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Kim KR, Lee AS, Kim SM, Heo HR, Kim CS. Virus-like nanoparticles as a theranostic platform for cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1106767. [PMID: 36714624 PMCID: PMC9878189 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) are natural polymer-based nanomaterials that mimic viral structures through the hierarchical assembly of viral coat proteins, while lacking viral genomes. VLPs have received enormous attention in a wide range of nanotechnology-based medical diagnostics and therapies, including cancer therapy, imaging, and theranostics. VLPs are biocompatible and biodegradable and have a uniform structure and controllable assembly. They can encapsulate a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, and can be genetically or chemically modified. These properties have led to sophisticated multifunctional theranostic platforms. This article reviews the current progress in developing and applying engineered VLPs for molecular imaging, drug delivery, and multifunctional theranostics in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Rok Kim
- Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Ae Sol Lee
- Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Su Min Kim
- Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryoung Heo
- Senotherapy-Based Metabolic Disease Control Research Center, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea,*Correspondence: Chang Sup Kim, ; Hye Ryoung Heo,
| | - Chang Sup Kim
- Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea,*Correspondence: Chang Sup Kim, ; Hye Ryoung Heo,
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2
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Kraj P, Selivanovitch E, Lee B, Douglas T. Polymer Coatings on Virus-like Particle Nanoreactors at Low Ionic Strength-Charge Reversal and Substrate Access. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2107-2118. [PMID: 33877799 PMCID: PMC8238134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a class of biomaterials which serve as platforms for achieving the desired functionality through interior and exterior modifications. Through ionic strength-mediated electrostatic interactions, VLPs have been assembled into hierarchically ordered materials. This work builds on predictive models to prepare polymer-coated VLP clusters at very low ionic strength. Zeta potential measurements showed that the clusters carried a strongly positive charge, a complete charge reversal from the VLP building block. SAXS analysis confirmed polymer adsorption onto the VLP exterior. We then studied the activity of an encapsulated enzyme toward small molecular and macromolecular substrates to determine the effect of each component of the hierarchically assembled material. We found that while encapsulation and polymer coating did not have a large effect on access to the enzyme by its native, small molecular substrate, substrate modification with a macromolecule caused the polymer coating and encapsulation to affect the access to the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington 47405, Indiana, United States
| | - Ekaterina Selivanovitch
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington 47405, Indiana, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne 60439, Illinois, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington 47405, Indiana, United States
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3
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Stabilin-1 is required for the endothelial clearance of small anionic nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 34:102395. [PMID: 33838334 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clearance of nanoparticles (NPs) after intravenous injection - mainly by the liver - is a critical barrier for the clinical translation of nanomaterials. Physicochemical properties of NPs are known to influence their distribution through cell-specific interactions; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for liver cellular NP uptake are poorly understood. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells are critical participants in this clearance process. Here we use a zebrafish model for liver-NP interaction to identify the endothelial scavenger receptor Stabilin-1 as a non-redundant receptor for the clearance of small anionic NPs. Furthermore, we show that physiologically, Stabilin-1 is required for the removal of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS/endotoxin) from circulation and that Stabilin-1 cooperates with its homolog Stabilin-2 in the clearance of larger (~100 nm) anionic NPs. Our findings allow optimization of anionic nanomedicine biodistribution and targeting therapies that use Stabilin-1 and -2 for liver endothelium-specific delivery.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyWuhan Institute of VirologyCenter for Biosafety Mega‐ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
- College of Life ScienceJiang Han University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyWuhan Institute of VirologyCenter for Biosafety Mega‐ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
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5
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Shrestha N, Weber PH, Burke SV, Wysocki WP, Duvall MR, Bujarski JJ. Next generation sequencing reveals packaging of host RNAs by brome mosaic virus. Virus Res 2018; 252:82-90. [PMID: 29753892 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although RNA viruses evolved the mechanisms of specific encapsidation, miss-packaging of cellular RNAs has been reported in such RNA virus systems as flock house virus or cucumber necrosis virus. To find out if brome mosaic virus (BMV), a tripartite RNA virus, can package cellular RNAs, BMV was propagated in barley and in Nicotiana benthamiana hosts, purified by cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient ultracentrifugation followed by nuclease treatment to remove any contaminating cellular (host) RNAs. The extracted virion RNA was then sequenced by using next-generation sequencing (NGS RNA-Seq) with the Illumina protocol. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the content of host RNAs ranging from 0.07% for BMV extracted from barley to 0.10% for the virus extracted from N. benthamiana. The viruses from two sources appeared to co-encapsidate different patterns of host-RNAs, including ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), messenger RNAs (mRNAs) but also mitochondrial and plastid RNAs and, interestingly, transposable elements, both transposons and retrotransposons. Our data reveal that BMV virions can carry host RNAs, having a potential to mediate horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shrestha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - P H Weber
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - S V Burke
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - W P Wysocki
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - M R Duvall
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - J J Bujarski
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
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6
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Campbell F, Bos FL, Sieber S, Arias-Alpizar G, Koch BE, Huwyler J, Kros A, Bussmann J. Directing Nanoparticle Biodistribution through Evasion and Exploitation of Stab2-Dependent Nanoparticle Uptake. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2138-2150. [PMID: 29320626 PMCID: PMC5876619 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Up to 99% of systemically administered nanoparticles are cleared through the liver. Within the liver, most nanoparticles are thought to be sequestered by macrophages (Kupffer cells), although significant nanoparticle interactions with other hepatic cells have also been observed. To achieve effective cell-specific targeting of drugs through nanoparticle encapsulation, improved mechanistic understanding of nanoparticle-liver interactions is required. Here, we show the caudal vein of the embryonic zebrafish ( Danio rerio) can be used as a model for assessing nanoparticle interactions with mammalian liver sinusoidal (or scavenger) endothelial cells (SECs) and macrophages. We observe that anionic nanoparticles are primarily taken up by SECs and identify an essential requirement for the scavenger receptor, stabilin-2 ( stab2) in this process. Importantly, nanoparticle-SEC interactions can be blocked by dextran sulfate, a competitive inhibitor of stab2 and other scavenger receptors. Finally, we exploit nanoparticle-SEC interactions to demonstrate targeted intracellular drug delivery resulting in the selective deletion of a single blood vessel in the zebrafish embryo. Together, we propose stab2 inhibition or targeting as a general approach for modifying nanoparticle-liver interactions of a wide range of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Campbell
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Frank L. Bos
- Hubrecht-Institute-KNAW
and University Medical Centre and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandro Sieber
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Arias-Alpizar
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bjørn E. Koch
- Department
of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute Biology
Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kros
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Jeroen Bussmann
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute Biology
Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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7
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Narayanan KB, Han SS. Icosahedral plant viral nanoparticles - bioinspired synthesis of nanomaterials/nanostructures. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 248:1-19. [PMID: 28916111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanotechnology utilizes virus nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) of plant viruses as highly versatile platforms for materials synthesis and molecular entrapment that can be used in the nanotechnological fields, such as in next-generation nanoelectronics, nanocatalysis, biosensing and optics, and biomedical applications, such as for targeting, therapeutic delivery, and non-invasive in vivo imaging with high specificity and selectivity. In particular, plant virus capsids provide biotemplates for the production of novel nanostructured materials with organic/inorganic moieties incorporated in a very precise and controlled manner. Interestingly, capsid proteins of spherical plant viruses can self-assemble into well-organized icosahedral three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale multivalent architectures with high monodispersity and structural symmetry. Using viral genetic and protein engineering of icosahedral viruses with a variety of sizes, the interior, exterior and the interfaces between coat protein (CP) subunits can be manipulated to fabricate materials with a wide range of desirable properties allowing for biomineralization, encapsulation, infusion, controlled self-assembly, and multivalent ligand display of nanoparticles or molecules for varied applications. In this review, we discuss the various functional nanomaterials/nanostructures developed using the VNPs and VLPs of different icosahedral plant viruses and their nano(bio)technological and nanomedical applications.
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Maassen SJ, van der Ham AM, Cornelissen JJLM. Combining Protein Cages and Polymers: from Understanding Self-Assembly to Functional Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:987-994. [PMID: 35607217 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein cages, such as viruses, are well-defined biological nanostructures which are highly symmetrical and monodisperse. They are found in various shapes and sizes and can encapsulate or template non-native materials. Furthermore, the proteins can be chemically or genetically modified giving them new properties. For these reasons, these protein structures have received increasing attention in the field of polymer-protein hybrid materials over the past years, however, advances are still to be made. This Viewpoint highlights the different ways polymers and protein cages or their subunits have been combined to understand self-assembly and create functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan J. Maassen
- Laboratory for Biomolecular
Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anne M. van der Ham
- Laboratory for Biomolecular
Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Biomolecular
Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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9
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Liu A, Verwegen M, de Ruiter MV, Maassen SJ, Traulsen CHH, Cornelissen JJLM. Protein Cages as Containers for Gold Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:6352-7. [PMID: 27135176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abundant and highly diverse, viruses offer new scaffolds in nanotechnology for the encapsulation, organization, or even synthesis of novel materials. In this work the coat protein of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) is used to encapsulate gold nanoparticles with different sizes and stabilizing ligands yielding stable particles in buffered solutions at neutral pH. The sizes of the virus-like particles correspond to T = 1, 2, and 3 Caspar-Klug icosahedral triangulation numbers. We developed a simple one-step process enabling the encapsulation of commercially available gold nanoparticles without prior modification with up to 97% efficiency. The encapsulation efficiency is further increased using bis-p-(sufonatophenyl)phenyl phosphine surfactants up to 99%. Our work provides a simplified procedure for the preparation of metallic particles stabilized in CCMV protein cages. The presented results are expected to enable the preparation of a variety of similar virus-based colloids for current focus areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Liu
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verwegen
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Mark V de Ruiter
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Stan J Maassen
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph H-H Traulsen
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J L M Cornelissen
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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10
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Liu A, Traulsen CHH, Cornelissen JJLM. Nitroarene Reduction by a Virus Protein Cage Based Nanoreactor. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Liu
- Laboratory for Biomolecular
Nanotechnology MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph H.-H. Traulsen
- Laboratory for Biomolecular
Nanotechnology MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Biomolecular
Nanotechnology MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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11
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Rother M, Nussbaumer MG, Renggli K, Bruns N. Protein cages and synthetic polymers: a fruitful symbiosis for drug delivery applications, bionanotechnology and materials science. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:6213-6249. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00177g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein cages have become essential tools in bionanotechnology due to their well-defined, monodisperse, capsule-like structure. Combining them with synthetic polymers greatly expands their application, giving rise to novel nanomaterials fore.g.drug-delivery, sensing, electronic devices and for uses as nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rother
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Martin G. Nussbaumer
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Kasper Renggli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering
- ETH Zürich
- 4058 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
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12
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He Q, Huang S, Xu S, Wang L. pH-responsive cocktail drug nanocarriers by encapsulating paclitaxel with doxorubicin modified poly(amino acid). RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A pH-responsive cocktail paclitaxel/doxorubicin nanocapsule with suitable size (around 100 nm), good biocompatibility and good cell targeting is developed via the assembly of poly(amino acid) for synergetic chemotherapy of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Sheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Suying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Leyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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