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Ahmad MS, Alanazi YA, Alrohaimi Y, Shaik RA, Alrashidi S, Al-Ghasham YA, Alkhalifah YS, Ahmad RK. Infant nutrition at risk: a global systematic review of ochratoxin A in human breast milk-human health risk assessment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39292700 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2401976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Human breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for newborns, but the potential transfer of contaminants like mycotoxins, particularly ochratoxin A (OTA), from maternal blood to milk remains a concern. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of global OTA levels in human breast milk and assess the associated health risks. We conducted a thorough search of scientific databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed, using keywords related to OTA in human breast milk. A total of 39 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. OTA levels compared to limits, estimated infant intake at various ages and health risks assessed using Margin of Exposures (MOEs) and Hazard quotient (HQ). Our findings reveal the widespread presence of OTA in breast milk across different regions, with notably higher levels detected in Africa compared to Asia, South America and Europe. The higher concentrations observed in warmer, humid climates suggest that environmental factors significantly influence OTA contamination. Mature breast milk samples generally exhibited greater OTA exposure. The neoplastic and non-neoplastic effects demonstrate generally low risks globally. The regional differences in OTA levels and associated health risk assessments underscore the need for continued research into the health impacts of OTA exposure in infants. This includes further investigation into multiple sources of exposure, such as infant formula, within the broader context of the exposome framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shakil Ahmad
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Abud Alanazi
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Alrohaimi
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyaz Ahamed Shaik
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Alrashidi
- Department of Paediatrics, Maternity and Children Hospital, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed A Al-Ghasham
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir S Alkhalifah
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ritu Kumar Ahmad
- Department of Applied Medical Science, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Yang Q, Guo S, Ran Y, Zeng J, Qiao D, Xu H, Cao Y. Enhanced degradation of exogenetic citrinin by glycosyltransferases in the oleaginous yeast Saitozyma podzolica zwy-2-3. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 413:131468. [PMID: 39260733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The contamination by the toxin citrinin (CIT), produced by fungi, has been reported in agricultural foods and is known to be nephrotoxic to humans. In this study, we found that CIT could be effectively degraded by the oleaginous yeast Saitozyma podzolica zwy-2-3. Four genes encoding glycosyltransferases (GTs) in S. podzolica zwy-2-3 (SPGTs) were identified by evolutionary and structural analyses. The overexpression of SPGTs enhanced CIT degradation to 0.56 mg/L/h in S. podzolica zwy-2-3 by increasing ATP and glutathione (GSH) contents to oxidize CIT and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Besides, SPGTs promoted lipid synthesis by 9.3 % of S. podzolica zwy-2-3 under CIT stress. These results suggest that SPGTs in oleaginous yeast play a pivotal role in enhancing CIT degradation and lipid accumulation. These findings provide a valuable basis for the application of GTs in oleaginous yeast to alleviate CIT contamination in agricultural production, which may contribute to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhuoma Yang
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Shengtao Guo
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yulu Ran
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Dairong Qiao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
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Das Trisha A, Hafsa JM, Hasan A, Habib A, Tuba HR, Degen GH, Ali N. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in breast milk and urine samples of nursing mothers in Bangladesh. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:135-146. [PMID: 38038834 PMCID: PMC10834631 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent nephrotoxin with carcinogenic properties and, thus, of concern as a food contaminant. Since food contaminant data are scarce in Bangladesh, we applied human biomonitoring to gain more insights into OTA exposure in the country's population. OTA concentrations in human milk and urine samples of nursing mothers were determined with the aim to assess also exposure to this mycotoxin in breastfed infants. Breastfeeding mothers (n = 74) from three districts of Bangladesh (Sylhet, Cumilla, and Mymensingh region) participated in this study. They provided demographic data, along with breast milk and urine samples. OTA levels were measured by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a detection limit of 60 ng/L for milk and 30 ng/L for urine.OTA was detected in 62.2% of all breast milk samples (mean 74.8 ± 49.0 ng/L, range < LOD-243.3 ng/L) and in 51.4% of all urine samples (mean 44.3 ± 63.5 ng/L, range < LOD-519.3 ng/L). The differences observed between regions for mean breast milk or for urinary OTA levels were relatively small. No significant correlation was observed between OTA levels in breast milk and food consumption patterns among nursing mothers. Regarding infant exposure, the estimated average daily intake of OTA for all was 15.0 ng/kg bw/day (range 4.5-45 ng/kg bw/day). In 34.5% of these infants, their estimated daily OTA intake exceeded a preliminary TDI value set by EFSA (17 ng/kg bw/day). The mean OTA intake was slightly higher (16.2 ± 7.8 ng/kg bw/day) in 1-2 months babies than in older infants (< 2 to 12 months), although the difference was not significant. Presence of OTA in most milk and urine samples of nursing mothers documents their widespread dietary mycotoxin exposure. Although based on a relatively small number of participants, the present analysis indicates non-negligible exposure of some nursed infants in Bangladesh. Therefore, further biomonitoring studies and investigations on major sources of OTA in food commodities are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aporajita Das Trisha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Jaasia Momtahena Hafsa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Akibul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Humaira Rashid Tuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, D-44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
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Tsai JF, Wu TS, Huang YT, Lin WJ, Yu FY, Liu BH. Exposure to Mycotoxin Citrinin Promotes Carcinogenic Potential of Human Renal Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19054-19065. [PMID: 37988173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin citrinin (CTN), commonly found in food and health supplements, may induce chromosomal instability. In this study, human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (hRPTECs) that were exposed to CTN (10 and 20 μM) over 3 days exhibited numerical chromosomal aberrations. Short-term (3 days) and long-term (30 days) exposures to CTN significantly promoted mitotic spindle abnormalities, wound healing, cell migration, and anchorage-independent growth in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Short-term exposure to 10 and 20 μM CTN increased the number of migrated cells on day 10 by 1.7 and 1.9 times, respectively. The number of anchorage-independent colonies increased from 2.2 ± 1.3 to 7.8 ± 0.6 after short-term exposure to 20 μM CTN and from 2.0 ± 1.0 to 12.0 ± 1.2 after long-term exposure. The transcriptomic profiles of CTN-treated HEK293 were subjected to over-representative analysis (ORA), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). Short-term exposure to CTN promoted the RTK/KRAS/RAF/MAPK cascade, while long-term exposure altered the extracellular matrix organization. Both short- and long-term CTN exposure activated cancer and cell cycle-related signaling pathways. These results demonstrate the carcinogenic potential of CTN in human cells and provide valuable insights into the cancer risk associated with CTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Feng Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Tzu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Biing-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
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Ushio M, Saito H, Tojo M, Nagano AJ. An ecological network approach for detecting and validating influential organisms for rice growth. eLife 2023; 12:RP87202. [PMID: 37702717 PMCID: PMC10499375 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
How to achieve sustainable food production while reducing environmental impacts is a major concern in agricultural science, and advanced breeding techniques are promising for achieving such goals. However, rice is usually grown under field conditions and influenced by surrounding ecological community members. How ecological communities influence the rice performance in the field has been underexplored despite the potential of ecological communities to establish an environment-friendly agricultural system. In the present study, we demonstrate an ecological-network-based approach to detect potentially influential, previously overlooked organisms for rice (Oryza sativa). First, we established small experimental rice plots, and measured rice growth and monitored ecological community dynamics intensively and extensively using quantitative environmental DNA metabarcoding in 2017 in Japan. We detected more than 1000 species (including microbes and macrobes such as insects) in the rice plots, and nonlinear time series analysis detected 52 potentially influential organisms with lower-level taxonomic information. The results of the time series analysis were validated under field conditions in 2019 by field manipulation experiments. In 2019, we focused on two species, Globisporangium nunn and Chironomus kiiensis, whose abundance was manipulated in artificial rice plots. The responses of rice, namely, the growth rate and gene expression patterns, were measured before and after the manipulation. We confirmed that, especially in the G. nunn-added treatment, rice growth rate and gene expression pattern were changed. In the present study, we demonstrated that intensive monitoring of an agricultural system and the application of nonlinear time series analysis were helpful to identify influential organisms under field conditions. Although the effects of the manipulations were relatively small, the research framework presented here has future potential to harness the ecological complexity and utilize it in agriculture. Our proof-of-concept study would be an important basis for the further development of field-basis system management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ushio
- Hakubi Center, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto UniversityOtsuJapan
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, KowloonHong Kong SARChina
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural SciencesOkinawaJapan
| | - Motoaki Tojo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku UniversityOtsuJapan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio UniversityTsuruokaJapan
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Abreu DCP, Vargas EA, Oliveira FADS, Uetanabaro APT, Pires PN, Bazzana MJF, Saczk AA. Study of co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cocoa beans in Brazil by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1049-1058. [PMID: 37505626 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2238838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 135 samples of cocoa beans collected in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest regions of Brazil were analysed to evaluate the possible co-occurrence of 34 mycotoxins. The results indicate that 42% of the cocoa samples exhibited quantifiable levels for 11 mycotoxins: aflatoxins (AFs) B1, B2 and G1; ochratoxin A; citrinin; cyclopiazonic acid; tenuazonic acid; paxilline; sterigmatocystin; zearalenone and fumonisin B2. Of the samples, 18% exhibited the co-occurrence of up to six mycotoxins. No toxins belonging to the groups of trichothecenes or ergot alkaloids were detected. Contingency analysis of the incidence of mycotoxins did not show significant differences between the two regions evaluated. Seven samples were contaminated with AFs, while only one contained ochratoxin A above 10 μg kg-1. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by proficiency testing for ochratoxin A, where satisfactory Z-scores were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenia Azevedo Vargas
- Laboratory of Quality Control and Food Safety, National Agricultural Laboratory of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Yoon JW, Shin S, Park J, Lee BR, Lee SI. TLR/MyD88-Mediated Inflammation Induced in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Ochratoxin A Affects Intestinal Barrier Function. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050437. [PMID: 37235251 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium performs vital functions such as nutrient absorption and acting as an intestinal barrier to maintain the host's homeostasis. Mycotoxin, which affects the processing and storage of animal feedstuff, is a problematic pollutant in farming products. Ochratoxin A generated by Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi causes inflammation, intestinal dysfunction, decline in growth, and reduced intake in porcine and other livestock. Despite these ongoing problems, OTA-related studies in intestinal epithelium are lacking. This study aimed to demonstrate that OTA regulates TLR/MyD88 signaling in IPEC-J2 cells and induces barrier function impairment through tight junction reduction. We measured expression of TLR/MyD88 signaling-related mRNAs and proteins. The indicator of intestinal barrier integrity was confirmed through immunofluorescence and transepithelial electrical resistance. Additionally, we confirmed whether inflammatory cytokines and barrier function were affected by MyD88 inhibition. MyD88 inhibition alleviated inflammatory cytokine levels, tight junction reduction, and damage to barrier function due to OTA. These results indicate that OTA induces TLR/MyD88 signaling-related genes and impairs tight junctions and intestinal barrier function in IPEC-J2 cells. MyD88 regulation in OTA-treated IPEC-J2 cells mitigates the tight junction and intestinal barrier function impairments. Our findings provide a molecular understanding of OTA toxicity in porcine intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woong Yoon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsu Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongWoong Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang In Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
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Tian Y, Hu X, Jiang J, Tang X, Tian Z, Zhang Z, Li P. Smartphone-Based Quantitative Detection of Ochratoxin A in Wheat via a Lateral Flow Assay. Foods 2023; 12:431. [PMID: 36765960 PMCID: PMC9914196 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) poses a severe health risk to livestock along the food chain. Moreover, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, it is also categorized as being possibly carcinogenic to humans. The lack of intelligent point-of-care test (POCT) methods restricts its early detection and prevention. This work establishes a smartphone-enabled point-of-care test for OTA detection via a fluorescent lateral flow assay within 6 min. By using a smartphone and portable reader, the assay allows for the recording and sharing of the detection results in a cloud database. This intelligent POCT provided (iPOCT) a linearity range of 0.1-3.0 ng/mL and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 ng/mL (0.32 µg/kg in wheat). By spiking OTA in blank wheat samples, the recoveries were 89.1-120.4%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) between 3.9-9.1%. The repeatability and reproducibility were 94.2-101.7% and 94.6-103.4%, respectively. This work provides a promising intelligent POCT method for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Tian
- College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Hu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhiquan Tian
- College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
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Validation and estimation of uncertainty of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 34 mycotoxins in cocoa beans. Food Chem 2023; 399:133902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Degen GH, Reinders J, Kraft M, Völkel W, Gerull F, Burghardt R, Sievering S, Engelmann J, Chovolou Y, Hengstler JG, Fromme H. Citrinin Exposure in Germany: Urine Biomarker Analysis in Children and Adults. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:26. [PMID: 36668846 PMCID: PMC9862099 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT), a mycotoxin known to exert nephrotoxicity, is a contaminant in food and feed. Since CIT contamination is not regularly analyzed, data on its occurrence and especially levels in food commodities are insufficient for conducting a conventional exposure assessment. Yet, human biomonitoring, i.e., an analysis of CIT and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) in urine samples allows to estimate exposure. This study investigated CIT exposure in young (2-14 years) and adult (24-61 years) residents of three federal states in Germany. A total of 179 urine samples from children and 142 from adults were collected and analyzed by a targeted LC-MS/MS based method for presence of CIT and DH-CIT. At least one of the biomarkers was detected and quantified in all urines, which indicated a widespread dietary exposure to the mycotoxin in Germany. Interestingly, the biomarker concentrations of CITtotal (sum of CIT and DH-CIT) were higher in children's urine (range 0.05-7.62 ng/mL; median of 0.54 ng/mL) than in urines from adults (range 0.04-3.5 ng/mL; median 0.3 ng/mL). The biomarker levels (CITtotal) of individual urines served to calculate the probable daily CIT intake, for comparison to a value of 0.2 µg/kg bw/day defined as 'level of no concern for nephrotoxicity' by the European Food Safety Authority. The median exposure of German adults was 0.013 µg/kg b.w., with only one urine donor exceeding this provisional tolerable daily intake (pTDI) for CIT. The median exposure of children was 0.05 µg/kg bw per day (i.e., 25% of the pTDI); however, CIT exposure in 12 individuals (6.3% of our study group) exceeded the limit value, with a maximum intake of 0.46 µg/kg b.w. per day. In conclusion, these results show evidence for non-negligible exposure to CIT in some individuals in Germany, mainly in children. Therefore, further biomonitoring studies and investigations aimed to identify the major sources of CIT exposure in food commodities are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany; (J.R.); (J.G.H.)
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany; (J.R.); (J.G.H.)
| | - Martin Kraft
- State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North-Rhine Westphalia, Department of Environmental Medicine, Wallneyer Straße 6, D-45133 Essen, Germany; (M.K.); (S.S.); (J.E.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wolfgang Völkel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety, Toxicology and Exposure Monitoring, Pfarrstraße 3, D-80538 München, Germany;
| | - Felicia Gerull
- Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg, Fachbereich IV-4, Umweltbezogener Gesundheitsschutz, Rudower Chaussee 39, D-12489 Berlin, Germany; (F.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Rafael Burghardt
- Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg, Fachbereich IV-4, Umweltbezogener Gesundheitsschutz, Rudower Chaussee 39, D-12489 Berlin, Germany; (F.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Silvia Sievering
- State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North-Rhine Westphalia, Department of Environmental Medicine, Wallneyer Straße 6, D-45133 Essen, Germany; (M.K.); (S.S.); (J.E.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jennifer Engelmann
- State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North-Rhine Westphalia, Department of Environmental Medicine, Wallneyer Straße 6, D-45133 Essen, Germany; (M.K.); (S.S.); (J.E.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yvonni Chovolou
- State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North-Rhine Westphalia, Department of Environmental Medicine, Wallneyer Straße 6, D-45133 Essen, Germany; (M.K.); (S.S.); (J.E.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany; (J.R.); (J.G.H.)
| | - Hermann Fromme
- Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, D-80336 München, Germany;
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Hassan HF, Abou Ghaida A, Charara A, Dimassi H, Faour H, Nahouli R, Karam L, Alwan N. Exposure to Ochratoxin A from Rice Consumption in Lebanon and United Arab Emirates: A Comparative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11074. [PMID: 36078789 PMCID: PMC9518451 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Our study aims to evaluate the ochratoxin A (OTA) in rice marketed in Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and to determine the exposure to OTA from rice consumption. All brands available in the market were collected twice (total number of collected samples: 105 and 127 in Lebanon and the UAE, respectively). Using ELISA, the OTA in 56 (53%) samples in Lebanon and 73 (58%) samples in the UAE were above the limit of quantification (0.8 μg/kg). The average concentrations of the positive samples ± standard deviations were 1.29 ± 0.32 and 1.40 ± 0.42 μg/kg in Lebanon and the UAE, respectively. Only one sample (1%) in Lebanon had a level at the borderline of the European Union (EU) limit, and two samples (1.6%) in the UAE had a level above the EU limit (5 μg/kg). The OTA in brown rice was higher than in white and parboiled rice for both countries, yet the difference was not significant. The packing season, packing country, and country of origin did not have any significant effects. The presence of a food safety certification resulted in lower OTA in the rice, but the difference was significant (p = 0.04) in the UAE only. Long grains had higher OTA than short grains, yet the difference was only significant in Lebanon (p = 0.046). The exposures were calculated as 1.27 ng/kg body weight/day in Lebanon and 1.42 ng/kg body weight/day in the UAE, and no health risk was observed for both the neoplastic and non-neoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F. Hassan
- Nutrition Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Alissar Abou Ghaida
- Nutrition Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Abeer Charara
- Nutrition Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Hani Dimassi
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
| | - Hussein Faour
- Biology Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Rayan Nahouli
- Biology Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Layal Karam
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Nisreen Alwan
- College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Green and sustainable technologies for the decontamination of fungi and mycotoxins in rice: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Kamle M, Mahato DK, Gupta A, Pandhi S, Sharma N, Sharma B, Mishra S, Arora S, Selvakumar R, Saurabh V, Dhakane-Lad J, Kumar M, Barua S, Kumar A, Gamlath S, Kumar P. Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020085. [PMID: 35202113 PMCID: PMC8874403 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Nitya Sharma
- Food Customization Research Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Bharti Sharma
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Shalini Arora
- Department of Dairy Technology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India;
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Vivek Saurabh
- Division of Food Science and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Jyoti Dhakane-Lad
- Technology Transfer Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Sreejani Barua
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India;
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Shirani Gamlath
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
- Correspondence:
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14
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Ganesan AR, Mohan K, Karthick Rajan D, Pillay AA, Palanisami T, Sathishkumar P, Conterno L. Distribution, toxicity, interactive effects, and detection of ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol in food: A review. Food Chem 2021; 378:131978. [PMID: 35033712 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that cause severe damage to agricultural products and food in the food supply chain. These detrimental pollutants have been directly linked with poor socioeconomic patterns and human health issues. Among the natural micropollutants, ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are widely distributed in food materials. The primary occurrence of these mycotoxins is reported in almost all cereal grains and fresh agro-products. Both mycotoxins have shown harmful effects, such as nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and genotoxic effects, in humans due to their complex structural formation during the degradation/acetylation reaction. In addition, improper preharvest, harvest, and postharvest handling tend to lead to the formation of OTA and DON in various food commodities, which allows different harmful fungicides in practice. Therefore, this review provides more insight into the distribution and toxicity of OTA/DON in the food matrix and human health. Furthermore, the interactive effects of OTA/DON with co-contaminated organic and inorganic compounds are discussed. Finally, international regulation and mitigation strategies for detoxication are critically evaluated to meet food safety and good agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Ramu Ganesan
- Group of Fermentation and Distillation, Laimburg Research Centre, Ora (BZ), Auer 39040, Italy.
| | - Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638 316, India
| | - Durairaj Karthick Rajan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu 608502, India
| | - Arti A Pillay
- School of Applied Sciences, College of Engineering Science and Technology, Fiji National University, Nabua Campus- 7222, Fiji Islands
| | - Thavamani Palanisami
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lorenza Conterno
- Group of Fermentation and Distillation, Laimburg Research Centre, Ora (BZ), Auer 39040, Italy.
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15
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Csenki Z, Garai E, Faisal Z, Csepregi R, Garai K, Sipos DK, Szabó I, Kőszegi T, Czéh Á, Czömpöly T, Kvell K, Poór M. The individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A with citrinin and their metabolites (ochratoxin B, ochratoxin C, and dihydrocitrinone) on 2D/3D cell cultures, and zebrafish embryo models. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112674. [PMID: 34800554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A and citrinin are nephrotoxic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium, and/or Monascus species. The combined effects of ochratoxin A and citrinin have been examined in more studies; however, only limited data are available regarding the co-exposure to their metabolites. In this investigation, the individual toxic effects of ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, ochratoxin C, citrinin, and dihydrocitrinone were tested as well as the combinations of ochratoxin A with the latter mycotoxins were examined on 2D and 3D cell cultures, and on zebrafish embryos. Our results demonstrate that even subtoxic concentrations of certain mycotoxins can increase the toxic impact of ochratoxin A. In addition, typically additive effects or synergism were observed as the combined effects of mycotoxins tested. These observations highlight that different cell lines (e.g. MDBK vs. MDCK), cell cultures (e.g. 2D vs. 3D), and models (e.g. in vitro vs. in vivo) can show different (sometimes opposite) impacts. Mycotoxin combinations considerably increased miR-731 levels in zebrafish embryos, which is an early marker of the toxicity on kidney development. These results underline that the co-exposure to mycotoxins (and/or mycotoxin metabolites) should be seriously considered, since even the barely toxic mycotoxins (or metabolites) in combinations can cause significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Edina Garai
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rita Csepregi
- Lab-on-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 13, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kitti Garai
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kánainé Sipos
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Szabó
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- Lab-on-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 13, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Árpád Czéh
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Soft Flow Ltd., Ürögi fasor 2/a, H-7634, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Czömpöly
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Soft Flow Ltd., Ürögi fasor 2/a, H-7634, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Kvell
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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16
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Kyei NNA, Waid JL, Ali N, Gabrysch S. Awareness, Experience, and Knowledge of Farming Households in Rural Bangladesh Regarding Mold Contamination of Food Crops: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10335. [PMID: 34639636 PMCID: PMC8508072 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aside from specific environmental conditions, poor agricultural practices contribute to mold and thus the mycotoxin contamination of crops. This study investigated Bangladeshi farming households' (i) awareness of and experience with mold contamination of food crops; (ii) knowledge and awareness of the timing, causes, and consequences of mold and mycotoxin contamination; and (iii) knowledge of the recommended agricultural practices for controlling and preventing mold contamination of food crops. A survey was conducted with 1280 households in rural areas of Habiganj district, Bangladesh. Basic descriptive statistics were calculated, and mixed-effects linear regression analyses were performed to examine associations between household characteristics and overall knowledge scores. The awareness of mold contamination of food crops was very high (99%; 95% CI: 98-100%) and a shared experience among households (85%; 95% CI: 80-88%). Yet, the majority (80%; 95% CI: 76-84%) demonstrated a low level of knowledge of the timing, causes, and preventive practices regarding mold contamination of crops. Knowledge scores were similar over demographic groups and better for households with more arable land. The findings suggest a generally insufficient knowledge of the conditions that favor mold contamination and the measures for preventing mold contamination of food crops. These findings underline the need for tailored interventions to promote good agricultural practices and reduce mold contamination of food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N. A. Kyei
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.L.W.); (S.G.)
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), 14412 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Public Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jillian L. Waid
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.L.W.); (S.G.)
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), 14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh;
| | - Sabine Gabrysch
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.L.W.); (S.G.)
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), 14412 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Public Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Feng N, She S, Hu H, Tang S, Tan J, Wu Q, Xiao J. Effects of Oligomeric Procyanidins From Lotus Seedpod on the Retrogradation Properties of Rice Starch. Front Nutr 2021; 8:751627. [PMID: 34631776 PMCID: PMC8494198 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.751627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of retrogradation strongly affects certain physical and cooking properties of rice starch (RS), which are important to consumers. In this study, oligomeric procyanidins from lotus seedpod (LSOPC) was prepared and used to investigate its inhibitory effect on RS retrogradation. Various structural changes of RS during retrogradation were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, low field nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed LSOPC could effectively retard both short- and long-term retrogradation of RS, and its inhibitory effect was dependent on the administered concentration of LSOPC. Molecule simulation revealed the interactions of RS and LSOPC, which indicated that the competition of hydrogen bonds between RS and LSOPC was the critical factor for anti-retrogradation. This inhibitory effect and mechanism of action of LSOPC could promote its applications in the field of starch anti-retrogradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianjie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaowen She
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hengfeng Hu
- J.S Corrugating Machinery Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Shimiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea/Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province/Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources/School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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18
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Narváez A, Izzo L, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ritieni A. Citrinin Dietary Exposure Assessment Approach through Human Biomonitoring High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Data. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6330-6338. [PMID: 34060319 PMCID: PMC9131448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a scarcely studied mycotoxin within foodstuffs, so the biomonitoring of this toxin and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) in biological samples represents the main alternative to estimate the exposure. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of CIT and DH-CIT in 300 urine samples from Italian individuals in order to assess the exposure. Quantification was performed through an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS)-based methodology. CIT was quantified in 47% of samples (n = 300) up to 4.0 ng/mg Crea (mean = 0.29 ng/mg Crea), whereas DH-CIT was quantified in 21% of samples up to 2.5 ng/mg Crea (mean = 0.39 ng/mg Crea). Considering different age groups, average exposure ranged from 8% to 40% of the provisional tolerable daily intake, whereas four individuals surpassed the limits suggested by the European Food Safety Authority. These results revealed non-negligible exposure levels to CIT, encouraging further investigation in foodstuffs monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Narváez
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Luana Izzo
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, València 46100, Spain
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
- UNESCO
Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, “Federico II” University, Naples 80131, Italy
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19
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Darbuka E, Gürkaşlar C, Yaman I. Ochratoxin A induces ERK1/2 phosphorylation-dependent apoptosis through NF-κB/ERK axis in human proximal tubule HK-2 cell line. Toxicon 2021; 199:79-86. [PMID: 34116085 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a food contaminant mycotoxin with hazardous effects on human and animal health, primarily affecting the kidneys. OTA's mode of action is not well understood. OTA activates both MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, which play role in apoptosis and cell survival, respectively. OTA is also known to induce toxicity by activating the NF-κB pathway in immune cells. However, its role in determining the cell fate upon OTA exposure in a human kidney cell line (HK-2) has not been fully explored. We made use of pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB to define its role in viability of OTA-treated HK-2 cells. We show that OTA-induced p65 NF-κB subunit translocation into the nucleus in a time-dependent manner using both Western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF). We also document the DNA-binding and reporter gene expression activities of NF-κB by electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and luciferase reporter assays, respectively. Our results indicate that, following 6 h of exposure, OTA fully activates NF-κB pathway and its downstream effectors in HK-2 cells. In addition, Bay11-7085 treatment causes attenuation of the relative levels of OTA-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting a cross-talk between NF-κB and the MAPK/ERK pathway. Critically, co-treatment of HK-2 cells with OTA and Bay11-7085 leads to the inhibition of OTA-induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. Our results support a robust association between NF-κB and the MAPK/ERK pathways in the modulation of apoptotic effects of OTA in HK-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Darbuka
- Bogazici University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Molecular Toxicology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Bebek, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey
| | - Can Gürkaşlar
- Bogazici University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Molecular Toxicology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Bebek, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yaman
- Bogazici University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Molecular Toxicology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Bebek, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey; Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bebek, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey.
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20
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Silva LJG, Pereira AMPT, Pena A, Lino CM. Citrinin in Foods and Supplements: A Review of Occurrence and Analytical Methodologies. Foods 2020; 10:E14. [PMID: 33374559 PMCID: PMC7822436 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) deserves attention due to its known toxic effects in mammalian species and its widespread occurrence in food commodities, often along with ochratoxin A, another nephrotoxic mycotoxin. Human exposure, a key element in assessing risk related to food contaminants, depends upon mycotoxin contamination levels in food and on food consumption. Commercial supplements, commonly designated as red rice, usually used in daily diets in Asiatic countries due to their medicinal properties, may pose a health problem as a result of high CIT levels. In addition to the worldwide occurrence of CIT in foods and supplements, a wide range of several analytical and detection techniques with high sensitivity, used for evaluation of CIT, are reviewed and discussed in this manuscript. This review addresses the scientific literature regarding the presence of CIT in foods of either vegetable or animal origin, as well as in supplements. On what concerns analytical methodologies, sample extraction methods, such as shaking extraction and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE), clean-up methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuECHERS), and detection and quantification methods, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), biosensors, and ELISA, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana J. G. Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.M.P.T.P.); (A.P.); (C.M.L.)
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Meerpoel C, Vidal A, Andjelkovic M, De Boevre M, Tangni EK, Huybrechts B, Devreese M, Croubels S, De Saeger S. Dietary exposure assessment and risk characterization of citrinin and ochratoxin A in Belgium. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111914. [PMID: 33307117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins is a worldwide problem. To ensure public health, it is imperative to characterize the risks related to these toxins. The present study aims to conduct a dietary exposure assessment of citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in the Belgian population using consumption data of a variety of foodstuffs. A total of 367 food samples from different food categories were collected in Belgian supermarkets and analysed for CIT and OTA using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Daily CIT and OTA exposure to the Belgian population was calculated based on the analytical results and food consumption data in three age categories (3-9, 10-17 and 18-64 years), obtained from a national food consumption survey. Furthermore, a risk characterization was performed for CIT, in which no intake values exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 200 ng kg-1 bw day-1, indicating no health risk. However, a CIT intake level of 187 ng kg-1 bw day-1 was detected for children in the age category of 3-9 years in the worst case scenario for rice, indicating that rice consumption could contain a potential health hazard for young children. For OTA, a potential health risk was detected in several food categories (biscuits, croissants, rice, flour, meat imitates, herbs and spices) in the higher percentiles (P99) or at maximum found concentrations when calculating the margin of exposure (MoE) for neoplastic effects. An attempt to perform a cumulative health risk assessment for both toxins was done. Although a high number of uncertainties is involved, combined margin of exposure (MoET) values indicated a potential health risk related to the combined exposure to CIT and OTA. For the first time, our study demonstrated the potential health risks of CIT and OTA after individual and combined exposure, in particular related to rice consumption. Moreover, further research is recommended concerning multiple mycotoxin exposure in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Meerpoel
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel K Tangni
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa.
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22
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Meerpoel C, Vidal A, Tangni EK, Huybrechts B, Couck L, De Rycke R, De Bels L, De Saeger S, Van den Broeck W, Devreese M, Croubels S. A Study of Carry-Over and Histopathological Effects after Chronic Dietary Intake of Citrinin in Pigs, Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E719. [PMID: 33207646 PMCID: PMC7697729 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a polyketide mycotoxin occurring in a variety of food and feedstuff, among which cereal grains are the most important contaminated source. Pigs and poultry are important livestock animals frequently exposed to mycotoxins, including CIT. Concerns are rising related to the toxic, and especially the potential nephrotoxic, properties of CIT. The purpose of this study was to clarify the histopathological effects on kidneys, liver, jejunum and duodenum of pigs, broiler chickens and laying hens receiving CIT contaminated feed. During 3 weeks, pigs (n = 16) were exposed to feed containing 1 mg CIT/kg feed or to control feed (n = 4), while 2 groups of broiler chickens and laying hens (n = 8 per group) received 0.1 mg CIT/kg feed (lower dose group) and 3 or 3.5 mg CIT/kg feed (higher dose group), respectively, or control feed (n = 4). CIT concentrations were quantified in plasma, kidneys, liver, muscle and eggs using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method. Kidneys, liver, duodenum and jejunum were evaluated histologically using light microscopy, while the kidneys were further examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histopathology did not reveal major abnormalities at the given contamination levels. However, a significant increase of swollen and degenerated mitochondria in renal cortical cells from all test groups were observed (p < 0.05). These observations could be related to oxidative stress, which is the major mechanism of CIT toxicity. Residues of CIT were detected in all collected tissues, except for muscle and egg white from layers in the lowest dose group, and egg white from layers in the highest dose group. CIT concentrations in plasma ranged between 0.1 (laying hens in lower dose group) and 20.8 ng/mL (pigs). In tissues, CIT concentrations ranged from 0.6 (muscle) to 20.3 µg/kg (liver) in pigs, while concentrations in chickens ranged from 0.1 (muscle) to 70.2 µg/kg (liver). Carry-over ratios from feed to edible tissues were between 0.1 and 2% in pigs, and between 0.1 and 6.9% in chickens, suggesting a low contribution of pig and poultry tissue-derived products towards the total dietary CIT intake for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Meerpoel
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.M.); (A.V.); (S.D.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.M.); (A.V.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Emmanuel K. Tangni
- Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium; (E.K.T.); (B.H.)
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium; (E.K.T.); (B.H.)
| | - Liesbeth Couck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.C.); (L.D.B.); (W.V.d.B.)
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 71, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, VIB BioImaging Core, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lobke De Bels
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.C.); (L.D.B.); (W.V.d.B.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.M.); (A.V.); (S.D.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.C.); (L.D.B.); (W.V.d.B.)
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Xiong L, Peng M, Zhao M, Liang Z. Truncated Expression of a Carboxypeptidase A from Bovine Improves Its Enzymatic Properties and Detoxification Efficiency of Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E680. [PMID: 33137913 PMCID: PMC7692142 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced mainly by Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. and commonly found in foodstuffs and feedstuffs. Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) can hydrolyze OTA into the non-toxic product ochratoxin α, with great potential to realize industrialized production and detoxify OTA in contaminated foods and feeds. This study constructed a P. pastoris expression vector of mature CPA (M-CPA) without propeptide and signal peptide. The results showed that the degradation rate of OTA by M-CPA was up to 93.36%. Its optimum pH was 8, the optimum temperature was 40 °C, the value of Km was 0.126 mmol/L, and the maximum reaction rate was 0.0219 mol/min. Compared with commercial CPA (S-CPA), the recombinant M-CPA had an improve stability, for which its optimum temperature increased by 10 °C and stability at a wide range pH, especially at pH 3-4 and pH 11. M-CPA could effectively degrade OTA in red wine. M-CPA has the potential for industrial applications, such as can be used as a detoxification additive for foods and feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.X.); (M.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mengxue Peng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.X.); (M.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Meng Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.X.); (M.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Zhihong Liang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.X.); (M.P.); (M.Z.)
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Gong L, Luo Z, Tang H, Tan X, Xie L, Lei Y, He C, Ma J, Han S. Integrative, genome-wide association study identifies chemicals associated with common women's malignancies. Genomics 2020; 112:5029-5036. [PMID: 32911025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer, cervical cancer, and ovarian cancer are three of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in women, and more cancer prevention research is urgently needed. METHODS Summary data of a large genome-wide association study of female cancers were derived from the UK biobank. We performed a transcriptome-wide association study and a gene set enrichment analysis to identify correlations between chemical exposure and aberrant expression, repression, or mutation of genes related to cancer using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. RESULTS We identified five chemicals (NSC668394, glafenine, methylnitronitrosoguanidine, fenofibrate, and methylparaben) that were associated with the incidence of both breast cancer and cervical cancer. CONCLUSION Using a transcriptome-wide association study and gene set enrichment analysis we identified environmental chemicals that are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, cervical cancer, and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyun Gong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Luo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Hanmin Tang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Xinyue Tan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Lina Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yutiantian Lei
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Chenchen He
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Jinlu Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Suxia Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China.
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Ali N, Degen GH. Biological monitoring for ochratoxin A and citrinin and their metabolites in urine samples of infants and children in Bangladesh. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:409-417. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ali N. Aflatoxins in rice: Worldwide occurrence and public health perspectives. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1188-1197. [PMID: 31768330 PMCID: PMC6872864 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate dietary staples worldwide, including maize, rice and groundnuts. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins is a public health concern due to their carcinogenic, acute and chronic effects. Rice is an important staple food consumed widely and consists of a major part of the diets for half of the world population. Human exposure to these mycotoxins is a serious problem especially in developing countries where hot and humid climates favor the fungal growth and where food storage conditions are poor and lack of regulatory limits enforcement. The recent developments of biomarkers have provided opportunities in assessing aflatoxins exposure and related health effects in the high-risk population groups. This review describes the worldwide occurrence of aflatoxins in rice during the period from 1990 to 2015 and biomarkers-based evidence for human exposure to aflatoxins and their adverse health effects. Aflatoxin is a potent hepatocarcinogen and humans may expose to it at any stage of life. Epidemiological studies reported an association between aflatoxin intake and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in some sub-Saharan and Asian countries. Even daily high intake of rice with a low level of contamination is of health concern. Thus, it is necessary to implement effective strategies to prevent contamination and fungal growth in rice. A good agricultural and manufacturing practice should be applied during handling, storage and distribution of rice to ensure that aflatoxins contamination level is lower in the final product. Moreover, a regular survey for aflatoxins occurrence in rice and biomarkers-based studies is recommended to prevent and reduce the adverse health effects in the world population.
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Huang W, Tu Z, Ning Z, He Q, Li Y. Development of Real-Time Immuno-PCR Based on Phage Displayed an Anti-Idiotypic Nanobody for Quantitative Determination of Citrinin in Monascus. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100572. [PMID: 31575068 PMCID: PMC6832940 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin that has been detected in agricultural products, feedstuff, and Monascus products. At present, research has been performed to develop methods for CIT detection, mainly through TLC, HPLC, biosensor, and immunoassay. The immunoassay method is popular with researchers because of its speed, economy, simplicity, and ease of control. However, mycotoxins are inevitably introduced during the determination. Immunoassays require the use of toxins coupled to carrier proteins or enzymes to make competitive antigens. In this study, anti-idiotypic nanobody X27 as CIT mimetic antigen was used as non-toxic surrogate reagents in immunoassay. Therefore, the X27-based real-time immuno-PCR (rtIPCR) method had been established after optimal experiments of annealing temperature and amplification efficiency of real-time PCR, concentration of coating antibody, phage X27, and methyl alcohol. The IC50 value of the established method in the present study is 9.86 ± 2.52 ng/mL, which is nearly equivalent to the traditional phage ELISA method. However, the linear range is of 0.1-1000 ng/mL, which has been broadened 10-fold compared to the phage ELISA method. Besides, the X27-based rtIPCR method has no cross-reactivity to the common mycotoxins, like aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN). The method has also been applied to the determination of CIT in rice flour and flour samples, and the recovery was found to be in the range of 90.0-104.6% and 75.8-110.0% respectively. There was no significant difference in the results between the rtIPCR and UPLC-MS. The anti-idiotypic nanobody as a non-toxic surrogate of CIT makes rtIPCR a promising method for actual CIT analysis in Monascus products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Zhui Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Zhenqiang Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Qinghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Yanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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28
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Citrinin biomarkers: a review of recent data and application to human exposure assessment. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3057-3066. [PMID: 31501918 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin citrinin (CIT) deserves attention due to its known toxic effects in mammalian species and a widespread occurrence in food commodities, often along with ochratoxin A, another nephrotoxic mycotoxin. Human exposure, a key element in assessing risks related to these food contaminants, depends upon mycotoxin levels in food and on food consumption. Yet, data available for CIT levels in food are insufficient for reliable intake estimates. Now biomonitoring, i.e., analysis of parent compound and/or metabolites in human specimen (blood, urine, breast milk), is increasingly used to investigate mycotoxin exposure. Biomonitoring requires sensitive methods for determining biomarkers of exposure, combined with kinetic data to conclude on the absorbed internal dose in an individual. Recent advances in LC-MS/MS-based analytical techniques have facilitated biomonitoring studies on the occurrence of CIT biomarkers in body fluids, mainly in urine samples. This review compiles evidence on human exposure to CIT in different countries, on CIT kinetics in humans, and on biomarker-based CIT intake estimates. Human CIT exposures are discussed in light of an intake value defined as 'level of no concern for nephrotoxicity' by the European Food Safety Agency, and some uncertainties in the toxicological data base. Further studies on CIT, including biomarker-based studies are warranted along with regular food surveys for this mycotoxin to protect consumers against undesirable health effects.
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Sadiq FA, Yan B, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Lactic Acid Bacteria as Antifungal and Anti-Mycotoxigenic Agents: A Comprehensive Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1403-1436. [PMID: 33336904 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungal contamination of food and animal feed, especially by mycotoxigenic fungi, is not only a global food quality concern for food manufacturers, but it also poses serious health concerns because of the production of a variety of mycotoxins, some of which present considerable food safety challenges. In today's mega-scale food and feed productions, which involve a number of processing steps and the use of a variety of ingredients, fungal contamination is regarded as unavoidable, even good manufacturing practices are followed. Chemical preservatives, to some extent, are successful in retarding microbial growth and achieving considerably longer shelf-life. However, the increasing demand for clean label products requires manufacturers to find natural alternatives to replace chemically derived ingredients to guarantee the clean label. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with the status generally recognized as safe (GRAS), are apprehended as an apt choice to be used as natural preservatives in food and animal feed to control fungal growth and subsequent mycotoxin production. LAB species produce a vast spectrum of antifungal metabolites to inhibit fungal growth; and also have the capacity to adsorb, degrade, or detoxify fungal mycotoxins including ochratoxins, aflatoxins, and Fusarium toxins. The potential of many LAB species to circumvent spoilage associated with fungi has been exploited in a variety of human food and animal feed stuff. This review provides the most recent updates on the ability of LAB to serve as antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic agents. In addition, some recent trends of the use of LAB as biopreservative agents against fungal growth and mycotoxin production are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Bowen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
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30
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Chaemsanit S, Sukmas S, Matan N, Matan N. Controlled Release of Peppermint Oil from Paraffin-Coated Activated Carbon Contained in Sachets to Inhibit Mold Growth During Long Term Storage of Brown Rice. J Food Sci 2019; 84:832-841. [PMID: 30912858 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to control the release of peppermint oil (700 µL/L) by coating activated carbon (AC) contained in sachets with different solutions (tapioca starch, corn starch, gelatine, carnauba, paraffin, and mixed carnauba-paraffin) for inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus flavus on brown rice (BR). Paraffin-coated AC with adsorbed peppermint oil was then applied to extend the shelf life of BR during long-term storage (60 days) at 30 ± 2 °C. The mechanism of peppermint oil vapor release in this system was also studied using GC-MS. The result revealed that paraffin-coated AC with adsorbed peppermint oil present in sachets showed the highest antifungal activity against A. flavus growing on the surface of BR. In addition, paraffin-coated AC with adsorbed peppermint oil could prolong the shelf life of BR from 10 days (control) to at least 60 days under tropical climatic conditions. Moreover, storage of BR in the presence of sachets containing paraffin-coated AC with adsorbed peppermint oil at a concentration of 700 µL/L revealed no significant effects on major rice quality-related factors, such as moisture content, color, water uptake percentage, and gelatinization temperature. Peppermint oil component analysis by GC-MS indicated that paraffin could trap some minor components of peppermint oil and allow the major components such as menthone, menthol, and alpha-pinene, which are compounds that play an important role in mold growth inhibition, to be exposed to air. Thus, this research demonstrated the potential of paraffin-coated AC containing adsorbed peppermint oil for controlling the growth of molds during prolonged rice storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Paraffin-coated activated carbon with adsorbed peppermint oil has the potential to be commercially applied to brown rice grains for facilitating long-term storage. This technique is beneficial for avoiding the occurrence of negative sensorial factors when peppermint oil vapors are used. This process is interesting and easy to apply during large-scale implementation of a rice storage system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Chaemsanit
- Food Science and Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak Univ., Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Sirimas Sukmas
- Food Science and Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak Univ., Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Narumol Matan
- Food Science and Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak Univ., Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Nirundorn Matan
- Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Resources, Walailak Univ., Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
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Bertuzzi T, Romani M, Rastelli S, Giorni P. Mycotoxins and Related Fungi in Italian Paddy Rice During the Growing Season and Storage. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E151. [PMID: 30845659 PMCID: PMC6468681 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxigenic fungi and relative mycotoxins contamination were monitored in Italian paddy rice samples both in field during the growing season and the first five months of storage. Three experimental fields, nine rice varieties and three sowing densities were considered; then, different lots of paddy rice were stored in warehouses at different temperature regimes. Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were found to be the fungi most likely to produce mycotoxins throughout the growing season. In particular, A. flavus and A. niger were found only rarely both in field and in post-harvest, while A. versicolor was always present although in low concentrations. Penicillium spp. strains were isolated sporadically and were found to be irrelevant in Italian rice fungal contamination. Sterigmatocystin (STC) was the main mycotoxin found in Italian rice, while aflatoxin (AFB₁), deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were rarely detected. Contamination generally increased from post-flowering to ripening; considering rice varieties, significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) were found in fungal contamination and STC production; no differences were observed between sowing densities. During storage, an increase in STC content was observed in higher temperature regimes, while all the other considered mycotoxins remained unchanged. These results indicated that contamination by STC, an emerging mycotoxin not legislatively regulated by the European Union, can be relevant in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terenzio Bertuzzi
- Department of Animal, Food and Nutrition Science-DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Marco Romani
- Ente Nazionale Risi Rice Research Centre-Castello d'Agogna, 27030 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Rastelli
- Department of Animal, Food and Nutrition Science-DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Paola Giorni
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production-DIPROVES, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Wang H, Li H, Chen X, Huang K. ERK1/2-mediated autophagy is essential for cell survival under Ochratoxin A exposure in IPEC-J2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 360:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Meerpoel C, Vidal A, di Mavungu JD, Huybrechts B, Tangni EK, Devreese M, Croubels S, De Saeger S. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of citrinin and ochratoxin a in a variety of feed and foodstuffs. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1580:100-109. [PMID: 30384965 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI+/--MS/MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed (chicken and pig) and food (cereal-based products, fruit, vegetable juices, nuts, seeds, herbs, spices, vegetarian and soy products, alcoholic beverages, baby food products and food supplements) was developed. The mycotoxins were extracted from these matrices using a QuEChERS-based extraction method without any further clean-up step. The samples were 5-fold concentrated. Final extracts were analyzed using a UPLC-MS/MS system and chromatographic separation was achieved by applying a gradient elution for a total run time of 10 min. Mycotoxins were quantified using an internal calibration via analyte/13C-labeled internal standard ratio. The developed method was validated according to the criteria described in Commission Regulation No. 401/2006/EC and Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC. Specificity, linearity, apparent recovery, limit of detection and quantification, intraday and interday precision, measurement uncertainty, matrix effect, and extraction efficiency were the parameters studied. Finally, 90 Belgian chicken and pig feed samples were analyzed, revealing the simultaneous presence of CIT (<LOQ - 3.90 μg/kg) and OTA (<LOQ - 5.60 μg/kg) in more than 50% of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Meerpoel
- Ghent University, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Ghent University, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana di Mavungu
- Ghent University, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel K Tangni
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Ghent University, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Ghent University, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Ghent University, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Ali N, Hossain K, Degen GH. Blood plasma biomarkers of citrinin and ochratoxin A exposure in young adults in Bangladesh. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 34:59-67. [PMID: 29143924 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins which can co-occur in food commodities, resulting in internal exposure. Studies in many countries reported on the presence of OTA in human blood; however, such biomonitoring data for CIT is still scarce. This study was conducted to characterize both CIT and OTA biomarker levels in plasma of volunteers since food analysis data are insufficient to assess human exposure in Bangladesh. In total 104 blood samples were collected from university students in 2013 (sampling 1: n = 64, midsummer) and 2014 (sampling 2: n = 40, end winter) for analysis of CIT and OTA and their metabolites HO-CIT and OTα by LC-MS/MS and HPLC-FD techniques, respectively. CIT and HO-CIT were detected in 90% (max 2.70 ng/mL) and 85% (max 1.44 ng/mL) of all samples. Mean levels in sampling 2 (CIT 0.47 ng/mL; HO-CIT 0.40 ng/mL) were higher than in sampling 1 (0.25 ng/mL; 0.37 ng/mL) indicative of variable CIT exposure. OTA was present in all (max 6.63 ng/mL) and OTα in 98% (max 0.99 ng/mL) of the samples. In sampling 1, mean OTA (0.85 ng/mL) was higher than in sampling 2 (0.51 ng/mL); the reverse situation was found for OTα mean levels. The calculated dietary OTA intake among the students (mean 9.9; max 91.7 ng/kg bw/week) was lower than the tolerable weekly intake for this mycotoxin (120 ng/kg bw/week) set by EFSA. But frequent co-exposure to CIT should be considered, and the results of this study indicate the necessity to identify major sources of CIT and OTA intake in the Bangladeshi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh. .,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Khaled Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, -6205, Bangladesh
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
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