1
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Laabs BH, Lohmann K, Vollstedt EJ, Reinberger T, Nuxoll LM, Kilic-Berkmen G, Perlmutter JS, Loens S, Cruchaga C, Franke A, Dobricic V, Hinrichs F, Grözinger A, Altenmüller E, Bellows S, Boesch S, Bressman SB, Duque KR, Espay AJ, Ferbert A, Feuerstein JS, Frank S, Gasser T, Haslinger B, Jech R, Kaiser F, Kamm C, Kollewe K, Kühn AA, LeDoux MS, Lohmann E, Mahajan A, Münchau A, Multhaupt-Buell T, Pantelyat A, Pirio Richardson SE, Raymond D, Reich SG, Saunders Pullman R, Schormair B, Sharma N, Sichani AH, Simonyan K, Volkmann J, Wagle Shukla A, Winkelmann J, Wright LJ, Zech M, Zeuner KE, Zittel S, Kasten M, Sun YV, Bäumer T, Brüggemann N, Ozelius LJ, Jinnah HA, Klein C, König IR. Genetic Risk Factors in Isolated Dystonia Escape Genome-Wide Association Studies. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 39287592 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable heritability, previous smaller genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have not identified any robust genetic risk factors for isolated dystonia. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to perform a large-scale GWAS in a well-characterized, multicenter sample of >6000 individuals to identify genetic risk factors for isolated dystonia. METHODS Array-based GWASs were performed on autosomes for 4303 dystonia participants and 2362 healthy control subjects of European ancestry with subgroup analysis based on age at onset, affected body regions, and a newly developed clinical score. Another 736 individuals were used for validation. RESULTS This GWAS identified no common genome-wide significant loci that could be replicated despite sufficient power to detect meaningful effects. Power analyses imply that the effects of individual variants are likely very small. CONCLUSIONS Moderate single-nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability indicates that common variants do not contribute to isolated dystonia in this cohort. Sequence-based GWASs (eg, by whole-genome sequencing) might help to better understand the genetic basis. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn-Hergen Laabs
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Lisa-Marie Nuxoll
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sebastian Loens
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, CBBM, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Valerija Dobricic
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analysis, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frauke Hinrichs
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne Grözinger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Eckart Altenmüller
- Institute of Music Physiology and Musician's Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hanover, Germany
| | - Steven Bellows
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorder Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susan B Bressman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin R Duque
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andreas Ferbert
- Department of Neurology, Kassel School of Medicine, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jeanne S Feuerstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel Frank
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and DZNE, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haslinger
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Kaiser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Essener Zentrum für Seltene Erkrankungen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kamm
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katja Kollewe
- Clinic for Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Veracity Neuroscience LLC, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and DZNE, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abhimanyu Mahajan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, RUSH University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, CBBM, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Trisha Multhaupt-Buell
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Deborah Raymond
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen G Reich
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Saunders Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Schormair
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nutan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Azadeh Hamzehei Sichani
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristina Simonyan
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, RUSH University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura J Wright
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten E Zeuner
- Clinic for Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, CBBM, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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7
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Sun YV, Li C, Hui Q, Huang Y, Barbano R, Rodriguez R, Malaty IA, Reich S, Bambarger K, Holmes K, Jankovic J, Patel NJ, Roze E, Vidailhet M, Berman BD, LeDoux MS, Espay AJ, Agarwal P, Pirio-Richardson S, Frank SA, Ondo WG, Saunders-Pullman R, Chouinard S, Natividad S, Berardelli A, Pantelyat AY, Brashear A, Fox SH, Kasten M, Krämer UM, Neis M, Bäumer T, Loens S, Borsche M, Zittel S, Maurer A, Gelderblom M, Volkmann J, Odorfer T, Kühn AA, Borngräber F, König IR, Cruchaga C, Cotton AC, Kilic-Berkmen G, Freeman A, Factor SA, Scorr L, Bremner JD, Vaccarino V, Quyyumi AA, Klein C, Perlmutter JS, Lohmann K, Jinnah HA. A Multi-center Genome-wide Association Study of Cervical Dystonia. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2795-2801. [PMID: 34320236 PMCID: PMC8688173 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several monogenic causes for isolated dystonia have been identified, but they collectively account for only a small proportion of cases. Two genome-wide association studies have reported a few potential dystonia risk loci; but conclusions have been limited by small sample sizes, partial coverage of genetic variants, or poor reproducibility. OBJECTIVE To identify robust genetic variants and loci in a large multicenter cervical dystonia cohort using a genome-wide approach. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study using cervical dystonia samples from the Dystonia Coalition. Logistic and linear regressions, including age, sex, and population structure as covariates, were employed to assess variant- and gene-based genetic associations with disease status and age at onset. We also performed a replication study for an identified genome-wide significant signal. RESULTS After quality control, 919 cervical dystonia patients compared with 1491 controls of European ancestry were included in the analyses. We identified one genome-wide significant variant (rs2219975, chromosome 3, upstream of COL8A1, P-value 3.04 × 10-8 ). The association was not replicated in a newly genotyped sample of 473 cervical dystonia cases and 481 controls. Gene-based analysis identified DENND1A to be significantly associated with cervical dystonia (P-value 1.23 × 10-6 ). One low-frequency variant was associated with lower age-at-onset (16.4 ± 2.9 years, P-value = 3.07 × 10-8 , minor allele frequency = 0.01), located within the GABBR2 gene on chromosome 9 (rs147331823). CONCLUSION The genetic underpinnings of cervical dystonia are complex and likely consist of multiple distinct variants of small effect sizes. Larger sample sizes may be needed to provide sufficient statistical power to address the presumably multi-genic etiology of cervical dystonia. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chengchen Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Qin Hui
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard Barbano
- Movement Disorders Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Irene A Malaty
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stephen Reich
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly Bambarger
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Katie Holmes
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Neepa J Patel
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J and Joan A Gardner Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center, Evergreen Health, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | | | - Samuel A Frank
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William G Ondo
- Department of Neurology, Methodist Neurological Institute, Weill Cornell Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sylvain Chouinard
- Unité des troubles du mouvement André-Barbeau, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stover Natividad
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome and IRCCS Neuromed, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexander Y Pantelyat
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison Brashear
- Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Susan H Fox
- University of Toronto, Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson Disease; Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Miriam Neis
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Systemic Motor Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Loens
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Systemic Motor Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Max Borsche
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Maurer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Odorfer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adam C Cotton
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gamze Kilic-Berkmen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alan Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stewart A Factor
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura Scorr
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Douglas Bremner
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Lungu C, Ozelius L, Standaert D, Hallett M, Sieber BA, Swanson-Fisher C, Berman BD, Calakos N, Moore JC, Perlmutter JS, Pirio Richardson SE, Saunders-Pullman R, Scheinfeldt L, Sharma N, Sillitoe R, Simonyan K, Starr PA, Taylor A, Vitek J. Defining research priorities in dystonia. Neurology 2020; 94:526-537. [PMID: 32098856 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dystonia is a complex movement disorder. Research progress has been difficult, particularly in developing widely effective therapies. This is a review of the current state of knowledge, research gaps, and proposed research priorities. METHODS The NIH convened leaders in the field for a 2-day workshop. The participants addressed the natural history of the disease, the underlying etiology, the pathophysiology, relevant research technologies, research resources, and therapeutic approaches and attempted to prioritize dystonia research recommendations. RESULTS The heterogeneity of dystonia poses challenges to research and therapy development. Much can be learned from specific genetic subtypes, and the disorder can be conceptualized along clinical, etiology, and pathophysiology axes. Advances in research technology and pooled resources can accelerate progress. Although etiologically based therapies would be optimal, a focus on circuit abnormalities can provide a convergent common target for symptomatic therapies across dystonia subtypes. The discussions have been integrated into a comprehensive review of all aspects of dystonia. CONCLUSION Overall research priorities include the generation and integration of high-quality phenotypic and genotypic data, reproducing key features in cellular and animal models, both of basic cellular mechanisms and phenotypes, leveraging new research technologies, and targeting circuit-level dysfunction with therapeutic interventions. Collaboration is necessary both for collection of large data sets and integration of different research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codrin Lungu
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Laurie Ozelius
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David Standaert
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mark Hallett
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Beth-Anne Sieber
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Christine Swanson-Fisher
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Brian D Berman
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nicole Calakos
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jennifer C Moore
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sarah E Pirio Richardson
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Laura Scheinfeldt
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nutan Sharma
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Roy Sillitoe
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kristina Simonyan
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Philip A Starr
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Anna Taylor
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jerrold Vitek
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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