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Wilk J, Bajkacz S. Protecting the Last Line of Defense: Analytical Approaches for Sample Preparation and Determination of the Reserve Group of Antibiotics in the Environment. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38493337 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2321161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Drug resistance in microorganisms is a serious threat to life and health due to the limited number of antibiotics that show efficacy in treating infections and the difficulty in discovering new compounds with antibacterial activity. To address this issue, the World Health Organization created the AWaRe classification, a tool to support global and national antimicrobial stewardship programs. The AWaRe list categorizes antimicrobials into three groups - Access, Watch, and Reserve - according to their intended use. The Reserve group comprises "last resort" medicines used solely for treating infections caused by bacterial strains that are resistant to other treatments. It is therefore necessary to protect them, not only by using them as prudently as possible in humans and animals, but also by monitoring their subsequent fate. Unmetabolized antibiotics enter the environment through hospital and municipal wastewater or from manure, subsequently contaminating bodies of water and soils, thus contributing to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. This article presents a review of determination methods for the Reserve group of antimicrobials in water, wastewater, and manure. Procedures for extracting and determining these substances in environmental samples are described, showing the limited research available, which is typically on a local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wilk
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, and Electrochemistry, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, and Electrochemistry, Gliwice, Poland
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Ohba Y, Hayashi H, Kanda M, Nagano C, Yoshikawa S, Nakajima T, Matsushima Y, Koike H, Hayashi M, Yokoyama T, Sasamoto T. Simultaneous determination of five carbapenems, highly polar antibiotics, in milk by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:151-161. [PMID: 38252707 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of five carbapenems (biapenem, doripenem, ertapenem, imipenem, and meropenem) in raw and pasteurised bovine milk samples using LC-MS/MS was achieved and validated. Chromatographic separation was conducted on an InertSustain® AQ-C18 column using 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Target compounds were extracted using acetonitrile/water (20:80, v/v). After the removal of lipids with acetonitrile-saturated hexane, the dissolved protein was denatured with acetic acid. A portion of the supernatant was passed through an Oasis® PRiME HLB cartridge to remove the matrix. This novel method was validated in accordance with the Japanese validation guidelines and exhibited good trueness, ranging from 86.3% to 96.2%, using matrix-matched calibration curves. The relative standard deviation of repeatability ranged from 1.0% to 6.3%, and that of within-laboratory reproducibility ranged from 1.6% to 7.1%. The limit of quantification was 1.0 µg kg-1 for all analytes. None of the 60 milk samples commercially available in Tokyo contained any analytes. This novel method exhibited high-quality performance and can easily be implemented for the routine monitoring of carbapenems, which are highly polar antibiotics in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Ohba
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Maki Kanda
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Nagano
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Koike
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoka Hayashi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takeo Sasamoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Sharma E, Sivakumar M, Kelso C, Zhang S, Shi J, Gao J, Gao S, Zhou X, Jiang G. Effects of sewer biofilms on the degradability of carbapenems in wastewater using laboratory scale bioreactors. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119796. [PMID: 36863281 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenems are last-resort antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections unsuccessfully treated by most common categories of antibiotics in humans. Most of their dosage is secreted unchanged as waste, thereby making its way into the urban water system. There are two major knowledge gaps addressed in this study to gain a better understanding of the effects of their residual concentrations on the environment and environmental microbiome: development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method of detection and quantification from raw domestic wastewater via direct injection and study of their stability in sewer environment during the transportation from domestic sewers to wastewater treatment plants. The UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for four carbapenems: meropenem, doripenem, biapenem and ertapenem, and validation was performed in the range of 0.5-10 μg/L for all analytes, with limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values ranging from 0.2-0.5 μg/L and 0.8-1.6 μg/L respectively. Laboratory scale rising main (RM) and gravity sewer (GS) bioreactors were employed to culture mature biofilms with real wastewater as the feed. Batch tests were conducted in RM and GS sewer bioreactors fed with carbapenem-spiked wastewater to evaluate the stability of carbapenems and compared against those in a control reactor (CTL) without sewer biofilms, over a duration of 12 h. Significantly higher degradation was observed for all carbapenems in RM and GS reactors (60 - 80%) as opposed to CTL reactor (5 - 15%), which indicates that sewer biofilms play a significant role in the degradation. First order kinetics model was applied to the concentration data along with Friedman's test and Dunn's multiple comparisons analysis to establish degradation patterns and differences in the degradation observed in sewer reactors. As per Friedman's test, there was a statistically significant difference in the degradation of carbapenems observed depending on the reactor type (p = 0.0017 - 0.0289). The results from Dunn's test indicate that the degradation in the CTL reactor was statistically different from that observed in either RM (p = 0.0033 - 0.1088) or GS (p = 0.0162 - 0.1088), with the latter two showing insignificant difference in the degradation rates observed (p = 0.2850 - 0.5930). The findings contribute to the understanding about the fate of carbapenems in urban wastewater and the potential application of wastewater-based epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elipsha Sharma
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental & Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Muttucumaru Sivakumar
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental & Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Celine Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Shuxin Zhang
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental & Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jiahua Shi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jianfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzen University, Shenzen, 518060, China
| | - Shuhong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental & Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Australia.
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Holton E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Multiresidue antibiotic-metabolite quantification method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for environmental and public exposure estimation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5901-5920. [PMID: 34498102 PMCID: PMC8425450 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes a new multiresidue method utilising ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), for the identification and quantification of 58 antibiotics and their 26 metabolites, in various solid and liquid environmental matrices. The method was designed with a ‘one health’ approach in mind requiring multidisciplinary and multisectoral collaborative efforts. It enables comprehensive evaluation of antibiotic usage in surveyed communities via wastewater-based epidemiology, as well as allowing for the assessment of potential environmental impacts. The instrumental performance was very good, demonstrating linearity up to 3000 μg L−1, and high accuracy and precision. The method accuracy in several compounds was significantly improved by dividing calibration curves into separate ranges. This was accompanied by applying a weighting factor (1/x). Microwave-assisted and/or solid-phase extraction of analytes from liquid and solid matrices provided good recoveries for most compounds, with only a few analytes underperforming. Method quantification limits were determined as low as 0.017 ng L−1 in river water, 0.044 ng L−1 in wastewater, 0.008 ng g−1 in river sediment, and 0.009 ng g−1 in suspended solids. Overall, the method was successfully validated for the quantification of 64 analytes extracted from aqueous samples, and 45 from solids. The analytes that underperformed are considered on a semi-quantitative basis, including aminoglycosides and carbapenems. The method was applied to both solid and liquid environmental matrices, whereby several antibiotics and their metabolites were quantified. The most notable antibiotic-metabolite pairs are three sulfonamides and their N-acetyl metabolites; four macrolides/lincomycins and their N-desmethyl metabolites; and five quinolone metabolites.
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