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de Kort WWB, Haakma WE, van Es RJJ, Gawlitta D, Driehuis E, Gansevoort M, Willems SM. Jaw Bone Invasion of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Associated with Osteoclast Count and Expression of Its Regulating Proteins in Patients and Organoids. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6035. [PMID: 37762975 PMCID: PMC10531999 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) frequently invades the jaw. The exact mechanism of bone invasion remains unclear. This study investigates (premature) osteoclasts and the expression of its differentiation regulating proteins RANKL, OPG and RANK in patients with OSCC. METHODS Resection specimens from OSCC patients were divided into NI group (No Invasion), E group (Erosion) or I group (bone Invasion). Tissue sections were stained with Cathepsin K (osteoclast-counting), RANKL, OPG and RANK. The staining intensity was scored on different regions of the tumor: front, center, back and normal mucosa. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR for RANKL/OPG/RANK were performed on five head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) organoids. RESULTS The mean number of osteoclasts (I group) and premature osteoclasts (E group) was significantly higher compared to the NI group (p = 0.003, p = 0.036). RANKL expression was significantly higher in the tumor front and tumor center compared to normal mucosa (all groups). In the I group, RANKL and RANK expression was significantly higher in the tumor front compared to the tumor back and there was a trend of higher RANKL expression in the tumor front compared to the E group and NI group. qPCR showed a 20-43 times higher RANKL mRNA expression in three out of five tumor organoids compared to a normal squamous cell organoid line. There was no correlation between protein and mRNA expression in the HNSCC organoids. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that OSCCs induce bone invasion by stimulating osteoclast activation by regulating the production of RANKL and RANK proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem W. B. de Kort
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.J.J.v.E.); (D.G.)
| | - Wisse E. Haakma
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J. J. van Es
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.J.J.v.E.); (D.G.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.J.J.v.E.); (D.G.)
| | - Else Driehuis
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology & Stem Cell Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Merel Gansevoort
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan M. Willems
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Weinman MA, Fischer JA, Jacobs DC, Goodall CP, Bracha S, Chappell PE. Autocrine production of reproductive axis neuropeptides affects proliferation of canine osteosarcoma in vitro. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:158. [PMID: 30777054 PMCID: PMC6379937 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma strikes hundreds of people each year, of both advanced and younger ages, and is often terminal. Like many tumor types, these bone tumors will frequently undergo a neuroendocrine transition, utilizing autocrine and/or paracrine hormones as growth factors and/or promoters of angiogenesis to facilitate progression and metastasis. While many of these factors and their actions on tumor growth are characterized, some tumor-derived neuropeptides remain unexplored. Methods Using validated canine osteosarcoma cell lines in vitro, as well as cells derived from spontaneous tumors in dogs, we explored the autocrine production of two neuropeptides typically found in the hypothalamus, and most closely associated with reproduction: gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and kisspeptin (Kiss-1). We evaluated gene expression and protein secretion of these hormones using quantitative RT-PCR and a sensitive radioimmunoassay, and explored changes in cell proliferation determined by MTS cell viability assays. Results Our current studies reveal that several canine osteosarcoma cell lines (COS, POS, HMPOS, D17, C4) synthesize and secrete GnRH and express the GnRH receptor, while COS and POS also express kiss1 and its cognate receptor. We have further found that GnRH and kisspeptin, exogenously applied to these tumor cells, exert significant effects on both gene expression and proliferation. Of particular interest, kisspeptin exposure stimulated GnRH secretion from COS, similarly to the functional relationship observed within the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. Additionally, GnRH and kisspeptin treatment both increased COS proliferation, which additionally manifested in increased expression of the bone remodeling ligand rankl within these cells. These effects were blocked by treatment with a specific GnRH receptor inhibitor. Both neuropeptides were found to increase expression of the specific serotonin (5HT) receptor htr2a, the activation of which has previously been associated with cellular proliferation, suggesting that production of these factors by osteosarcoma cells may act to sensitize tumors to circulating 5HT of local and/or enteric origin. Conclusions Here we report that kisspeptin and GnRH act as autocrine growth factors in canine osteosarcoma cells in vitro, modulating RANKL and serotonin receptor expression in a manner consistent with pro-proliferative effects. Pharmacological targeting of these hormones may represent new avenues of osteosarcoma treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5363-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Weinman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jacob A Fischer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Dakota C Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Cheri P Goodall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Shay Bracha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Patrick E Chappell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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Role of the RANK/RANKL pathway in breast cancer. Maturitas 2016; 86:10-6. [PMID: 26921922 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the OPG/RANK/RANKL pathway two decades ago has initiated novel insights into regulation of bone formation. More recently this pathway has been found to be also relevant in osteoclastic-independent mechanisms, mainly in mammary physiology and breast cancer. RANKL/RANK function is essential for epithelial cell proliferation and cellular survival as well as lobulo-alveolar development. The endogenous OPG functions as a soluble decoy receptor, binding the cytokine RANKL to prevent RANKL from activating its receptor RANK. The regulatory function of RANKL is one of the key factors in progesterone-induced proliferation of the breast. Progesterone has a direct action of progesterone on progesterone-receptor (PR) expressing cells but PR-negative cells are affected indirectly through RANKL-induced paracrine actions leading to proliferation of mammary epithelial PR-negative cells. RANK induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness in human mammary epithelial cells and promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis. Inhibition of the RANK/RANKL pathway using the monoclonal antibody denosumab can neutralize RANKL and inhibiting its interaction with its receptor RANK. Denosumab is currently used to treat osteoporosis and in prevention of skeletal related events in patients suffering from bone metastases due to solid tumors. As preclinical experiments suggest the RANKL/RANK pathway plays an important role in primary breast cancer development. The interference with the RANK/RANKL system could therefore serve as a potential target for prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
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4
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The association between RANKL and Osteoprotegerin gene polymorphisms with breast cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 403:219-29. [PMID: 25724681 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among women (522,000 deaths in 2012). Imbalance between RANKL and OPG is observed in many cancers, including breast cancer. Consequently, SNPs in the genes of RANKL and OPG may be involved in breast cancer development. This study included 276 subjects. Group I (n = 100) healthy females as a control group, group II (n = 96) breast cancer patients without bone metastases, and group III (n = 80) breast cancer patients with bone metastases. RANKL rs9533156, OPG rs2073618, and OPG rs2073617 SNPs and their serum protein levels were studied for a possible association with breast cancer development. The allele frequency [(OR: 4.832 CI 2.18-10.71, P = 0.001) and genotype distribution (P = 0.001)] of OPG SNP rs2073618 showed a highly significant difference between breast cancer patients and healthy controls. The allele C is more common in breast cancer patients. The allele frequency [(OR: 0.451 CI 0.232-0.879, P = 0.018) and genotype distribution (P = 0.003)] of RANKL SNP rs9533156 differed significantly between breast cancer patients and healthy controls. The allele T is more common in breast cancer patients. The allele frequency [(OR: 0.36 CI 0.184-0.705, P = 0.002) and genotype distribution (P = 0.011)] of OPG SNP rs2073617 differed significantly between breast cancer patients and healthy controls. The allele T is more common in breast cancer patients. The C allele of OPG SNP rs2073618 may be associated with breast cancer development. No association was found between any of the SNPs and the serum protein levels of RANKL and OPG.
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RANK rs1805034 T>C polymorphism is associated with susceptibility of esophageal cancer in a Chinese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101705. [PMID: 25019155 PMCID: PMC4096509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer remains the sixth leading cause of cancer associated death and eighth most common cancer worldwide. Genetic factors, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), may contribute to the carcinogenesis of esophageal cancer. Here, we conducted a hospital based case-control study to evaluate the genetic susceptibility of functional SNPs on the development of esophageal cancer. A total of 629 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cases and 686 controls were enrolled for this study. The OPG rs3102735 T>C, rs2073618 G>C, RANK rs1805034 T>C, RANKL rs9533156 T>C and rs2277438 A>G were determined by ligation detection reaction method. Our findings suggested that RANK rs1805034 T>C is associated with the susceptibility of ESCC, which is more evident in male and elder (≥63) patients. Our study provides the first evidence that functional polymorphisms RANK rs1805034 T>C may be an indicator for individual susceptibility to ESCC. However, further larger studies among different ethnic populations are warranted to verify our conclusion.
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Baud'huin M, Duplomb L, Ruiz Velasco C, Fortun Y, Heymann D, Padrines M. Key roles of the OPG–RANK–RANKL system in bone oncology. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:221-32. [PMID: 17288531 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)-receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL) have been identified as members of a ligand-receptor system that directly regulates osteoclast differentiation and osteolysis. RANKL may be a powerful inducer of bone resorption through its interaction with RANK, and OPG is a soluble decoy receptor that acts as a strong inhibitor of osteoclastic differentiation. Any dysregulation of their respective expression leads to pathological conditions. Furthermore, recent data demonstrate that the OPG-RANK-RANKL system modulates cancer cell migration, thus controlling the development of bone metastases. This review describes the most recent knowledge on the OPG-RANK-RANKL system, its involvement in bone oncology and the new therapeutic approaches based on this molecular triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baud'huin
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, EA3822, Nantes, F-44035 France.
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Zhong Y, Guo W, Wang L, Chen X. Molecular markers of tumor invasiveness in ameloblastoma: An update. Ann Maxillofac Surg 2013; 1:145-9. [PMID: 23482687 PMCID: PMC3591013 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0746.92780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present article was to review the current new knowledge on the molecular markers of tumor invasion in ameloblastoma. In this review, tumor molecular markers were identified and allocated to the following six groups according to their functions: (I) Markers involved in extracellular matrix degradation, (II) Molecular markers involved in cell adhesion lost, (III) Molecular markers involved in bone remodeling, (IV) Cytokines involved in angiogenesis, (V) Molecular markers related with the function of tumor stromal cells on the invasion of ameloblastoma, and (VI) Molecular markers involved in cell proliferation related with invasion. In general, the location of markers within the tumor and not their quantitative assessments as such is emphasized. Data showed that the correlation among molecular markers of invasive relevance is still not quite clear. Results on markers of tumor invasion and metastatic potential appeared to be too premature for a statement regarding the instinct invasive nature of ameloblastoma. The unraveling of specific new details concerning these mechanisms, whereby the expression and relationships among the molecules are mediated, may provide an opportunity to afford efficient prevention and develop new treatment therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nineth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
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Bench to bedside: elucidation of the OPG-RANK-RANKL pathway and the development of denosumab. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:401-19. [PMID: 22543469 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a complex tissue that provides mechanical support for muscles and joints, protection for vital organs, a mineral reservoir that is essential for calcium homeostasis, and the environment and niches required for haematopoiesis. The regulation of bone mass in mammals is governed by a complex interplay between bone-forming cells termed osteoblasts and bone-resorbing cells termed osteoclasts, and is guided physiologically by a diverse set of hormones, cytokines and growth factors. The balance between these processes changes over time, causing an elevated risk of fractures with age. Osteoclasts may also be activated in the cancer setting, leading to bone pain, fracture, spinal cord compression and other significant morbidities. This Review chronicles the events that led to an increased understanding of bone resorption, the elucidation of the signalling pathway mediated by osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL) and its role in osteoclast biology, as well as the evolution of recombinant RANKL antagonists, which culminated in the development of the therapeutic RANKL-targeted antibody denosumab.
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Elias LSA, Costa RF, Carvalho MA, Batista AC, Silva TA, Leles CR, Mendonça EF. Markers of bone remodeling in neoplastic and bone-related lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:624-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Sasaki A, Ishikawa K, Haraguchi N, Inoue H, Ishio T, Shibata K, Ohta M, Kitano S, Mori M. Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand (RANKL) Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Bone Metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2006; 14:1191-9. [PMID: 17195907 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-006-9277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) seems to be involved in the development of bone metastases in several malignant tumors, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been investigated. METHODS We retrospectively examined the immunohistochemical expression of RANKL in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded resected specimens obtained from 96 patients with HCC with (n = 16) and without (n = 80) bone metastases. In addition, tumor RANKL mRNA expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in five selected patients. We analyzed the relationship between RANKL expression level, bone metastasis development, and survival rate of patients with HCC after hepatic resection. RESULTS Of the 96 patients with HCC, serum hepatitis C virus antibody was detected in 43.5% of patients and hepatitis B surface antigen in 29.5% of patients. Thirty-three patients (36.5%) also had liver cirrhosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that RANKL protein was present in 10 (62.5%) of 16 patients with HCC with bone metastasis compared with 21 (26.3%) of 80 patients with HCC without bone metastasis; we found that RANKL expression was statistically significantly correlated to bone metastasis development (P < .01). RANKL mRNA expression was confirmed by RT-PCR in patients positive for RANKL protein expression by immunohistochemistry. The 5-year cancer-related (P < .01) and disease-free survival (P < .01) rates after hepatic resection were statistically significantly worse in patients positive for RANKL expression compared with RANKL-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS Some HCC cells produced the crucial bone resorption regulator RANKL. Because RANKL modulates bone turnover, its presence would have profound implications for the establishment and development of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
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11
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Nakamura Y, Yamada N, Ohyama H, Nakasho K, Nishizawa Y, Okamoto T, Futani H, Yoshiya S, Okamura H, Terada N. Effect of interleukin-18 on metastasis of mouse osteosarcoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1151-8. [PMID: 16408211 PMCID: PMC11030811 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of interleukin-18 (IL-18) on metastasis of highly metastatic LM8 mouse osteosarcoma cells was investigated using nude mice treated with anti-asialo GM1 serum to exclude anti-tumor actions of IL-18 through activation of T and natural killer cells. Injection of LM8 cells which do not express IL-18 receptor beta into a tail vain resulted in the formation of pulmonary and hepatic metastatic foci. Daily injection of mice with IL-18 starting the fifth day from the cell injection had no significant effect on the number of metastatic foci, while five daily injections of IL-18 before and after the cell injection resulted in marked decreases. Culture of LM8 cells with IL-18 for 5 days before the injection into mice produced no significant effect on the number of pulmonary and hepatic metastatic foci. In contrast, pretreatment of mice with IL-18 for 5 days before the cell injection markedly decreased metastatic foci. The retention of LM8 cells in the lung 24 h after their injection was also reduced by the pretreatment of mice with IL-18. Serum obtained from mice pretreated with IL-18 for 5 days suppressed mobility of LM8 cells but IL-18 itself did not. These results suggest that IL-18 inhibits metastasis of LM8 cells partly by inducing a factor(s) in the host which suppresses cell mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoko Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohyama
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakasho
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nishizawa
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 537-0025 Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Okamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Futani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshiya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Haruki Okamura
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Terada
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 663-8501 Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Blair JM, Zhou H, Seibel MJ, Dunstan CR. Mechanisms of disease: roles of OPG, RANKL and RANK in the pathophysiology of skeletal metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:41-9. [PMID: 16407878 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) and RANK ligand as critical molecular determinants of osteoclastogenesis and regulators of bone resorption, has revolutionized our understanding of the processes of normal and pathological bone biology. Altering the relative biological availabilities of these molecules has direct consequences for the regulation of both bone resorption and bone remodeling. Importantly, recent research suggests a pivotal role for these molecules in mediating cancer-induced bone destruction. This review summarizes the current evidence of osteoprotegerin, RANK ligand and RANK involvement in the pathophysiology of skeletal metastasis, and of therapeutic targeting of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Blair
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Van Poznak C, Cross SS, Saggese M, Hudis C, Panageas KS, Norton L, Coleman RE, Holen I. Expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) in human breast tumours. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:56-63. [PMID: 16394281 PMCID: PMC1860269 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.026534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is involved in the regulation of bone turnover through binding to the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL), and has also been reported to be a potential survival factor for several different cell types. The survival effects are mediated through inhibition of the activity of tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). Both breast and prostate cancer cells produce sufficient amounts of OPG to be protected against the effects of TRAIL in vitro. AIMS To investigate the spatial expression of OPG, RANKL, and TRAIL in non-neoplastic breast tissue and breast cancer, and its relation with oestrogen receptor (ER) expression. METHODS Forty breast cancers (20 ER+, 20 ER-) and five non-neoplastic breast tissue samples were stained with antibodies against OPG, RANKL, and TRAIL. RESULTS OPG was not expressed in non-neoplastic breast tissue except when colocalised with altered columnar epithelium. RANKL was expressed at the apical surface of luminal epithelial cells and TRAIL was expressed in myoepithelial cells. All three proteins were expressed in some breast cancers but showed no significant association with tumour type. OPG expression showed a significant positive correlation with ER expression (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS This is the first published study of the spatial expression of OPG, RANKL, and TRAIL in breast tissue and breast cancer. The localisation of each protein was specific and they were not colocalised. This specificity may provide a useful marker of functional differentiation in breast cancer; for example, TRAIL expression as a marker of myoepithelial differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Osteoprotegerin
- RANK Ligand
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C Van Poznak
- Academic Units of Clinical Oncology, Division of Genomic Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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14
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Theoleyre S, Wittrant Y, Tat SK, Fortun Y, Redini F, Heymann D. The molecular triad OPG/RANK/RANKL: involvement in the orchestration of pathophysiological bone remodeling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004; 15:457-75. [PMID: 15561602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an explosion in the field of bone biology. The area of bone biology over this period of time has been marked by a number of key discoveries that have opened up entirely new areas for investigation. The recent identification of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL), its cognate receptor RANK, and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) has led to a new molecular perspective on osteoclast biology and bone homeostasis. Specifically, the interaction between RANKL and RANK has been shown to be required for osteoclast differentiation. The third protagonist, OPG, acts as a soluble receptor antagonist for RANKL that prevents it from binding to and activating RANK. Any dysregulation of their respective expression leads to pathological conditions such as bone tumor-associated osteolysis, immune disease, or cardiovascular pathology. In this context, the OPG/RANK/RANKL triad opens novel therapeutic areas in diseases characterized by excessive bone resorption. The present article is an update and extension of an earlier review published by Kwan Tat et al. [Kwan Tat S, Padrines M, Theoleyre S, Heymann D, Fortun Y. IL-6, RANKL, TNF-alpha/IL-1: interrelations in bone resorption pathophysiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004;15:49-60].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Theoleyre
- EA 3822, INSERM ESPRI, Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France
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15
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Wittrant Y, Théoleyre S, Chipoy C, Padrines M, Blanchard F, Heymann D, Rédini F. RANKL/RANK/OPG: new therapeutic targets in bone tumours and associated osteolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2004; 1704:49-57. [PMID: 15363860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the molecular triad osteoprotegerin (OPG)/Receptor Activator of NF-kB (RANK)/RANK Ligand (RANKL) has helped elucidate a key signalling pathway between stromal cells and osteoclasts. The interaction between RANK and RANKL plays a critical role in promoting osteoclast differentiation and activation leading to bone resorption. OPG is a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL that blocks osteoclast formation by inhibiting RANKL binding to RANK. The OPG/RANK/RANKL system has been shown to be abnormally regulated in several malignant osteolytic pathologies such as multiple myeloma [MM, where enhanced RANKL expression (directly by tumour cells or indirectly by stromal bone cells or T-lymphocytes)] plays an important role in associated bone destruction. By contrast, production of its endogenous counteracting decoy receptor OPG is either inhibited or too low to compensate for the increase in RANKL production. Therefore, targeting the OPG/RANK/RANKL axis may offer a novel therapeutic approach to malignant osteolytic pathologies. In animal models, OPG or soluble RANK was shown both to control hypercalcaemia of malignancy and the establishment and progression of osteolytic metastases caused by various malignant tumours. To this day, only one phase I study has been performed using a recombinant OPG construct that suppressed bone resorption in patients with multiple myeloma or breast carcinoma with radiologically confirmed bone lesions. RANK-Fc also exhibits promising therapeutic effects, as revealed in animal models of prostate cancer and multiple myeloma. If the animal results translate to similar clinical benefits in humans, using RANK-Fc or OPG may yield novel and potent strategies for treating patients with established or imminent malignant bone diseases and where standard therapeutic regimens have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wittrant
- Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM ESPRI, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes cedex 1, France
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16
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Okamoto T, Yamada N, Tsujimura T, Sugihara A, Nishizawa Y, Ueda H, Kashiwamura SI, Tsutsui H, Futani H, Maruo S, Okamura H, Terada N. Inhibition by interleukin-18 of the growth of Dunn osteosarcoma cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 24:161-7. [PMID: 15035849 DOI: 10.1089/107999004322917007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the usefulness of interleukin-18 (IL-18) in the treatment of osteosarcomas, the effect of IL-18 on the growth of Dunn osteosarcoma cells was investigated. Daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of mouse recombinant IL-18 (2 microg/mouse) suppressed the growth of Dunn osteosarcoma cells transplanted subcutaneously (s.c.) into syngeneic C3H mice. This IL-18-induced suppression was not affected by simultaneous treatment with anti-asialo GM1 serum, which inactivates natural killer (NK) cells. However, IL-18 failed to suppress the growth of Dunn osteosarcoma cells transplanted into BALB/c-nude mice devoid of T lymphocytes or C3H-gld/gld mice deficient in functional Fas ligand (FasL). IL-18 also failed to suppress the growth of Dunn osteosarcoma cells in vitro, although expression of IL-18 receptor mRNA and MyD88 mRNA as well as Fas mRNA was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). On the other hand, antimouse Fas antibody showed cytotoxicity against Dunn osteosarcoma cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. In addition, treatment of C3H mice with IL-18 enhanced the cytotoxic activity of CD8(+) T lymphocytes against Dunn osteosarcoma cells. These results indicate that IL-18 inhibits the growth of Dunn osteosarcoma cells in vivo by enhancing the cytotoxic activity of CD8(+) T lymphocytes through the FasL-Fas system.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antibodies/toxicity
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Bone Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Bone Neoplasms/immunology
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Cell Division
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Fas Ligand Protein
- G(M1) Ganglioside/immunology
- G(M1) Ganglioside/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Interleukin-18/pharmacokinetics
- Interleukin-18/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Osteosarcoma/drug therapy
- Osteosarcoma/immunology
- Osteosarcoma/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-18
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- fas Receptor/genetics
- fas Receptor/immunology
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Okamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Orthopedic Surgery, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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17
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Kwan Tat S, Padrines M, Théoleyre S, Heymann D, Fortun Y. IL-6, RANKL, TNF-alpha/IL-1: interrelations in bone resorption pathophysiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004; 15:49-60. [PMID: 14746813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
All osteogenic cells (osteoclasts, osteoblasts) contribute individually to bone remodeling. Their cellular interactions control their cellular activities and the bone remodeling intensity. These interactions can be established either through a cell-cell contact, involving molecules of the integrin family, or by the release of many polypeptidic factors and/or their soluble receptor chains. These factors can act directly on osteogenic cells and their precursors to control differentiation, formation and functions (matrix formation, mineralization, resorption...). Here, we present the involvement of three groups of cytokines which seem to be of particular importance in bone physiology: interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (TNF-alpha)/IL-1, and the more recently known triad osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL). The interactions between these three groups are presented within the framework of bone resorption pathophysiology such as tumor associated osteolysis. The central role of the OPG/RANK/RANKL triad is pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Kwan Tat
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, BP 53508, 44035 Nantes 1, France
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18
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Tierney EP, Tulac S, Huang STJ, Giudice LC. Activation of the protein kinase A pathway in human endometrial stromal cells reveals sequential categorical gene regulation. Physiol Genomics 2003; 16:47-66. [PMID: 14532334 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00066.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decidualization of endometrial stromal cells is a prerequisite for human implantation and occurs in vivo in response to progesterone and involves activation of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular signatures and patterns of gene expression during stimulation of this pathway with an analog of cAMP. Endometrial stromal cells from two subjects were treated with or without 8-Br-cAMP (1 mM) for 0, 2, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h and were processed for microarray analysis, screening for 12,686 genes and ESTs. Most abundantly upregulated genes included neuropeptides, immune genes, IGF family members, cell cycle regulators, extracellular matrix proteases, cholesterol trafficking, cell growth and differentiation, hormone signaling, and signal transduction. Most abundantly downregulated genes included activator of NF-kappaB, actin/tropomyosin/calmodulin binding protein, cyclin B, IGFBP-5, alpha1 type XVI collagen, lipocortin III, l-kynurenine hydrolase, frizzle-related protein, and cyclin E2. RT-PCR validated upregulation of IGFBP-1, preprosomatostatin, and IL-11, and Northern analysis validated their kinetic upregulation. RT-PCR confirmed downregulation of IGFBP-5, cyclin B, and TIL-4. K-means analysis revealed four major patterns of up- and downregulated genes, and genes within each ontological group were categorized into these four kinetic patterns. Within each ontological group different patterns of temporal gene expression were observed, indicating that even genes within one functional category are regulated differently during activation of the PKA pathway in human endometrial stromal cells. Overall, the data demonstrate kinetic reprogramming of genes within specific functional groups and changes in genes associated with nucleic acid binding, cell proliferation, decreased G protein signaling, increased STAT pathway signaling, structural proteins, cellular differentiation, and secretory processes. These changes are consistent with cAMP modulating early events (0-6 h) primarily involving cell cycle regulation, subsequent events (12-24 h) involving cellular differentiation (including changes in morphology and secretory phenotype), and late events (24-48 h) mediating more specialized function, including immune modulators, in the human endometrial stromal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Tierney
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5317, USA
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19
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Grimaud E, Soubigou L, Couillaud S, Coipeau P, Moreau A, Passuti N, Gouin F, Redini F, Heymann D. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio is increased in severe osteolysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:2021-31. [PMID: 14578201 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathological osteolyses are considered a consequence of a disturbance in the mechanisms that govern the bone remodeling, mainly the communication between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) are newly discovered molecules that play a key role in these communications. RANKL is essential for osteoclast differentiation via its receptor RANK located on the osteoclast membrane. OPG is a soluble decoy receptor that inhibits osteoclast differentiation through its binding to RANKL. The aim of this study is the analysis of the RANKL/OPG balance by complementary methods (semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in human osteolysis associated to various bone etiologies (n = 60), tumoral (primitive, secondary) or not, compared to healthy tissues (n = 16). Results demonstrated that RANKL/OPG ratio was significantly increased in patients suffering from severe osteolysis compared to the control group and that this imbalance is involved in bone resorption mechanisms. In this study, OPG expression appears to reflect a protective mechanism of the skeleton to compensate increased bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast formation and bone resorbing activity. Moreover, as revealed by immunohistochemistry, RANKL and OPG were colocalized in all of the tissues analyzed. To define the veracity of RANKL/OPG index in assessing and managing patients with severe osteolysis, an extended population of patients suffering from severe osteolysis must be now monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Grimaud
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex, France
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L Weber
- Section of Orthopaedic Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Box 444, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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