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Leite-Santos F, Tamashiro E, de Andrade Batista Murashima A, Anselmo-Lima WT, Valera FCP. Which are the best murine models to study Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis? A contemporary review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 89:101328. [PMID: 37734174 PMCID: PMC10515297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2023.101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanisms that lead to Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis (ECRS) are not fully established in the literature. It is desirable to assess ECRS in a model that embraces most of the related events. This article reviewed the murine models for ECRS and compared them regarding eosinophilic polypoid formation. METHODS The authors reviewed the articles that included the terms "chronic rhinosinusitis" OR "chronic sinusitis" AND "animal model". We analyzed articles in English that evaluated both the number of polyps and the number of eosinophils in the sinus mucosa of mouse models. RESULTS We identified a total of 15 articles describing different models of ECRS that used BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice, and different triggers/stimulants such as Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B (SEB) + Ovalbumin (OVA); House Dust Mite (HDM) ± Ovalbumin (OVA); and Aspergillus oryzae Protease (AP) + Ovalbumin (OVA). OVA associated with SEB was the commonest protocol to induce ECRS in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, and it produced a robust response of eosinophilic nasal polyps in both. AP + OVA protocol also led to a good ECRS response. The other models were not considered adequate to produce eosinophilic polyps in mice. CONCLUSION In conclusion, OVA associated with SEB seems to produce the most robust eosinophilic sinonasal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Leite-Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Divisão de Otorrinolaringologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Edwin Tamashiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Divisão de Otorrinolaringologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana de Andrade Batista Murashima
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Divisão de Otorrinolaringologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilma T Anselmo-Lima
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Divisão de Otorrinolaringologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana C P Valera
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Divisão de Otorrinolaringologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Chegini Z, Didehdar M, Khoshbayan A, Karami J, Yousefimashouf M, Shariati A. The role of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:29. [PMID: 35264183 PMCID: PMC8905720 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a multifactorial disease, and various etiological factors like bacterial superantigens are known to develop this disease. Recent studies reported that Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization was detected in 67% of the patients with CRSwNP. Moreover, it was reported that specific IgE against S. aureus enterotoxins are discovered in almost half of the nasal tissue homogenates from nasal polyps. Thus, investigations have highlighted the role of staphylococcal enterotoxins, especially enterotoxin B (SEB), in pathogenesis of CRSwNP. The destruction of mucosal integrity was reported as a main SEB-related pathogenic mechanisms in CRSwNP. SEB activates Toll Like Receptor 2 and triggers the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines; furthermore, it induces reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced inflammation that may cause epithelial cell integrity disruption and enhance their permeability. SEB-induced Type 2/Th2 pathway results in degranulation of eosinophils, cationic proteins production, and localized eosinophilic inflammation. Furthermore, SEB may be involved in the expression of RORC and HIF-1α in Tregs and by maintaining the inflammation in sinonasal mucosa that could have a main role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Different in vitro findings were confirmed in animal studies; however, in vivo analysis of SEB-induced nasal polyps and CRS remains unfulfilled due to the lack of appropriate animal models. Finally, after elucidating different aspects of SEB pathogenesis in CRSwNP, therapeutic agents have been tested in recent studies with some encouraging results. The purpose of this article is to summarize the most important findings regarding SEB-induced CRS and nasal polyposis. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Amin Khoshbayan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Karami
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Milad Yousefimashouf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
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Wei H, Xu L, Sun P, Xing H, Zhu Z, Liu J. Activation of STAT6 by intranasal allergens correlated with the development of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis in a mouse model. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221109529. [PMID: 35726645 PMCID: PMC9218454 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221109529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by prominent eosinophilic infiltration along with a T-helper-2 (Th2) response. It has been well documented that signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a nuclear transcription factor that mediates Th2-type immunity and is implicatory of STAT1 and STAT3 in the pathogenesis of allergic airway diseases. However, little is known about the association between STATs and ECRS. Here, we explored the relationship between STAT1, STAT3, and/or STAT6 and eosinophilic inflammation accompanied by Th2-type immunity in a mouse model of ECRS. An ovalbumin (OVA)-staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced ECRS murine model was first established. The mucosal histological alterations were determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The number of eosinophils in peripheral blood was measured using a blood cell analyzer. The cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, IL17 A and IFN-γ) expression levels in the sinonasal mucosa and total and OVA-specific IgE from serum were measured using ELISA. Then, the protein levels of STAT1, STAT3, STAT6, phosphorylated STAT1 (p-STAT1), p-STAT3, p-STAT6, T-box expressed in T-cells (T-bet), GATA binding protein 3 (GATA-3), and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγt) in the sinonasal mucosa were examined by immunohistochemical staining or Western blotting. Local administration of OVA combined with SEB (OVA + SEB) induced multiple polyp-like lesions, accompanied by prominent eosinophilic infiltration in the sinonasal mucosa. The OVA- and OVA+SEB-treated groups showed significantly higher eosinophil counts from peripheral blood and total and OVA-specific IgE levels from serum than those in the PBS- and SEB-treated groups. The levels of p-STAT6 were markedly increased by OVA + SEB exposure, as well as GATA-3, IL-4, and IL-5, but did not affect STAT6, p-STAT1, p-STAT3, T-bet, RORγt, IFN-γ, or IL-17A. Furthermore, an eosinophil count in the sinonasal mucosa showed a positive correlation with the level of p-STAT6 in the ECRS mouse model. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 signaling could be activated in the OVA+SEB-induced ECRS model and might be a crucial signal transducer in the development of Th2-skewed ECRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Wei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 74566The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 105860The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Longjiang Xu
- Department of Pathology, 105860The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 74566The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Xing
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 105860The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengwen Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 105860The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jisheng Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 74566The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Liu R, Du J, Zhou J, Zhong B, Ba L, Zhang J, Liu Y, Liu S. Elevated microRNA-21 Is a Brake of Inflammation Involved in the Development of Nasal Polyps. Front Immunol 2021; 12:530488. [PMID: 33936025 PMCID: PMC8082185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.530488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CRSwNP is an inflammatory disease but the mechanism is not yet fully understood. MiR-21, a member of miRNAs, has been reported to play roles in mediating inflammation. However, the expression of miR-21 and its role in patients with CRSwNP remain elusive. Methods Turbinates from control subjects, uncinate processes from CRSsNP, polyp tissues from CRSwNP, and nasal epithelial cells brushed from nasal mucosa were collected. The expression of miR-21 and cytokines in nasal tissues and epithelial cells were detected by qPCR. The localization of miR-21 was detected by ISH, and its target was identified by bioinformation analysis, qPCR, IHC, WB, and luciferase reporter system. The protein and mRNA of PDCD4 and NF-κB P65 were determined by WB and qPCR after miR-21 transfection in HNEpC. The role of miR-21 on cytokines was analyzed in HNEpC and nasal polyp explants. Results MiR-21 was upregulated in CRSwNP relative to control subjects by qPCR, which was determined mainly in nasal epithelial cells of CRSwNP by ISH. Both pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-25, and TSLP) and a suppressive cytokine (IL-10) were overexpressed in the epithelial cells of CRSwNP. The expression of miR-21 was positively correlated with IL-10 and negatively correlated with IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, and TSLP in the epithelial cells of CRSwNP. As a potential target of miR-21, the expression of PDCD4 was negatively correlated with miR-21 in CRSwNP. In HNEpC, miR-21 could reduce the expression of PDCD4 at both mRNA and protein levels, and bioinformation analysis and luciferase reporter system confirmed PDCD4 as one target of miR-21. Furthermore, miR-21 could decrease the activation of NF-κB and increase IL-10 mRNA. Both SEB and LPS could elevate miR-21, with IL-25, IL-33, TSLP induced by SEB and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 induced by LPS, while the miR-21 could regulate the expression of IL-33, TSLP, IL-1β, IL- 6 and IL-8 in vitro and ex vivo. Clinically, miR-21 expression was inversely correlated with the Lund-Mackay CT scores and the Lund-Kennedy scores in CRSwNP. Conclusion MiR-21 could be a prominent negative feedback factor in the inflammation process to attenuate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby playing an anti-inflammation role in CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Upper Respiratory Tract Laboratory of Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jintao Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Upper Respiratory Tract Laboratory of Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Upper Respiratory Tract Laboratory of Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luo Ba
- Department of Otolaryngology, People's Hospital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, Lasha, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shixi Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Upper Respiratory Tract Laboratory of Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lucas BR, Voegels RL, do Amaral JB, Bachi ALL, Pezato R. BMP-7, MMP-9, and TGF-β tissue remodeling proteins and their correlations with interleukins 6 and 10 in chronic rhinosinusitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278:4335-4343. [PMID: 33715043 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP) and Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) present distinct tissue remodeling processes. The proteins involved in the process of tissue remodeling have their production and activity related to the inflammatory environment they are. This study aimed to evaluate the protein expression of BMP-7, MMP-9, TGF-β in chronic sinusitis with and without nasal polyposis and their relations with IL-6 and IL-10. METHODS Cross-sectional observational study with 86 participants was divided into three groups: patients with CRSwNP (n = 34), patients with CRSsNP (n = 26), and a control group (CG) without inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa (n = 26). The primary outcomes were the concentrations of BMP-7, MMP-9, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-10. Secondary outcomes were the correlations of these markers. RESULTS The TGF-β dosage was elevated in the CRSsNP group and reduced in the CSwNP group. The dosage of IL-6 was higher in the CSwNP group, and the IL-10 dosage lower in the groups with sinusitis, and IL-10 was positively correlated with BMP-7 in all groups. There was a negative correlation between IL-6 and IL-10 in all groups observed. The correlation between MMP-9 and interleukins was lost in the CRSsNP group. There was a positive correlation between TGF-β and IL-6 in the CG, and negative in the CRSsNP group. CONCLUSION An inflammation shown in rhinosinusitis with an increase in IL-6 and decrease in IL-10 when compared with the control group; only TGF-β was altered in the tissue remodeling process when compared with BMP-7 and MMP-9 in rhinosinusitis. There is a loss of correlation between tissue remodeling proteins and interleukins studied in CRSsNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Relvas Lucas
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jônatas Bussador do Amaral
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Health Science, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogério Pezato
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Ren X, Wang Z. High chemokine ligand 11 levels in nasal lavage fluid: A potential predictor of and therapeutic target for murine eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Life Sci 2021; 271:119218. [PMID: 33592198 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to discover whether group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and cytokines in nasal lavage fluid could be used to predict eosinophilic infiltration in mice with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS). METHODS Ten mice were divided into two groups. The ECRS group received an intranasal challenge of Aspergillus oryzae protease (AP) and ovalbumin (OVA) to establish disease. A control group received intranasal phosphate-buffered saline. Histopathology of nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, and cytokine and ILC2s levels in nasal lavage fluid were analyzed and compared between the ECRS and control mouse groups. KEY FINDINGS ILC2s numbers were not significantly higher in the nasal lavage fluid of the ECRS group mice compared with those of the control group. Eotaxin/chemokine (CC motif) ligand 11 (CCL11) levels were significantly higher in the nasal lavage fluid of mice in the ECRS group compared with those in the control group. However, no statistical differences were seen in the classic proinflammatory cytokines, IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal thymopoietin (TSLP), or the classic type 2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 between groups. SIGNIFICANCE Eotaxin/CCL11 levels in nasal lavage fluid rather than that of ILC2s and classic proinflammatory and type 2 cytokines were significantly higher in ECRS mice compared with control ones. Eotaxin/CCL11 showed diagnostic and therapeutic value; however, more studies are needed to test and verify its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Effects of allergic rhinitis on the progression and recovery of acute otitis media in a mouse model. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 140:110497. [PMID: 33218690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of allergic rhinitis (AR) on the development, progression, and recovery of acute otitis media (OM) in an animal model and investigate the secondary effects of bacterial infection. METHODS BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: AR + OM, AR, OM, and control groups. AR + OM and AR groups were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and alum and then challenged intranasally with OVA. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was administered to the OM and control groups the same number of times. After AR induction, OM was induced by surgical inoculation of non-typeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi) into the middle ear (ME) cavity of the mice in the AR + OM and OM groups. PBS was injected into the bulla in the AR and control groups. Each group was subdivided into sets of six mice, one for each of the four time points (0, 2, 7, and 10 days post-bacterial inoculation), at which point the mice were euthanized and ME and nasal cavity mucosa were obtained and evaluated. The occurrence of OM and the ME mucosa thickness were evaluated and compared among the four groups. Tissue expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in infected ME mucosa was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. We also investigated IgE, IL-4, and IL-5 in the nasal mucosa. RESULTS Most of the ears showed OM on post-inoculation day 2 in both AR + OM and OM groups. In the AR + OM group, 58.3% of ears still had OM on post-inoculation day 10, while only 16.7% of the OM group had OM. The ME mucosa of all groups increased, and the AR + OM group exhibited the thickest mucosa. The OM group showed peak thickness on post-inoculation day 2 and then decreased, whereas the ME mucosa thickness of the AR + OM group continued to increase to day 7. In the OM group, the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the ME also increased significantly, peaking on post-inoculation day 2, and then gradually decreased. In the AR + OM group, the expression of these proteins increased until day 7 and then decreased. The IgE and Th2 response (IL-4 and IL-5) cytokines were expressed at higher levels in the AR + OM and AR groups than in the OM and control groups. CONCLUSION The inflammatory reaction to NTHi was more intense and lasted longer in the allergic group, which indicates that AR affects the progression and subsequent recovery of acute bacterial OM.
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Yoon YH, Yeon SH, Choi MR, Jang YS, Kim JA, Oh HW, Jun X, Park SK, Heo JY, Rha KS, Kim YM. Altered Mitochondrial Functions and Morphologies in Epithelial Cells Are Associated With Pathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020; 12:653-668. [PMID: 32400131 PMCID: PMC7224996 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2020.12.4.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a complex inflammatory disease of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa. The disease is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, structural changes in the mitochondria, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This study investigated whether there are functional and morphological changes in the mitochondria in the epithelial cells of nasal polyps (NPs) and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB)-stimulated nasal epithelial cells. Methods In all, 30 patients with CRSwNP and 15 healthy subjects were enrolled. Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and changes in mitochondrial functions and structures were investigated in the uncinate tissue (UT) of healthy controls, the UT or NPs of CRSwNP patients, and human nasal epithelial cells with or without SEB stimulation. Results Oxidative phosphorylation complexes showed various responses following SEB stimulation in the nasal epithelial cells, and their expressions were significantly higher in the NPs of patients with CRSwNP than in the UT of controls. Generation of mtROS was increased following SEB exposure in nasal epithelial cells and was reduced by pretreatment with MitoTEMPO, which is used as an mtROS scavenger. In the tissues, mtROS was significantly increased in the NPs of CRSwNP patients compared to the UT of controls or CRSwNP patients. The expressions of fusion- and fission-related molecules were also significantly higher in SEB-exposed nasal epithelial cells than in non-exposed cells. In tissues, the expression of fission (fission mediator protein 1)- and fusion (membrane and mitofusin-1, and optic atrophy protein 1)-related molecules was significantly higher in the NPs of CRSwNP patients than in UT of controls or CRSwNP patients. Transmission electron microscopy revealed elongated mitochondria in SEB-exposed nasal epithelial cells and epithelial cells of NPs. Conclusions Production of mtROS, disrupted mitochondrial function, and structural changes in nasal epithelial cells might be involved in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hoon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Yeon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi Ra Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yoon Sun Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute for Neurosciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji Ae Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Oh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Xu Jun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guanzhou, China
| | - Soo Kyung Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jun Young Heo
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute for Neurosciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki Sang Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
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Multiple airborne allergen-induced eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis murine model. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:2273-2282. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rouyar A, Classe M, Gorski R, Bock M, Le‐Guern J, Roche S, Fourgous V, Remaury A, Paul P, Ponsolles C, Françon D, Rocheteau‐Beaujouan L, Clément M, Haddad E, Guillemot J, Didier M, Biton B, Orsini C, Mikol V, Leonetti M. Type 2/Th2-driven inflammation impairs olfactory sensory neurogenesis in mouse chronic rhinosinusitis model. Allergy 2019; 74:549-559. [PMID: 29987849 PMCID: PMC6590422 DOI: 10.1111/all.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a chronic inflammatory disease often accompanied by impairment of sense of smell. This symptom has been somewhat overlooked, and its relationship to inflammatory cytokines, tissue compression, neuronal loss, and neurogenesis is still unclear. METHODS In order to elucidate potential mechanisms leading to CRS in humans, we have established a type 2/T helper type 2 cell (Th2)-mediated allergic CRS mouse model, based on house dust mite (HDM) and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) sensitization. The inflammatory status of the olfactory epithelium (OE) was assessed using histology, biochemistry, and transcriptomics. The sense of smell was evaluated by studying olfactory behavior and recording electro-olfactograms (EOGs). RESULTS After 22 weeks, a typical type 2/Th2-mediated inflammatory profile was obtained, as demonstrated by increased interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the OE. The number of mast cells and eosinophils was increased, and infiltration of these cells into the olfactory mucosa was also observed. In parallel, transcriptomic and histology analyses indicated a decreased number of immature olfactory neurons, possibly due to decreased renewal. However, the number of mature sensory neurons was not affected and neither the EOG nor olfactory behavior was impaired. CONCLUSION Our mouse model of CRS displayed an allergic response to HDM + SEB administration, including the type 2/Th2 inflammatory profile characteristic of human eosinophilic CRSwNP. Although the sense of smell did not appear to be altered in these conditions, the data reveal the influence of chronic inflammation on olfactory neurogenesis, suggesting that factors unique to humans may be involved in CRSwNP-associated anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Remaury
- Translational SciencesSanofiChilly‐MazarinFrance
| | - Pascal Paul
- Translational SciencesSanofiChilly‐MazarinFrance
| | | | | | | | | | - El‐Bdaoui Haddad
- Immunology & Inflammation Research Therapeutic AreaSanofiCambridgeMassachusetts
| | | | | | - Bruno Biton
- Translational SciencesSanofiChilly‐MazarinFrance
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11
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Association between impaired IL-10 production following exposure to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B and disease severity in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergol Int 2018; 67:392-398. [PMID: 29580813 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-10 is a major anti-inflammatory cytokine that prevents inflammation-mediated tissue damage. We characterized the production of IL-10 by sinonasal tissue cells following exposure to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB), which elicits cellular responses and is associated with the pathogenesis of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS). METHODS Dispersed nasal polyp (NP) cells and uncinate tissue (UT) cells were prepared from patients with CRS with and without NP, respectively. Cells were incubated with SEB, and then the levels of IL-10 in the cell supernatants were determined. The effect of neutralizing IL-10 on SEB-induced IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ, and IL-17A production was examined. Expression of IL-10 in NPs was also determined. RESULTS IL-10 was expressed in infiltrating inflammatory cells in NPs. NP cells, especially non-adherent NP cells, produced substantial amounts of IL-10 in response to SEB. Although baseline production of IL-10 was significantly higher in NP cells than UT cells, the degree of IL-10 response to SEB was not significantly different between the cell types. The degree of IL-10 production was negatively correlated with the degree of eosinophilia both in tissues and peripheral blood whereas positively correlated with the 1-s forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity ratio. Patients with severe ECRS displayed a significant decrease in IL-10 production compared with those with non-ECRS. IL-10 neutralization significantly augmented SEB-induced IL-13 and IFN-γ production by NP cells. CONCLUSIONS Impaired IL-10 production in response to SEB in NP may exacerbate the pathophysiology of ECRS including eosinophilia and lower airway obstruction.
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12
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Lin X, Zhuang X, Li C, Wang X. Interactions between dendritic cells and T lymphocytes in pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5167-5172. [PMID: 29904400 PMCID: PMC5996678 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional status of dendritic cells (DCs) in nasal polyps (NP) and their interactions with T lymphocytes. The interactions between DC and T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of NP was also studied. The expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)1a and CD83 in NP was detected using immunohistochemistry and the ratio of CD83 DC/CD1a+DC was counted. The distribution of DCs in NP and normal inferior turbinate mucosa (nITM) was evaluated using double immunostaining (CD1a/CD40) and low illumination fluorescence microscopy. The number of CD1a+ cells, CD83+ cells and CD1a/CD40-dual positive cells in was significantly higher in NP tissues compared with nITM. Furthermore, the density of DCs observed in NP was significantly greater than that observed in nITM. The ratio of CD83 DC/CD1a+DC in NP was significantly higher compared with in nITM tissues. The results of the present study revealed significant infiltration of DCs in NP, with the majority being mature DCs. DCs are able to interact with T cells via the CD40/CD40L costimulatory factor, thus serving an important role in the development and progression of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, P.R. China
| | - Xiayan Zhuang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, P.R. China
| | - Chuangwei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
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13
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Al-Sayed AA, Agu RU, Massoud E. Models for the study of nasal and sinus physiology in health and disease: A review of the literature. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2017; 2:398-409. [PMID: 29299515 PMCID: PMC5743156 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Chronic sinusitis is a very common yet poorly understood medical condition with significant morbidity. Hence, it remains an entity that is difficult to treat with unsatisfactory outcomes of current management options. This necessitates research into the etiology and pathophysiology of the condition to enhance our knowledge and the therapeutic options. Unfortunately, this kind of research is not always feasible on human subjects due to practical and ethical limitations. Therefore, an alternative model that simulates the disease had to be found in order to overcome these limitations. These models could either be in vivo or in vitro. The aim of our review is to summarize the research findings and key discoveries of both in vivo and in vitro models of chronic sinusitis that have enhanced our understanding of the condition today and have paved the way for the future research of tomorrow. Data Sources: PubMed literature review. Methods A review of the literature was conducted to identify the main successful in vivo and in vitro models for chronic sinusitis. Results Creating a successful model for chronic sinusitis is no easy task. Over the years, both in vivo animal models and in vitro tissue culture models were proposed, with each model having its accolades and pitfalls, with the ideal model remaining elusive to this day. However, advancing three‐dimensional cell culturing techniques seems to be a promising new way to find a more accurate model. Conclusion None of the current models is perfect for a thorough study of chronic sinusitis. However, three‐dimensional cell cultures have the potential to bridge the gap between in vivo and in vitro studies. Level of Evidence NA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Sayed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine King Saud University Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Remigius U Agu
- College of Pharmacy Dalhousie University, 5968 College Street, PO Box 1500 Halifax NS B3H4R2 Canada
| | - Emad Massoud
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
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14
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Khalmuratova R, Park JW, Shin HW. Immune Cell Responses and Mucosal Barrier Disruptions in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Immune Netw 2017; 17:60-67. [PMID: 28261021 PMCID: PMC5334123 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common presentations of upper airway illness and severely affects patient quality of life. Its frequency is not surprising given levels of environmental exposure to microbes, pollutants, and allergens. Inflammatory cells, inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, and airway remodeling have been detected in the sinonasal mucosae of CRS patients, although the precise pathophysiological mechanisms causing such persistent inflammation remain unclear. Given its high prevalence and considerable associated morbidity, continued research into CRS is necessary to increase our understanding of factors likely to contribute to its pathogenesis, and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to improve treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding immune cell responses and epithelial alterations in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Khalmuratova
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
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15
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Kim DW, Cho SH. Emerging Endotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Its Application to Precision Medicine. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:299-306. [PMID: 28497916 PMCID: PMC5446944 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.4.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease with various underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms which translate to endotypes, in contrast to clinical phenotypes or histological subtypes. Defining endotypes can help clinicians predict disease prognosis, select subjects suitable for a specific therapy, and assess risks for comorbid conditions, including asthma. Therefore, with recent advancement of biologicals in CRS clinical trials, endotyping can be a breakthrough in treating recalcitrant CRS. CRS is caused by dysregulated immunologic responses to external stimuli, which induce various inflammatory mediators from inflammatory cells, including innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and T lymphocytes as well as epithelial cells. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-25, and IL-33, which are mainly secreted by epithelial cells in response to external stimuli, act on type 2 ILCs and T helper 2 (Th2) cells, inducing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Local immunoglobulin E (IgE) production is also a signature event in nasal polyps (NP). These inflammatory mediators are novel potential therapeutic targets for recalcitrant CRS. This article reviews recent publications regarding endotypes and endotype-based therapeutic strategies in CRS and NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong H Cho
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Xu J, Han R, Kim DW, Mo JH, Jin Y, Rha KS, Kim YM. Role of Interleukin-10 on Nasal Polypogenesis in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161013. [PMID: 27584662 PMCID: PMC5008817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. The dysregulation of IL-10 is associated with an enhanced immunopathologic response to infection, as well as with an increased risk for developing numerous autoimmune diseases. In this study, we investigated IL-10 expression in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and assessed the possible role of IL-10 in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. Materials and Methods Thirty-five patients with CRSwNP, 12 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without NP (CRSsNP) and 10 control subjects were enrolled in this study. NP tissues and uncinated tissues (UT) were collected for analysis. Dispersed NP cells (DNPCs) were cultured in the presence or absence of IL-25 and IL-10, and a flow cytometric assay was performed to identify the constitutive cell populations of the DNPCs. Murine NP (n = 18) models were used for the in vivo experiments. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, western blotting analysis and ELISA were performed to measure the expression levels of the selected inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-associated molecules. Results The mRNA expression levels of IL-10, IL-5, IL-17A, IL-25 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were significantly higher in the NP tissues than in the UT tissues. Strong positive correlations were observed between IL-10 and a variety of inflammatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-17A, IL-25, IFN-γ) and inflammation-associated molecules (B-cell activating factor; BAFF, CD19). Other than the IL-25 to IL-10 ratio, the expression ratios of the other measured inflammatory cytokines to IL-10 were significantly lower in the CRSwNP group than in the CRSsNP or control groups. Administrating IL-25 into the cultured DNPCs significantly increased the production of IL-10, but administrating IL-10 had no effect on the production of IL-25. Conclusion Increased expression of IL-10, IL-10 related inflammatory cytokine, and IL-10 related B cell activation indicated that IL-10, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Ruining Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Chonan, Korea
| | - Yongde Jin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Ki-Sang Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Shin H. Animal Models in CRS and Pathophysiologic Insights Gained: A Systematic Review. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2016; 1:116-123. [PMID: 28894808 PMCID: PMC5510259 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial inflammatory disease. In particular, CRS with eosinophilic features and/or nasal polyps (NPs) is often recalcitrant to current treatment; thus, appropriate animal models are mandatory to elucidate the pathogenesis of CRS and develop novel and efficient treatment modalities. The author reviewed the recently proposed animal models in CRS and discussed the pathophysiologic insights gained. Data Sources: Articles in the English language referenced in MEDLINE/PubMed from the year 2006 onward (for last 10 years). Review Methods: Review of the literature regarding animal models and related pathologic insights in CRS. RESULTS Mouse, rabbit, and sheep models of CRS have been used for studying the pathogenesis of CRS. Most of researchers adopted animal models of CRS to prove any molecular mechanisms or therapeutic efficacy. In vitro or human findings and related hypothesis were evaluated in vivo using these models. In addition, novel therapeutic candidates for CRS with or without NP have been applied to animal models. CONCLUSION Animal models have elicited insights into the pathogenesis of CRS and also have been useful in testing new treatment modalities. Although there are still clear limitations in the animal studies, newly proposed or revised animal models would be helpful to understand the exact pathophysiology of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐Woo Shin
- Obstructive Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of PharmacologySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine;SeoulRepublic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- the Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University Graduate SchoolSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgerySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
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