and brown seed coats, with comparison to canola seed as a reference. The results showed that carinata seed strains were different in both nutritional values and IR absorbance within the protein spectral region (ca. 1720-1482 cm(-1)). The comparison between yellow and brown B. carinata seeds indicated that the former was lower in acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP; P = 0.002) and undegradable protein fraction (PC; P = 0.002) and greater in the degradable (D) fraction (P = 0.004) and true absorbed protein in the small intestine (DVE; P = 0.02) as well as feed milk value (FMV; P = 0.02) than the latter. The brown canola seed (Brassica napus L.) was also not in full accordance with B. carinata seed on these parameters. The FTIR studies showed significant differences in protein amide II peak height, amide I peak area, and β-sheet height among different B. carinata strains. However, multivariate spectral analyses indicated a similarity in protein structural makeup in these four kinds of oilseed. The not very strong correlations shown in this study implied that the limited sample size and narrow range in biological and spectral variation might be responses for the weak relationships between chemical profile and mid-IR spectral data. Further studies using sufficient samples with wide and diverse range in nutritional properties are needed to illustrate the actual relationship between spectroscopic data and nutritional profiles in oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangshu Xin
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
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Azarfar A, Jonker A, Yu P. Protein structures among bio-ethanol co-products and its relationships with ruminal and intestinal availability of protein in dairy cattle. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16802-16. [PMID: 23955265 PMCID: PMC3759936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to reveal molecular structures of protein among different types of the dried distillers grains with solubles (100% wheat DDGS (WDDGS); DDGS blend1 (BDDGS1, corn to wheat ratio 30:70%); DDGS blend2 (BDDGS2, corn to wheat ratio 50:50 percent)) and different batches within DDGS type using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT). Compared with BDDGS1 and BDDGS2, wheat DDGS had higher (p < 0.05) peak area intensities of protein amide I and II and amide I to II intensity ratio. Increasing the corn to wheat ratio form 30:70 to 50:50 in the blend DDGS did not affect amide I and II area intensities and their ratio. Amide I to II peak intensity ratio differed (p < 0.05) among the different batches within WDDGS and BDDGS1. Compared with both blend DDGS types, WDDGS had higher α-helix and β-sheet ratio (p < 0.05), while α-helix to β-sheet ratio was similar among the three DDGS types. The α-helix to β-sheet ratio differed significantly among batches within WDDGS. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that protein molecular structures in WDDGS differed from those of BDDGS1 and between different batches within BDDGS1 and BDDGS2. The α-helix to β-sheet ratios of protein in all DDGS types had an influence on availability of protein at the ruminal level as well as at the intestinal level. The α-helix to β-sheet ratio was positively correlated to rumen undegraded protein (r = 0.41, p < 0.05) and unavailable protein (PC; r = 0.59, p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Azarfar
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bio-Resources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; E-Mails: (A.A.); (A.J.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, PO Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Arjan Jonker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bio-Resources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; E-Mails: (A.A.); (A.J.)
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bio-Resources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; E-Mails: (A.A.); (A.J.)
- Department of Animal Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjin Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-306-966-4132; Fax: +1-306-966-4151
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Theodoridou K, Yu P. Application potential of ATR-FT/IR molecular spectroscopy in animal nutrition: revelation of protein molecular structures of canola meal and presscake, as affected by heat-processing methods, in relationship with their protein digestive behavior and utilization for dairy cattle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5449-5458. [PMID: 23683050 DOI: 10.1021/jf400301y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein quality relies not only on total protein but also on protein inherent structures. The most commonly occurring protein secondary structures (α-helix and β-sheet) may influence protein quality, nutrient utilization, and digestive behavior. The objectives of this study were to reveal the protein molecular structures of canola meal (yellow and brown) and presscake as affected by the heat-processing methods and to investigate the relationship between structure changes and protein rumen degradations kinetics, estimated protein intestinal digestibility, degraded protein balance, and metabolizable protein. Heat-processing conditions resulted in a higher value for α-helix and β-sheet for brown canola presscake compared to brown canola meal. The multivariate molecular spectral analyses (PCA, CLA) showed that there were significant molecular structural differences in the protein amide I and II fingerprint region (ca. 1700-1480 cm(-1)) between the brown canola meal and presscake. The in situ degradation parameters, amide I and II, and α-helix to β-sheet ratio (R_a_β) were positively correlated with the degradable fraction and the degradation rate. Modeling results showed that α-helix was positively correlated with the truly absorbed rumen synthesized microbial protein in the small intestine when using both the Dutch DVE/OEB system and the NRC-2001 model. Concerning the protein profiles, R_a_β was a better predictor for crude protein (79%) and for neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (68%). In conclusion, ATR-FT/IR molecular spectroscopy may be used to rapidly characterize feed structures at the molecular level and also as a potential predictor of feed functionality, digestive behavior, and nutrient utilization of canola feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Theodoridou
- College of Agricultural and Bioresources, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
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Xin H, Yu P. Chemical profile, energy values, and protein molecular structure characteristics of biofuel/bio-oil co-products (carinata meal) in comparison with canola meal. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3926-3933. [PMID: 23581565 DOI: 10.1021/jf400028n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To our knowledge, little information exists on nutritive values and molecular structural characteristics associated with protein biopolymers of carinata meal from biofuel and bio-oil processing. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) chemical compositions; (2) protein and carbohydrate subfractions partitioned by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS); (3) truly digestible nutrients and energy values; (4) protein conformation spectral characteristics using the ATR-FT/IR technique; and (5) the correlation between protein intrinsic structural features and nutrient profiles of carinata meal in comparison with conventional canola meal as references. The results showed that carinata meal was higher (p < 0.05) in soluble crude protein (SCP, 55.6% CP) and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN, 38.5% CP) and lower in acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP, 1.3% CP) compared to canola meal. Although no differences were found in CP and carbohydrate (CHO) contents, CNCPS protein and carbohydrate subfractions were different (p < 0.05) between carinata meal and canola meal. Carinata meal has similar contents of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and predicted energy values to canoal meal (p > 0.05). As for protein spectral features, much greater IR absorbance in amide I height and area as well as α-helix and β-sheet height for carinata meal by 20-31% (p < 0.05) was found compared with canola meal; however, results from agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (CLA) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated these two meals could not be distinguished completely within the protein spectrum (ca. 1728-1478 cm(-1)). Additionally, close correlations were observed between protein structural parameters and protein nutrient profiles and subfractions. All the comparisons between carinata meal and canola meal in our study indicated that carinata meal could be used as a potential high-protein supplement source for ruminants. Further study is needed on more information associated with nutrient degradability, utilization, and availability of carinata meal to ruminants for its better and effective application in animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangshu Xin
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
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