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Hammer BAG, Müllen K. Expanding the limits of synthetic macromolecular chemistry through Polyphenylene Dendrimers. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 20:262. [PMID: 30363718 PMCID: PMC6182379 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-018-4364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenylene dendrimers (PPDs) are a unique class of macromolecules because their backbone is made from twisted benzene repeat units that result in a rigid, shape-persistent architecture as reported by Hammer et al. (Chem Soc Rev 44:4072-4090, 2015) and Hammer and Müllen (Chem Rev 116:2103-210, 2016) These dendrimers can be synthetically tailored at their core, scaffold, and surface to introduce a wide range of chemical functionalities that influence their applications. It is the balance between the macromolecular properties of polyphenylene dendrimers with grandiose synthetic ingenuity that presents a template for the next generation of synthetic dendrimers to achieve complex structures other chemistry fields cannot. This perspective will look at how advances in synthetic chemistry have led to an explosion in the properties of polyphenylene dendrimers from their initial stage, as PPDs that were used as precursors for nanographenes, to next-generation dendrimers for organic electronic devices, sensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nanocarriers for small molecules, and even as complexes with therapeutic drugs and viruses, among others. Ideally, this perspective will illustrate how the evolution of synthetic chemistry has influenced the possible structures and properties of PPDs and how these chemical modifications have opened the door to unprecedented applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton A. G. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St. 91330, Northridge, CA USA
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Gopinath A, Sathiyaraj S, Sultan Nasar A. Star poly(4-vinylpyridine)s using dendritic ATRP initiators: Synthesis, electrolyte property and performance in dye sensitized solar cell. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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3
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Hammer BAG, Müllen K. Dimensional Evolution of Polyphenylenes: Expanding in All Directions. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2103-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenton A. G. Hammer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Qiu F, Huang Y, Zhu X. Fluorescent Unimolecular Conjugated Polymeric Micelles for Biological Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Shanghai Institute of Technology; 100 Haiquan Road Shanghai 201418 P. R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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Boyer C, Corrigan NA, Jung K, Nguyen D, Nguyen TK, Adnan NNM, Oliver S, Shanmugam S, Yeow J. Copper-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Copper(0) Mediated Polymerization): From Fundamentals to Bioapplications. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1803-949. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Alan Corrigan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Diep Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Thuy-Khanh Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nik Nik M. Adnan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Susan Oliver
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Zhang J, Liu K, Müllen K, Yin M. Self-assemblies of amphiphilic homopolymers: synthesis, morphology studies and biomedical applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11541-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The need for a simplified access to supramolecular assemblies with enhanced tenability has led to the development of amphiphilic homopolymers (APHPs). This review highlights recent advances and future trends in APHP design, self-assembly, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
| | - Kelan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
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Hammer BAG, Moritz R, Stangenberg R, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. The polar side of polyphenylene dendrimers. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4072-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The site-specific functionalization of poly(phenylene) dendrimers can produce macromolecules with a range of different polarities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Moritz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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Stangenberg R, Saeed I, Kuan SL, Baumgarten M, Weil T, Klapper M, Müllen K. Tuning polarity of polyphenylene dendrimers by patched surface amphiphilicity--precise control over size, shape, and polarity. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 35:152-160. [PMID: 24272967 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the ideal case, a precise synthesis yields molecules with a constitutional as well as a conformational perfectness. Such a case of precision is demonstrated by the synthesis of semi-rigid amphiphilic polyphenylene dendrimers (PPDs). Polar sulfonate groups are precisely placed on their periphery in such a manner that patches of polar and non-polar regions are created. Key structural features are the semi-rigid framework and shape-persistent nature of PPDs since the limited flexibility introduces a nano-phase-separated amphiphilic rim of the dendrimer. This results in both attractive and repulsive interactions with a given solvent. Frustrated solvent structures then lead to a remarkable solubility in solvents of different polarity such as toluene, methanol, and water or their mixtures. Water solubility combined with defined surface structuring and variable hydrophobicity of PPDs that resemble the delicate surface textures of proteins are important prerequisites for their biological and medical applications based upon cellular internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Stangenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irfan Saeed
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- University of Ulm, Institute for Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- University of Ulm, Institute for Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Klapper
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Lee CH, Wong CH, Ouhab D, Borsali R, Li P. Synthesis and characterization of solvent-invertible amphiphilic hollow particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:7583-7590. [PMID: 23721358 DOI: 10.1021/la401399m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous researches on solvent-dependent polymer systems mainly focus on amphiphilic invertible polymers (AIPs), which are capable of forming solvent-dependent micellar or inverse micellar assemblies. However, polymer particles that are invertible in response to solvent polarity are almost unexplored. In this paper, we report a new type of invertible hollow polymer (IHP) particle that is comprised of polyethylenimine-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PEI-g-PMMA) copolymer. The amphiphilic PEI-g-PMMA hollow particles were first prepared through synthesis of well-defined PEI/PMMA core-shell particles, followed by removal of PMMA homopolymer from the core. The resulting IHP particles can be stably dispersed in both nonpolar solvent and water. We have investigated the morphology and surface property of the particles in both dichloromethane (DCM) and water using transmission electron microscopy, water contact angle measurement, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis to gain insight into this unique particle dispersibility. Sustainability of the solvent-invertible property was carefully studied through repeated treatment of the IHP particles in DCM or water for up to six cycles. Solvent-dependent property of the dry films formed by IHP particles was also investigated through water contact angle measurement. Increasing water content on the DCM-treated IHP particle film could reduce the water contact angle from 94° to 51°. Our results demonstrate that the amphiphilic hollow particles are a new type of polymer design for smart materials that are invertible in response to nonpolar and aqueous media in both dispersed and solid states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hao Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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10
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He W, Jiang H, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Zhu X. Atom transfer radical polymerization of hydrophilic monomers and its applications. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Yin M, Kang N, Cui G, Liu Z, Wang F, Yang W, Klapper M, Müllen K. Synthesis, Electrochemical Properties and Self-Assembly of a Proton-Conducting Core-Shell Macromolecule. Chemistry 2012; 18:2239-43. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Türp D, Nguyen TTT, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Uniquely versatile: nano-site defined materials based on polyphenylene dendrimers. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Weil T, Vosch T, Hofkens J, Peneva K, Müllen K. Rylenfarbstoffe als maßgeschneiderte Nanoemitter für die Photonik. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Weil T, Vosch T, Hofkens J, Peneva K, Müllen K. The Rylene Colorant Family-Tailored Nanoemitters for Photonics Research and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:9068-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Ouchi M, Terashima T, Sawamoto M. Transition metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization: toward perfection in catalysis and precision polymer synthesis. Chem Rev 2010; 109:4963-5050. [PMID: 19788190 DOI: 10.1021/cr900234b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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16
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Yin M, Shen J, Pisula W, Liang M, Zhi L, Müllen K. Functionalization of Self-Assembled Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene Fibers with Peptides for Bioprobing. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:14618-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9058662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100094 Beijing, China, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100094 Beijing, China, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100094 Beijing, China, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100094 Beijing, China, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100094 Beijing, China, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100094 Beijing, China, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190 Beijing, China
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Yin M, Ding K, Gropeanu RA, Shen J, Berger R, Weil T, Müllen K. Dendritic Star Polymers for Efficient DNA Binding and Stimulus-Dependent DNA Release. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:3231-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800797j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Yin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Radu A. Gropeanu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Rüdiger Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
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Yin M, Cheng Y, Liu M, Gutmann J, Müllen K. Nanostructured TiO2Films Templated by Amphiphilic Dendritic Core-Double-Shell Macromolecules: From Isolated Nanorings to Continuous 2D Mesoporous Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8400-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Yin M, Cheng Y, Liu M, Gutmann J, Müllen K. Nanostructured TiO2Films Templated by Amphiphilic Dendritic Core-Double-Shell Macromolecules: From Isolated Nanorings to Continuous 2D Mesoporous Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Yin M, Shen J, Gropeanu R, Pflugfelder GO, Weil T, Müllen K. Fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles for specific cell-nucleus staining. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:894-898. [PMID: 18561214 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Yin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Yin M, Kuhlmann CRW, Sorokina K, Li C, Mihov G, Pietrowski E, Koynov K, Klapper M, Luhmann HJ, Weil T. Novel Fluorescent Core–Shell Nanocontainers for Cell Membrane Transport. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1381-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm701138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Yin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Saarstrasse 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph R. W. Kuhlmann
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Saarstrasse 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ksenia Sorokina
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Saarstrasse 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chen Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Saarstrasse 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - George Mihov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Saarstrasse 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eweline Pietrowski
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Saarstrasse 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Saarstrasse 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Klapper
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Saarstrasse 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J. Luhmann
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Saarstrasse 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Saarstrasse 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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