1
|
Almutairi BO, Almutairi MH, Alrefaei AF, Ali D, Alkahtani S, Alarifi S. Cigarette Smoke Regulates the Expression of EYA4 via Alternation of DNA Methylation Status. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5032172. [PMID: 35607307 PMCID: PMC9124125 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5032172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette SMOKE (CS) considerably contributes to causing some diseases such as cancer, and it has a role in the alternation of gene expression through several mechanisms including epigenetics modification, particularly DNA methylation. EYA4 is one of the genes, that whose expression has been dysregulated in lung, colon, bladder, and breast cancer, leading to tumor progression. The alternation of DNA methylation levels has been implicated in regulating the expression of the EYA4 gene. Thus, in this study, we have shown the effect of CS on the DNA methylation level of the EYA4 promoter region as well as the methylation level on EYA4 expression. To determine the level of DNA methylation on the promoter region of the EYA4 gene, we have employed the bisulfite conversion treatment followed by the Sanger Sequence for 100 DNA samples taken from Saudi people (50 smokers and 50 nonsmokers). We found that 26% of DNA extracted from smoker samples is methylated, while there was no methylation identified in nonsmoker samples. Also, using the demethylating agents such as AZA on LoVo and Caco-2 cancer cell lines causes induction of transcription level of EYA4, implying the possible mechanism of DNA methylation in the upregulation of EYA4. These findings suggest the possible mechanism of CS in controlling the expression of EYA4 via changing the status of DNA methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bader O. Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikhlid H. Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahed F. Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Almutairi M, Almutairi B, Almutairi M, Parine NR, Alrefaei A, Alanazi M, Semlali A. Human beta-defensin-1 rs2738047 polymorphism is associated with shisha smoking risk among Saudi population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:42916-42933. [PMID: 33826097 PMCID: PMC8025738 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human β-defensin (HBD), a member of the antimicrobial peptides, is essential for respiratory epithelial cells' microbial defense, and is affected by cigarette smoking (CS). Its expression is upregulated by stimulation from microbes or inflammation. Genetic polymorphisms in the HBD-1 gene have been implicated in the development of various smoking-related diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Thus, we sought to analyze possible associations between HBD-1 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in HBD-1 gene and CS in ethnic Saudi Arabian subjects. Variants rs1047031 (C/T), rs1799946 (C/T), rs2738047 (C/T), and rs11362 (C/T) were investigated by genotyping 575 blood specimens from males and females, smokers/non-smokers: 288/287. The CT and CT+TT genotypes of rs1799946 presented an ~5-fold increased correlation with CS among the female smokers, compared with the female controls (OR = 5.473, P = 0.02003; and OR = 5.211, P = 0.02028, respectively), an observation similar to rs11362 SNP in female smokers, but with protective effects in TT genotype, compared with the CC reference allele (OR = 0.143, P = 0.04368). In shisha smokers, the heterozygous CT and the CT/TT genotype of rs2738047 polymorphism showed the same results with ~3-fold increased correlation with CS (OR = 2.788; P = 0.03448), compared with the cigarette smokers category. No significant association was shown in genotypic distributions and allelic frequencies of rs1047031. Further investigations, including large study samples, are required to investigate the effects of shisha on human beta-defensin expression and protein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhlid Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bader Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Narasimha Reddy Parine
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahed Alrefaei
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alanazi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Département de stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Almutairi MH, Al-Numair NS, Parine NR, Almutairi BO, Alrefaei AF, Rouabhia M, Semlali A. The protective effects of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase rs1801131 variant among Saudi smokers. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3972-3980. [PMID: 34220254 PMCID: PMC8241599 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism plays a fundamental role in susceptibility to various diseases, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. In the current study, we aimed to compare genotype and allele frequency variations of rs1801131, one of the most common variants found in the MTHFR gene, among Saudi smokers and non-smokers. We hypothesized that genetic variations of this gene are responsible for many diseases, particularly those caused by cigarette smoking (CS) such as pulmonary diseases, oral cancer and lung cancer. We performed a case-control study on a sample of 235 healthy smokers and 239 healthy non-smokers in Saudi Arabia. The rs1801131 SNP genotypes were determined using a genotyping assay and multiple in silico algorithmic software programs were used to identify the effects and structural functions of the rs1801131 (Glu429Ala) mutation. Using chi-squared tests, we found that, among smokers, TG and GG genotype carriers had 0.209-fold (OR = 0.209, P < 0.005) and 0.427-fold (OR = 0.427, P = 0.003) lower risks of CS-related disease compared to TT reference genotypes. In addition, this protective effect was observed in Saudi smokers independent of age, gender, types of smoking, duration, and average daily smoking consumption. Filling a research gap by exploring this topic in the Saudi population, the current findings indicate that genotype and allele distributions of MTHFR rs1801131 polymorphism present fundamental protective effects against the risk of CS-related disease. These findings should be verified in future studies with larger sample sizes, different ethnicities, and patients suffering from CS-related diseases, such as oral cancer and lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhlid H. Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf S. Al-Numair
- Department of Genetics, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Narasimha Reddy Parine
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader O. Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahed F. Alrefaei
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Rouabhia
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Département de stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Département de stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Association between tobacco substance usage and a missense mutation in the tumor suppressor gene P53 in the Saudi Arabian population. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245133. [PMID: 33481818 PMCID: PMC7822264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene TP53 and its downstream genes P21 and MDM2 play crucial roles in combating DNA damage at the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint. Polymorphisms in these genes can lead to the development of various diseases. This study was conducted to examine a potential association between tobacco substance usage (TSU) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the exon regions of the P53, P21, and MDM2 genes by comparing populations of smokers and non-smokers from Saudi Arabia. P53 rs1042522 (C/G), P21 rs1801270 (A/C), and MDM2 rs769412 (A/G) were investigated by genotyping 568 blood specimens: 283 from male/female smokers and 285 from male/female non-smokers. The results obtained from the smokers and their control non-smokers were compared according to age, sex, duration of smoking, and type of TSU. Heterozygous CG, homozygous GG, and CG+GG genotypes, as well as the G allele of rs1042522 were significantly associated with TSU in Saudi smokers compared with non-smokers. The C allele frequency of rs1801270 was also associated with TSU in smokers (OR = 1.33, p = 0.049) in comparison with non-smokers, in younger smokers (≤29 years) (OR = 1.556, p = 0.03280) in comparison with non-smokers of the same age, in smokers who had smoked cigarettes for seven years or less (OR = 1.596, p = 0.00882), and in smokers who had consumed shisha (OR = 1.608, p = 0.04104) in comparison with the controls. However, the genotypic and allelic frequencies for rs769412 did not show significant associations with TSU in Saudis. The selected SNP of P53 was strongly associated with TSU and may be linked to TSU-induced diseases in the Saudi Arabian population.
Collapse
|
5
|
Almutairi M, Mohammad Alhadeq A, Almeer R, Almutairi M, Alzahrani M, Semlali A. Effect of the thymine-DNA glycosylase rs4135050 variant on Saudi smoker population. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00590. [PMID: 30779328 PMCID: PMC6465727 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymine‐DNA glycosylase (TDG) is an essential DNA‐repair enzyme which works in both epigenetic regulation and genome maintenance. It is also responsible for efficient correction of multiple endogenous DNA lesions which occur commonly in mammalian genomes. Research of genetic variants such as SNPs, resulting in disease, is predicted to yield clinical advancements through the identification of sensitive genetic markers and the development of disease prevention and therapy. To that end, the main objective of the present study is to identify the possible interactions between cigarette smoking and the rs4135050 variant of the TDG gene, situated in the intron position, among Saudi individuals. Methods TDG rs4135050 (A/T) was investigated by genotyping 239, and 235 blood specimens were obtained from nonsmokers and smokers of cigarette respectively. Results T allele frequency was found which showed a significant protective effect on Saudi male smokers (OR = 0.64, p = 0.0187) compared to nonsmoking subjects, but not in female smokers. Furthermore, smokers aged less than 29 years, the AT and AT+TT genotypes decreased more than four times the risk of initiation of smoking related‐diseases compare to the ancestral AA homozygous genotype. Paradoxically, the AT (OR = 3.88, p = 0.0169) and AT+TT (OR = 2.86, p = 0.0420) genotypes were present at a higher frequency in smoking patients aged more than 29 years as compared to nonsmokers at the same ages. Conclusion Depending on the gender and age of patients, TDG rs4135050 may provide a novel biomarker for the early diagnosis and prevention of several diseases caused by cigarette smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhlid Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rafa Almeer
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alzahrani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
| |
Collapse
|