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LeDoux MS. Dystonia. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Gajos A, Golańska E, Sieruta M, Szybka M, Liberski PP, Bogucki A. High variability of clinical symptoms in a Polish family with a novelTHAP1mutation. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:755-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.981749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Elia AE, Del Sorbo F, Romito LM, Barzaghi C, Garavaglia B, Albanese A. Isolated limb dystonia as presenting feature of Parkin disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:827-8. [PMID: 24659796 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-307294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio E Elia
- Neurologia I, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Luigi M Romito
- Neurologia I, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Barzaghi
- Neurologia I, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy Neurogenetica Molecolare, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Neurogenetica Molecolare, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Neurologia I, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy Istituto di Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
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Saunders-Pullman R, Fuchs T, San Luciano M, Raymond D, Brashear A, Ortega R, Deik A, Ozelius LJ, Bressman SB. Heterogeneity in primary dystonia: lessons from THAP1, GNAL, and TOR1A in Amish-Mennonites. Mov Disord 2014; 29:812-8. [PMID: 24500857 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A founder mutation in the Thanatos-associated (THAP) domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 1 (THAP1) gene causing primary dystonia was originally described in the Amish-Mennonites. However, there may be both genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity of dystonia in this population that may also inform studies in other ethnic groups. Genotyping for THAP1 and for guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), α-activating activity polypeptide, olfactory type (GNAL) mutations and genotype-phenotype comparisons were performed for 76 individuals of Amish-Mennonites heritage with primary dystonia. Twenty-seven individuals had mutations in THAP1-most with the founder indel mutation-but two had different THAP1 mutations, 8 had mutations in GNAL, and 1 had a de novo GAG deletion in torsin 1A (TOR1A) (dystonia 1 [DYT1]). In the primary analysis comparing THAP1 carriers versus all non-THAP1, non-GNAL, non-TOR1A individuals, age at onset was lower in THAP1 carriers (mean age ± standard deviation, 15.5 ± 9.2 years [range, 5-38 years] vs. 39.2 ± 17.7 years [range, 1-70 years]; P < 0.001), and THAP1 carriers were more likely to have onset of dystonia in an arm (44.4% vs. 15.0%; P = 0.02) and to have arm involvement (88.9% vs. 22.5%; P < 0.01), leg involvement (51.9% vs. 10.0%; P = 0.01), and jaw/tongue involvement (33.3% vs. 7.5%; P = 0.02) involvement at their final examination. Carriers were less likely to have dystonia restricted to a single site (11.11% in carriers vs. 65.9% in noncarriers; P < 0.01) and were less likely to have dystonia onset in cervical regions (25.9% of THAP1 carriers vs. 52.5% of noncarriers; P = 0.04). Primary dystonia in the Amish-Mennonites is genetically diverse and includes not only the THAP1 indel founder mutation but also different mutations in THAP1 and GNAL as well as the TOR1A GAG deletion. Phenotype, particularly age at onset combined with final distribution, may be highly specific for the genetic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Jinnah HA, Berardelli A, Comella C, Defazio G, Delong MR, Factor S, Galpern WR, Hallett M, Ludlow CL, Perlmutter JS, Rosen AR. The focal dystonias: current views and challenges for future research. Mov Disord 2013; 28:926-43. [PMID: 23893450 PMCID: PMC3733486 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common forms of dystonia are those that develop in adults and affect a relatively isolated region of the body. Although these adult-onset focal dystonias are most prevalent, knowledge of their etiologies and pathogenesis has lagged behind some of the rarer generalized dystonias, in which the identification of genetic defects has facilitated both basic and clinical research. This summary provides a brief review of the clinical manifestations of the adult-onset focal dystonias, focusing attention on less well understood clinical manifestations that need further study. It also provides a simple conceptual model for the similarities and differences among the different adult-onset focal dystonias as a rationale for lumping them together as a class of disorders while at the same time splitting them into subtypes. The concluding section outlines some of the most important research questions for the future. Answers to these questions are critical for advancing our understanding of this group of disorders and for developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Abstract
Dystonia has been defined as a syndrome of involuntary, sustained muscle contractions affecting one or more sites of the body, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Dystonia is also a clinical sign that can be the presenting or prominent manifestation of many neurodegenerative and neurometabolic disorders. Etiological categories include primary dystonia, secondary dystonia, heredodegenerative diseases with dystonia, and dystonia plus. Primary dystonia includes syndromes in which dystonia is the sole phenotypic manifestation with the exception that tremor can be present as well. Most primary dystonia begins in adults, and approximately 10% of probands report one or more affected family members. Many cases of childhood- and adolescent-onset dystonia are due to mutations in TOR1A and THAP1. Mutations in THAP1 and CIZ1 have been associated with sporadic and familial adult-onset dystonia. Although significant recent progress had been made in defining the genetic basis for most of the dystonia-plus and heredodegenerative diseases with dystonia, a major gap remains in understanding the genetic etiologies for most cases of adult-onset primary dystonia. Common themes in the cellular biology of dystonia include G1/S cell cycle control, monoaminergic neurotransmission, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the neuronal stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S LeDoux
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Abstract
In 1984, dystonia was defined by an ad hoc committee of the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation as a syndrome of involuntary, sustained muscle contractions affecting one or more sites of the body, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements, or abnormal postures. In 2011, dystonia remains a purely clinical diagnosis. Primary dystonia includes syndromes in which dystonia is the sole phenotypic manifestation with the exception that tremor can be present as well. Primary dystonias are typically mobile and may show task specificity. Fixed dystonias are often psychogenic or associated with complex regional pain syndrome. Fixed dystonia may also be the terminal consequence of long-standing, inadequately-treated, severe appendicular or cervical dystonia. The vast majority of primary dystonias have their onset in adults. Late-onset, primary, focal dystonia, particularly blepharospasm, may spread to affect other anatomical segments. Patients with focal dystonia may also exhibit spontaneous remissions that last for years. Although sensory tricks are commonly reported by patients with primary dystonia, they have also been described in subjects with secondary dystonia. Another important sensory aspect of dystonia is pain which is relatively common in cervical dystonia but also reported by many patients with masticatory dystonia, hand-forearm dystonia and blepharospasm. In conclusion, "dystonia" can be used to delimit a clinical sign or loosely define a neuropsychiatric sensorimotor syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S LeDoux
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Wray S, Self M, Lewis PA, Taanman JW, Ryan NS, Mahoney CJ, Liang Y, Devine MJ, Sheerin UM, Houlden H, Morris HR, Healy D, Marti-Masso JF, Preza E, Barker S, Sutherland M, Corriveau RA, D'Andrea M, Schapira AHV, Uitti RJ, Guttman M, Opala G, Jasinska-Myga B, Puschmann A, Nilsson C, Espay AJ, Slawek J, Gutmann L, Boeve BF, Boylan K, Stoessl AJ, Ross OA, Maragakis NJ, Van Gerpen J, Gerstenhaber M, Gwinn K, Dawson TM, Isacson O, Marder KS, Clark LN, Przedborski SE, Finkbeiner S, Rothstein JD, Wszolek ZK, Rossor MN, Hardy J. Creation of an open-access, mutation-defined fibroblast resource for neurological disease research. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43099. [PMID: 22952635 PMCID: PMC3428297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of many neurological disorders has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of mutations in genes linked to familial forms of these diseases. These have facilitated the generation of cell and animal models that can be used to understand the underlying molecular pathology. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the use of patient-derived cells, due to the development of induced pluripotent stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into neurons and glia. Access to patient cell lines carrying the relevant mutations is a limiting factor for many centres wishing to pursue this research. We have therefore generated an open-access collection of fibroblast lines from patients carrying mutations linked to neurological disease. These cell lines have been deposited in the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Repository at the Coriell Institute for Medical Research and can be requested by any research group for use in in vitro disease modelling. There are currently 71 mutation-defined cell lines available for request from a wide range of neurological disorders and this collection will be continually expanded. This represents a significant resource that will advance the use of patient cells as disease models by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Wray
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Self
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - NINDS Parkinson's Disease iPSC Consortium
- For a full list of the members of the NINDS Parkinson's Disease iPSC Consortium, NINDS Huntington's Disease iPSC Consortium, and NINDS ALS iPSC Consortium please see the Acknowledgments section
| | - NINDS Huntington's Disease iPSC Consortium
- For a full list of the members of the NINDS Parkinson's Disease iPSC Consortium, NINDS Huntington's Disease iPSC Consortium, and NINDS ALS iPSC Consortium please see the Acknowledgments section
| | - NINDS ALS iPSC Consortium
- For a full list of the members of the NINDS Parkinson's Disease iPSC Consortium, NINDS Huntington's Disease iPSC Consortium, and NINDS ALS iPSC Consortium please see the Acknowledgments section
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie S. Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Mahoney
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuying Liang
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Devine
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Una-Marie Sheerin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huw R. Morris
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Healy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elisavet Preza
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Barker
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Sutherland
- National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roderick A. Corriveau
- National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael D'Andrea
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Anthony H. V. Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan J. Uitti
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark Guttman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grzegorz Opala
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Christer Nilsson
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alberto J. Espay
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jaroslaw Slawek
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ludwig Gutmann
- Department of Neurology , West Virginia University, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bradley F. Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kevin Boylan
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - A. Jon Stoessl
- Division of Neurology, Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Owen A. Ross
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Maragakis
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jay Van Gerpen
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Melissa Gerstenhaber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katrina Gwinn
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration Program, Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology and the Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ole Isacson
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen S. Marder
- Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, Sergievsky Center, and Taub Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lorraine N. Clark
- Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, Sergievsky Center, and Taub Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Serge E. Przedborski
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Taube-Koret Center for Huntington's Disease Research, Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Rothstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zbigniew K. Wszolek
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin N. Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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Xiromerisiou G, Houlden H, Scarmeas N, Stamelou M, Kara E, Hardy J, Lees AJ, Korlipara P, Limousin P, Paudel R, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Bhatia KP. THAP1 mutations and dystonia phenotypes: genotype phenotype correlations. Mov Disord 2012; 27:1290-4. [PMID: 22903657 PMCID: PMC3664430 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
THAP1 mutations have been shown to be the cause of DYT6. A number of different mutation types and locations in the THAP1 gene have been associated with a range of severity and dystonia phenotypes, but, as yet, it has been difficult to identify clear genotype phenotype patterns. Here, we screened the THAP1 gene in a further series of dystonia cases and evaluated the mutation pathogenicity in this series as well as previously reported mutations to investigate possible phenotype-genotype correlations. THAP1 mutations have been identified throughout the coding region of the gene, with the greatest concentration of variants localized to the THAP1 domain. In the additional cases analyzed here, a further two mutations were found. No obvious, indisputable genotype-phenotype correlation emerged from these data. However, we managed to find a correlation between the pathogenicity of mutations, distribution, and age of onset of dystonia. THAP1 mutations are an important cause of dystonia, but, as yet, no clear genotype-phenotype correlations have been identified. Greater mutation numbers in different populations will be important and mutation-specific functional studies will be essential to identify the pathogenicity of the various THAP1 mutations. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
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Genotype-phenotype correlations in THAP1 dystonia: molecular foundations and description of new cases. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:414-25. [PMID: 22377579 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An extensive variety of THAP1 sequence variants have been associated with focal, segmental and generalized dystonia with age of onset ranging from 3 to over 60 years. In previous work, we screened 1114 subjects with mainly adult-onset primary dystonia (Neurology 2010; 74:229-238) and identified 6 missense mutations in THAP1. For this report, we screened 750 additional subjects for mutations in coding regions of THAP1 and interrogated all published descriptions of THAP1 phenotypes (gender, age of onset, anatomical distribution of dystonia, family history and site of onset) to explore the possibility of THAP1 genotype-phenotype correlations and facilitate a deeper understanding of THAP1 pathobiology. We identified 5 additional missense mutations in THAP1 (p.A7D, p.K16E, p.S21C, p.R29Q, and p.I80V). Three of these variants are associated with appendicular tremors, which were an isolated or presenting sign in some of the affected subjects. Abductor laryngeal dystonia and mild blepharospasm can be manifestations of THAP1 mutations in some individuals. Overall, mean age of onset for THAP1 dystonia is 16.8 years and the most common sites of onset are the arm and neck, and the most frequently affected anatomical site is the neck. In addition, over half of patients exhibit either cranial or laryngeal involvement. Protein truncating mutations and missense mutations within the THAP domain of THAP1 tend to manifest at an earlier age and exhibit more extensive anatomical distributions than mutations localized to other regions of THAP1.
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Blanchard A, Ea V, Roubertie A, Martin M, Coquart C, Claustres M, Béroud C, Collod-Béroud G. DYT6 dystonia: Review of the literature and creation of the UMD locus-specific database (LSDB) for mutations in the THAP1 gene. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:1213-24. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Novel THAP1 gene mutations in patients with primary dystonia from southwest China. J Neurol Sci 2011; 309:63-7. [PMID: 21839475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical presentation and DYT6/THAP1 mutations among Chinese patients with primary dystonia have not been well studied. METHODS Patients with primary pure dystonia from Southwest China who did not have a mutation in DYT1 exon 5 were included in the present study. Mutations of the THAP1 gene were screened by direct sequencing. RESULTS A total of 231 patients were examined. Cervical dystonia (58.47%) was found to be the most frequent form of focal dystonia. Novel heterozygous missense mutation [c.521A>G (p.E174G)] was found in exon 3 of the THAP1 gene in one patient and one insertion mutation [c.214_215InsA (p.L72fsX86)] in exon 2 in another. Initial symptoms of patients with these mutations were early-onset cervical dystonia. Both patients had no dysarthria. A silent change [c.489C>G (p.L63L)] in exon 3 was identified in three patients with Meige syndrome. CONCLUSION The mutation frequency of the THAP1 gene was 0.87% in Chinese patients with primary pure dystonia, similar to the mutation frequency found in other ethnic groups. Patients presenting with early-onset cervical dystonia should be screened for THAP1 gene mutations to fully assess all the possible etiologies of dystonia. Further studies are needed for p.L63L in THAP1 in Meige syndrome.
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Sengel C, Gavarini S, Sharma N, Ozelius LJ, Bragg DC. Dimerization of the DYT6 dystonia protein, THAP1, requires residues within the coiled-coil domain. J Neurochem 2011; 118:1087-100. [PMID: 21752024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thanatos-associated [THAP] domain-containing apoptosis-associated protein 1 (THAP1) is a DNA-binding protein that has been recently associated with DYT6 dystonia, a hereditary movement disorder involving sustained, involuntary muscle contractions. A large number of dystonia-related mutations have been identified in THAP1 in diverse patient populations worldwide. Previous reports have suggested that THAP1 oligomerizes with itself via a C-terminal coiled-coil domain, raising the possibility that DYT6 mutations in this region might affect this interaction. In this study, we examined the ability of wild-type THAP1 to bind itself and the effects on this interaction of the following disease mutations: C54Y, F81L, ΔF132, T142A, I149T, Q154fs180X, and A166T. The results confirmed that wild-type THAP1 associated with itself and most of the DYT6 mutants tested, except for the Q154fs180X variant, which loses most of the coiled-coil domain because of a frameshift at position 154. However, deletion of C-terminal residues after position 166 produced a truncated variant of THAP1 that was able to bind the wild-type protein. The interaction of THAP1 with itself therefore required residues within a 13-amino acid region (aa 154-166) of the coiled-coil domain. Further inspection of this sequence revealed elements highly consistent with previous descriptions of leucine zippers, which serve as dimerization domains in other transcription factor families. Based on this similarity, a structural model was generated to predict how hydrophobic residues in this region may mediate dimerization. These observations offer additional insight into the role of the coiled-coil domain in THAP1, which may facilitate future analyses of DYT6 mutations in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Sengel
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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THAP1/DYT6 sequence variants in non-DYT1 early-onset primary dystonia in China and their effects on RNA expression. J Neurol 2011; 259:342-7. [PMID: 21800139 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the THAP1 gene were recently identified as the cause of DYT6 primary dystonia. More than 40 mutations in this gene have been described in different populations. However, no previous report has identified sequence variations that affect the transcript process of the THAP1 gene. In addition, the mutation frequency in Chinese early-onset primary dystonia has not been well characterized. One hundred and two unrelated patients with non-DYT1 early-onset primary dystonia (age at onset <26 years), family members of participants with mutations, and 200 neurologically normal controls were screened for THAP1 gene mutations. The effects of the identified mutations on RNA expression were analyzed using semi-quantitative real-time PCR. Seven sequence variants (c.63_66del TTTC, c.161G>T, c.224A>T, c.267G>A, c.339T>C, c.449A>C, and c.539T>C) were identified in this group of patients (6.9%). In this cohort, 15 subjects (seven unrelated patients and eight family members) were detected to have THAP1 sequence variants. Among these 15 subjects, 11 were manifested (penetrance of DYT6 was 73.3%) and seven presented with craniocervical involvement (63.6%). However, one patient manifested paroxysmal headshake, and one presented with essential hand tremor. Semi-quantitative real-time PCR indicated that a novel silent mutation (c.267G>A) decreased the expression of THAP1 in human lymphocytes. Our findings indicated that THAP1 sequence variants are not common in non-DYT1 early-onset primary dystonia in China and that the clinical manifestation may vary. One silent mutation (c.267G>A) was shown to affect THAP1 expression.
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Puschmann A, Xiao J, Bastian RW, Searcy JA, LeDoux MS, Wszolek ZK. An African-American family with dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:547-50. [PMID: 21601506 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The genetic cause of late-onset focal and segmental dystonia remains unknown in most individuals. Recently, mutations in Thanatos-associated protein domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 1 (THAP1) have been described in DYT6 dystonia and associated with some cases of familial and sporadic late-onset dystonia in Caucasians. We are not aware of any previous descriptions of familial dystonia in African-Americans or reports of THAP1 mutations in African-Americans. Herein, we characterize an African-American (AA) kindred with late-onset primary dystonia, clinically and genetically. The clinical phenotype included cervical, laryngeal and hand-forearm dystonia. Symptoms were severe and disabling for several family members, whereas others only displayed mild signs. There were no accompanying motor or cognitive signs. In this kindred, age of onset ranged from 45 to 50 years and onset was frequently sudden, with symptoms developing within weeks or months. DYT1 was excluded as the cause of dystonia in this kindred. The entire genomic region of THAP1, including non-coding regions, was sequenced. We identified 13 sequence variants in THAP1, although none co-segregated with dystonia. A novel THAP1 variant (c.-237-3G>T/A) was found in 3/84 AA dystonia patient alleles and 3/212 AA control alleles, but not in 5870 Caucasian alleles. In summary, although previously unreported, familial primary dystonia does occur in African-Americans. Genetic analysis of the entire genomic region of THAP1 revealed a novel variant that was specific for African-Americans. Therefore, genetic testing for dystonia and future studies of candidate genes must take genetic background into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Puschmann
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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