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Li X, Wang Z, Wang Q, Akhmet N, Zhu H, Guo Z, Pan C, Lan X, Zhang S. Relationships between the mutations of the goat GATA binding protein 4 gene and growth traits. Gene 2024; 898:148095. [PMID: 38128793 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis is a complex multilevel process regulated by multiple genes. The GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) gene has been extensively studied for its pivotal role in bone genesis and bone differentiation. However, its relationship with the growth traits of Shaanbei white cashmere (SBWC) and Guizhou black (GB) goats remains unclear. This work aims to investigate the potential influence of genetic mutations in the GATA4 gene on the growth traits goats. Thus, two Insertion/deletion (InDel) polymorphisms (8-bp-InDel and 9-bp-InDel) were screened and detected in a total of 1161 goats (including 980 SBWC goats and 181 GB goats) using PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. The analyses revealed that there were two genotypes (ID and DD) for these two loci. In SBWC goats, 8-bp-InDel and 9-bp-InDel loci were significantly associated with heart girth (HG) and hip width (HW). Notably, individuals with DD genotype of 8-bp-InDel locus were superior while those with DD genotype of 9-bp-InDel locus were inferior. Correlation analyses of the four combined genotypes revealed significant associations with cannon circumference (CC), body height (BH), HG and HW. This work provides a foundation for the application of molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) in goat breeding programs. Furthermore, the findings highlight the potential of the GATA4 gene and its genetic variations as valuable indicators for selecting goats with desirable growth traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Nazar Akhmet
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Haijing Zhu
- Life Science Research Center, Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Zhengang Guo
- Bijie Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Province,Bijie 551700, China
| | - Chuanying Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Sihuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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2
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Faradz SMH, Listyasari N, Utari A, Ariani MD, Juniarto AZ, Santosa A, Ediati A, Rinne TK, Westra D, Claahsen-van der Grinten H, de Jong FH, Drop SLS, Ayers K, Sinclair A. Lessons Learned from 17 Years of Multidisciplinary Care for Differences of Sex Development Patients at a Single Indonesian Center. Sex Dev 2023; 17:170-180. [PMID: 37699373 PMCID: PMC11232949 DOI: 10.1159/000534085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our multidisciplinary team (MDT) is a large specialized team based in Semarang, Indonesia, that cares for a wide variety of pediatric and adult individuals with differences of sex development (DSD) from across Indonesia. Here, we describe our work over the last 17 years. METHODS We analyzed phenotypic, hormonal, and genetic findings from clinical records for all patients referred to our MDT during the period 2004-2020. RESULTS Among 1,184 DSD patients, 10% had sex chromosome DSD, 67% had 46,XY DSD, and 23% had 46,XX DSD. The most common sex chromosome anomaly was Turner syndrome (45,X) (55 cases). For patients with 46,XY DSD under-masculinization was the most common diagnosis (311 cases), and for 46,XX DSD, a defect of Müllerian development was most common (131 cases) followed by congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (116 cases). Sanger sequencing, MLPA, and targeted gene sequencing of 257 patients with 46,XY DSD found likely causative variants in 21% (55 cases), with 13 diagnostic genes implicated. The most affected gene codes for the androgen receptor. Molecular analysis identified a diagnosis for 69 of 116 patients with CAH, with 62 carrying variants in CYP21A2 including four novel variants, and 7 patients carrying variants in CYP11B1. In many cases, these genetic diagnoses influenced the clinical management of patients and their families. CONCLUSIONS Our work has highlighted the occurrence of different DSDs in Indonesia. By applying sequencing technologies as part of our clinical care, we have delivered a number of genetic diagnoses and identified novel pathogenic variants in some genes, which may be clinically specific to Indonesia. Genetics can inform many aspects of DSD clinical management, and while many of our patients remain undiagnosed, we hope that future testing may provide answers for even more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana M H Faradz
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro/Diponegoro National Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
- Post Graduate School, Universitas YARSI, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nurin Listyasari
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro/Diponegoro National Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia,
| | - Agustini Utari
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro/Diponegoro National Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
- Department of Pediatrics, Diponegoro National Hospital/Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Mahayu Dewi Ariani
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro/Diponegoro National Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Zulfa Juniarto
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro/Diponegoro National Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Ardy Santosa
- Department of Urology, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | | | - Tuula K Rinne
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke Westra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank H de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stenvert L S Drop
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital/Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katie Ayers
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Sinclair
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Li Q, Zhao L, Zeng Y, Kuang Y, Guan Y, Chen B, Xu S, Tang B, Wu L, Mao X, Sun X, Shi J, Xu P, Diao F, Xue S, Bao S, Meng Q, Yuan P, Wang W, Ma N, Song D, Xu B, Dong J, Mu J, Zhang Z, Fan H, Gu H, Li Q, He L, Jin L, Wang L, Sang Q. Large-scale analysis of de novo mutations identifies risk genes for female infertility characterized by oocyte and early embryo defects. Genome Biol 2023; 24:68. [PMID: 37024973 PMCID: PMC10080761 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oocyte maturation arrest and early embryonic arrest are important reproductive phenotypes resulting in female infertility and cause the recurrent failure of assisted reproductive technology (ART). However, the genetic etiologies of these female infertility-related phenotypes are poorly understood. Previous studies have mainly focused on inherited mutations based on large pedigrees or consanguineous patients. However, the role of de novo mutations (DNMs) in these phenotypes remains to be elucidated. RESULTS To decipher the role of DNMs in ART failure and female infertility with oocyte and embryo defects, we explore the landscape of DNMs in 473 infertile parent-child trios and identify a set of 481 confident DNMs distributed in 474 genes. Gene ontology analysis reveals that the identified genes with DNMs are enriched in signaling pathways associated with female reproductive processes such as meiosis, embryonic development, and reproductive structure development. We perform functional assays on the effects of DNMs in a representative gene Tubulin Alpha 4a (TUBA4A), which shows the most significant enrichment of DNMs in the infertile parent-child trios. DNMs in TUBA4A disrupt the normal assembly of the microtubule network in HeLa cells, and microinjection of DNM TUBA4A cRNAs causes abnormalities in mouse oocyte maturation or embryo development, suggesting the pathogenic role of these DNMs in TUBA4A. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest novel genetic insights that DNMs contribute to female infertility with oocyte and embryo defects. This study also provides potential genetic markers and facilitates the genetic diagnosis of recurrent ART failure and female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Li
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanping Kuang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai Ninth Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yichun Guan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Biaobang Chen
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shiru Xu
- Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai Ninth Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiaoyan Mao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai Ninth Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiaoxi Sun
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics and IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Juanzi Shi
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Hainan Jinghua Hejing Hospital for Reproductive Medicine, Haikou, 570125, China
| | - Feiyang Diao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Songguo Xue
- Reproductive Medicine Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shihua Bao
- Department of Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Qingxia Meng
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- IVF Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- IVF Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Reproductive Medical Center, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570206, Hainan Province, China
| | - Di Song
- Naval Medical University, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Mu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huizhen Fan
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qing Sang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Cao Z, Liu L, Bu Z, Yang Z, Li Y, Li R. Bioinformatics analysis and verification of hub genes in 46,XY, disorders of sexual development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2023; 35:353-362. [PMID: 36780715 DOI: 10.1071/rd22134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT 46,XY, disorders of sexual development (46,XY, DSD) is a congenital genetic disease whose pathogenesis is complex and clinical manifestations are diverse. The existing molecular research has often focused on single-centre sequencing data, instead of prediction based on big data. AIMS This work aimed to fully understand the pathogenesis of 46,XY, DSD, and summarise the key pathogenic genes. METHODS Firstly, the potential pathogenic genes were identified from public data. Secondly, bioinformatics was used to predict pathogenic genes, including hub gene analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) and function enrichment analysis. Lastly, the genomic DNA from two unrelated families were recruited, next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to verify the hub genes. KEY RESULTS A total of 161 potential pathogenic genes were selected from MGI and PubMed gene sets. The PPI network was built which included 144 nodes and 194 edges. MCODE 4 was selected from PPI which scored the most significant P -value. The top 15 hub genes were ranked and identified by Cytoscape. Furthermore, three variants were found on SRD5A2 gene by genome sequencing, which belonged to the prediction hub genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that occurrence of 46,XY, DSD is attributed to a variety of genes. Bioinformatics analysis can help us predict the hub genes and find the most core network MCODE model. IMPLICATIONS Bioinformatic predictions may provide a novel perspective on better understanding the pathogenesis of 46,XY, DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Cao
- Ninth Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- Ninth Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyun Bu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rizhao People's Hospital of Shandong Province, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Second Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yangqun Li
- Second Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Ninth Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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5
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Laronda MM. Factors within the Developing Embryo and Ovarian Microenvironment That Influence Primordial Germ Cell Fate. Sex Dev 2023; 17:134-144. [PMID: 36646055 PMCID: PMC10349905 DOI: 10.1159/000528209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primordial germ cell (PGC) fate is dictated by the designation, taxis, and influence of the surrounding embryonic somatic cells. Whereas gonadal sex determination results from a balance of factors within the tissue microenvironment. SUMMARY Our understanding of mammalian ovary development is formed in large part from developmental time courses established using murine models. Genomic tools where genes implicated in the PGC designation or gonadal sex determination have been modulated through complete or conditional knockouts in vivo, and studies in in situ models with inhibitors or cultures that alter the native gonadal environment have pieced together the interplay of pioneering transcription factors, co-regulators and chromosomes critical for the progression of PGCs to oocytes. Tools such as pluripotent stem cell derivation, genomic modifications, and aggregate differentiation cultures have yielded some insight into the human condition. Additional understanding of sex determination, both gonadal and anatomical, may be inferred from phenotypes that arise from de novo or inherited gene variants in humans who have differences in sex development. KEY MESSAGES This review highlights major factors critical for PGC specification and migration, and in ovarian gonad specification by reviewing seminal murine models. These pathways are compared to what is known about the human condition from expression profiles of fetal gonadal tissue, use of human pluripotent stem cells, or disorders resulting from disease variants. Many of these pathways are challenging to decipher in human tissues. However, the impact of new single-cell technologies and whole-genome sequencing to reveal disease variants of idiopathic reproductive tract phenotypes will help elucidate the mechanisms involved in human ovary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. Laronda
- Department of Endocrinology and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, (IL,) USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, (IL,) USA
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6
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Çelik N, Küçük Kurtulgan H, Kılıçbay F, Tunç G, Kömürlüoğlu A, Taşçı O, Çağlar Şimşek CE, Çınar T, Sıdar Duman Y. GATA-4 Variants in Two Unrelated Cases with 46, XY Disorder of Sex Development and Review of the Literature. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 14:469-474. [PMID: 34355877 PMCID: PMC9724050 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2021.2021.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic cause of 46, XY disorder of sex development (DSD) still cannot be determined in about half of the cases. GATA-4 haploinsufficiency is one of the rare causes of DSD in genetic males (46, XY). Twenty-two cases with 46, XY DSD due to GATA-4 haploinsufficiency (nine missense variant, two copy number variation) have been previously reported. In these cases, the phenotype may range from a mild undervirilization to complete female external genitalia. The haploinsufficiency may be caused by a sequence variant or copy number variation (8p23 deletion). The aim of this study was to present two unrelated patients with DSD due to GATA-4 variants and to review the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of DSD cases related to GATA-4 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurullah Çelik
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sivas, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sivas, Turkey Phone: +90 505 673 61 45 E-mail: ,
| | - Hande Küçük Kurtulgan
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kılıçbay
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neonatology, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Gaffari Tunç
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neonatology, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ayça Kömürlüoğlu
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Diseases, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Onur Taşçı
- Sivas Numune Hospital, Clinic of Cardiology, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Cemile Ece Çağlar Şimşek
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Diseases, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Taha Çınar
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Diseases, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Sıdar Duman
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Sivas, Turkey
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Zidoune H, Ladjouze A, Chellat-Rezgoune D, Boukri A, Dib SA, Nouri N, Tebibel M, Sifi K, Abadi N, Satta D, Benelmadani Y, Bignon-Topalovic J, El-Zaiat-Munsch M, Bashamboo A, McElreavey K. Novel Genomic Variants, Atypical Phenotypes and Evidence of a Digenic/Oligogenic Contribution to Disorders/Differences of Sex Development in a Large North African Cohort. Front Genet 2022; 13:900574. [PMID: 36110220 PMCID: PMC9468775 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.900574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a majority of individuals with disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) a genetic etiology is often elusive. However, new genes causing DSD are routinely reported and using the unbiased genomic approaches, such as whole exome sequencing (WES) should result in an increased diagnostic yield. Here, we performed WES on a large cohort of 125 individuals all of Algerian origin, who presented with a wide range of DSD phenotypes. The study excluded individuals with congenital adrenal hypoplasia (CAH) or chromosomal DSD. Parental consanguinity was reported in 36% of individuals. The genetic etiology was established in 49.6% (62/125) individuals of the total cohort, which includes 42.2% (35/83) of 46, XY non-syndromic DSD and 69.2% (27/39) of 46, XY syndromic DSD. No pathogenic variants were identified in the 46, XX DSD cases (0/3). Variants in the AR, HSD17B3, NR5A1 and SRD5A2 genes were the most common causes of DSD. Other variants were identified in genes associated with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), including the CHD7 and PROKR2. Previously unreported pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (n = 30) involving 25 different genes were identified in 22.4% of the cohort. Remarkably 11.5% of the 46, XY DSD group carried variants classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant in more than one gene known to cause DSD. The data indicates that variants in PLXNA3, a candidate CHH gene, is unlikely to be involved in CHH. The data also suggest that NR2F2 variants may cause 46, XY DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Housna Zidoune
- Human Developmental Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Animal Biology, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | | | - Djalila Chellat-Rezgoune
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Animal Biology, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Asma Boukri
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, CHU Ibn Badis Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
| | | | - Nassim Nouri
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, CHU Ibn Badis Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Meryem Tebibel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, CHU Beni Messous, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Karima Sifi
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Abadi
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Dalila Satta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Animal Biology, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Yasmina Benelmadani
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | | | | | - Anu Bashamboo
- Human Developmental Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ken McElreavey
- Human Developmental Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Ken McElreavey,
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8
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Viger RS, de Mattos K, Tremblay JJ. Insights Into the Roles of GATA Factors in Mammalian Testis Development and the Control of Fetal Testis Gene Expression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:902198. [PMID: 35692407 PMCID: PMC9178088 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.902198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining how genes get turned on and off in a correct spatiotemporal manner is integral to our understanding of the development, differentiation, and function of different cell types in both health and disease. Testis development and subsequent male sex differentiation of the XY fetus are well-orchestrated processes that require an intricate network of cell-cell communication and hormonal signals that must be properly interpreted at the genomic level. Transcription factors are at the forefront for translating these signals into a coordinated genomic response. The GATA family of transcriptional regulators were first described as essential regulators of hematopoietic cell differentiation and heart morphogenesis but are now known to impact the development and function of a multitude of tissues and cell types. The mammalian testis is no exception where GATA factors play essential roles in directing the expression of genes crucial not only for testis differentiation but also testis function in the developing male fetus and later in adulthood. This minireview provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of GATA factors in the male gonad with a particular emphasis on their mechanisms of action in the control of testis development, gene expression in the fetal testis, testicular disease, and XY sex differentiation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Viger
- Centre de recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Reproduction, Mother and Child Health, Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Karine de Mattos
- Reproduction, Mother and Child Health, Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques J. Tremblay
- Centre de recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Reproduction, Mother and Child Health, Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec—Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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9
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Molecular and Cytogenetic Analysis of Romanian Patients with Differences in Sex Development. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11112107. [PMID: 34829455 PMCID: PMC8620580 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in sex development (DSD) are often correlated with a genetic etiology. This study aimed to assess the etiology of DSD patients following a protocol of genetic testing. Materials and methods. This study prospectively investigated a total of 267 patients with DSD who presented to Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children Cluj-Napoca between January 2012 and December 2019. Each patient was clinically, biochemically, and morphologically evaluated. As a first intervention, the genetic test included karyotype + SRY testing. A high value of 17-hydroxyprogesterone was found in 39 patients, in whom strip assay analysis of the CYP21A2 gene was subsequently performed. A total of 35 patients were evaluated by chromosomal microarray technique, and 22 patients were evaluated by the NGS of a gene panel. Results. The karyotype analysis established the diagnosis in 15% of the patients, most of whom presented with sex chromosome abnormalities. Genetic testing of CYP21A2 established a confirmation of the diagnosis in 44% of patients tested. SNP array analysis was particularly useful in patients with syndromic DSD; 20% of patients tested presented with pathogenic CNVs or uniparental disomy. Gene panel sequencing established the diagnosis in 11 of the 22 tested patients (50%), and the androgen receptor gene was most often involved in these patients. The genes that presented as pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants or variants of uncertain significance were RSPO1, FGFR1, WT1, CHD7, AR, NIPBL, AMHR2, AR, EMX2, CYP17A1, NR0B1, GNRHR, GATA4, and ATM genes. Conclusion. An evaluation following a genetic testing protocol that included karyotype and SRY gene testing, CYP21A2 analysis, chromosomal analysis by microarray, and high-throughput sequencing were useful in establishing the diagnosis, with a spectrum of diagnostic yield depending on the technique (between 15 and 50%). Additionally, new genetic variants not previously described in DSD were observed.
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10
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Martínez de LaPiscina I, Mahmoud RAA, Sauter KS, Esteva I, Alonso M, Costa I, Rial-Rodriguez JM, Rodríguez-Estévez A, Vela A, Castano L, Flück CE. Variants of STAR, AMH and ZFPM2/FOG2 May Contribute towards the Broad Phenotype Observed in 46,XY DSD Patients with Heterozygous Variants of NR5A1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8554. [PMID: 33202802 PMCID: PMC7696449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of NR5A1 are often found in individuals with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) and manifest with a very broad spectrum of clinical characteristics and variable sex hormone levels. Such complex phenotypic expression can be due to the inheritance of additional genetic hits in DSD-associated genes that modify sex determination, differentiation and organ function in patients with heterozygous NR5A1 variants. Here we describe the clinical, biochemical and genetic features of a series of seven patients harboring monoallelic variants in the NR5A1 gene. We tested the transactivation activity of novel NR5A1 variants. We additionally included six of these patients in a targeted diagnostic gene panel for DSD and identified a second genetic hit in known DSD-causing genes STAR, AMH and ZFPM2/FOG2 in three individuals. Our study increases the number of NR5A1 variants related to 46,XY DSD and supports the hypothesis that a digenic mode of inheritance may contribute towards the broad spectrum of phenotypes observed in individuals with a heterozygous NR5A1 variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Martínez de LaPiscina
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
| | - Rana AA Mahmoud
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Section, Ain Shams University, 38 Abbasia, Nour Mosque, El-Mohamady, Al Waili, Cairo 11591, Egypt;
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Department of BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Isabel Esteva
- Endocrinology Section, Gender Identity Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Av. de Carlos Haya, s/n, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Milagros Alonso
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo km. 9, 100, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ines Costa
- Pediatric Department, Manises Hospital, Avda. Generalitat Valenciana 50, 46940 Manises, Spain;
| | - Jose Manuel Rial-Rodriguez
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Nuestra Señora de Candelaria University Hospital, Ctra general del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Amaia Rodríguez-Estévez
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Amaia Vela
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Luis Castano
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Christa E. Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Department of BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
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11
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van den Bergen JA, Robevska G, Eggers S, Riedl S, Grover SR, Bergman PB, Kimber C, Jiwane A, Khan S, Krausz C, Raza J, Atta I, Davis SR, Ono M, Harley V, Faradz SMH, Sinclair AH, Ayers KL. Analysis of variants in GATA4 and FOG2/ZFPM2 demonstrates benign contribution to 46,XY disorders of sex development. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1095. [PMID: 31962012 PMCID: PMC7057099 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background GATA‐binding protein 4 (GATA4) and Friend of GATA 2 protein (FOG2, also known as ZFPM2) form a heterodimer complex that has been shown to influence transcription of genes in a number of developmental systems. Recent evidence has also shown these genes play a role in gonadal sexual differentiation in humans. Previously we identified four variants in GATA4 and an unexpectedly large number of variants in ZFPM2 in a cohort of individuals with 46,XY Differences/Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) (Eggers et al, Genome Biology, 2016; 17: 243). Method Here, we review variant curation and test the functional activity of GATA4 and ZFPM2 variants. We assess variant transcriptional activity on gonadal specific promoters (Sox9 and AMH) and variant protein–protein interactions. Results Our findings support that the majority of GATA4 and ZFPM2 variants we identified are benign in their contribution to 46,XY DSD. Indeed, only one variant, in the conserved N‐terminal zinc finger of GATA4, was considered pathogenic, with functional analysis confirming differences in its ability to regulate Sox9 and AMH and in protein interaction with ZFPM2. Conclusions Our study helps define the genetic factors contributing to 46,XY DSD and suggests that the majority of variants we identified in GATA4 and ZFPM2/FOG2 are not causative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gorjana Robevska
- Genetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Stefanie Eggers
- Research Genomics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Stefan Riedl
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Paediatric Department, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonia R Grover
- Genetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Philip B Bergman
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Chris Kimber
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Ashish Jiwane
- Department of Urology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophy Khan
- Surgical Department, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences"Mario Serio", University of Florence, Firenze, Toscana, Italy
| | - Jamal Raza
- Paediatric Department, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi City, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Irum Atta
- Paediatric Department, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi City, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Susan R Davis
- Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Makato Ono
- Department of Paediatrics, Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Iryo Center, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Vincent Harley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Sultana M H Faradz
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre for Biomedical Research Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University (FMDU), Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Andrew H Sinclair
- Genetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Katie L Ayers
- Genetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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