1
|
Gao M, Zhu X, Yang G, Bao J, Bu H. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing in Porcine Models for Medical Research. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:1462-1475. [PMID: 34847741 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.6474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs have been extensively used as the research models for human disease pathogenesis and gene therapy. They are also the optimal source of cells, tissues, and organs for xenotransplantation due to anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. Several breakthroughs in gene-editing technologies, including the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9), have greatly improved the efficiency of genetic manipulation and significantly broadened the application of gene-edited large animal models. In this review, we have not only outlined the important applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in pigs as a means to study human diseases but also discussed the potential challenges of the use of CRISPR/Cas9 in large animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Gao
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chendu, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xinglong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Experimental Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ji Bao
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hong Bu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chendu, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hisey EA, Ross PJ, Meyers S. Genetic Manipulation of the Equine Oocyte and Embryo. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 99:103394. [PMID: 33781418 PMCID: PMC8605602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As standard in vitro fertilization is not a viable technique in horses yet, many different techniques have been used to create equine embryos for research purposes. One such method is parthenogenesis in which an oocyte is induced to mature into an embryo-like state without the introduction of a spermatozoon, and thus they are not considered true embryos. Another method is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), in which a somatic cell nucleus from an extant horse is inserted into an enucleated oocyte, creating a genetic clone of the donor horse. Due to limited availability of equine oocytes in the United States, researchers have investigated the potential for combining equine somatic cell nuclei with oocytes from other species to make embryos for research purposes, which has not been successful to date. There has also been a rising interest in producing transgenic animals using sperm exposed to exogenous DNA. The successful creation of transgenic equine blastocysts shows the promise of sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT), but this method is not ideal for other applications, like gene therapy, because it cannot be used to induce targeted mutations. That is why technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 are vital. In this review, we argue that parthenogenesis, SCNT, and interspecies SCNT can be considered genetic manipulation strategies as they create embryos that are genetically identical to their parent cell. Here, we describe how these methods are performed and their applications and we also describe the few methods that have been used to directly modify equine embryos: SMGT and CRISPR/Cas9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Hisey
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Pablo J. Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Stuart Meyers
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA,Corresponding author at: S. Meyers, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. Davis CA 95616. (S. Meyers)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Okino CH, Ibelli AMG, Brentano L, Zanella R, Groke Marques M. Evaluation of candidate reference genes for investigation of the uterine tissue and corpus luteum of pigs on day 6 after artificial insemination. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 198:202-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
4
|
Jafarnejad A, Zandi M, Aminafshar M, Sanjabi MR, Emamjomeh Kashan N. Evaluating bovine sperm transfection using a high-performance polymer reagent and assessing the fertilizing capacity of transfected spermatozoa using an in vitro fertilization technique. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-351-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) has been considered as an innovative
device for transgenesis on a mass scale by taking advantage of live
spermatozoa to transfer exogenous DNA. However, the fertilizing ability of
transfected sperm cells and the poor reproducibility of this method are still
matters of controversy. Hence, the current study was conducted to evaluate
transfecting the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as the source of
exogenous DNA into bovine spermatozoa using a high-performance polymer
reagent as well as assessing the fertilizing capacity of transfected sperm
cells by in vitro fertilization (IVF). In the first experiment, three
different concentrations of rhodamine-labeled DNA and high-performance
polymer transfection reagent, X-tremeGENE HP, were used to transfect bovine
spermatozoa. In the second experiment, IVF and fluorescence microscopy
methods were utilized to assess the fertilizing capacity of sperm cells
carrying exogenous DNA when X-tremeGENE HP was used either alone or with
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment. Findings revealed that at 1 µL
X-tremeGENE HP and 1 µg of DNA concentration, approximately
one-third of total spermatozoa were transfected. However, following IVF and
fluorescence microscopy, no EGFP expression was detected in zygotes and
morula-stage embryos. Results of this study showed that, although X-tremeGENE
HP could transfer EGFP to bovine spermatozoa, transfected sperm cells were
unable to transfer foreign DNA to matured bovine oocytes. Under our
experimental conditions, we hypothesized that the absence of the EGFP
fluorescence signal in embryos could be due to the detrimental effects of
transfection treatments on sperm cells' fertility performance as well as
incompetency of IVF to produce transgenic embryos using transfected sperm
cells.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kong S, Li L, Zhu W, Xin L, Ruan J, Zhang Y, Yang S, Li K. Genetic characteristics of polycistronic system‑mediated randomly‑inserted multi‑transgenes in miniature pigs and mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:37-50. [PMID: 29115474 PMCID: PMC5780143 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-transgenic technology is superior to single transgenic technology in biological and medical research. Multi-transgene insertion mediated by a polycistronic system is more effective for the integration of polygenes. The multi-transgene insertion patterns and manners of inheritance are not completely understood. Copy number quantification is one available approach for addressing this issue. The present study determined copy numbers in two multi-transgenic mice (K3 and L3) and two multi-transgenic miniature pigs (Z2 and Z3) using absolute quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. For the F0 generation, a given transgene was able to exhibit different copy number integration capacities in different individuals. For the F1 generation, the most notable characteristic was that the copy number proportions were different among pedigrees (P<0.05). The results of the present study demonstrated that transgenes within the same vector exhibited the same integration trend between the F0 and F1 generations. In conclusion, intraspecific consistency and intergenerational copy numbers were compared and the integration capacity of each specific transgene differed in multi-transgenic animals. In particular, the copy number of one transgene may not be used to represent other transgenes in polycistronic vector-mediated multi-transgenic organisms. Consequently, in multi-transgenic experimental animal disease model research or breeding, copy numbers provide an important reference. Therefore, each transgene in multi-transgenic animals must be separately screened to prevent large copy number differences, and inconsistent expression between transgenes and miscellaneous data, in subsequent research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resource and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resource and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resource and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Leilei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resource and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jinxue Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resource and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- Animal Functional Genomics Group, Agricultural Genomes Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, P.R. China
| | - Shulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resource and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resource and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yum SY, Yoon KY, Lee CI, Lee BC, Jang G. Transgenesis for pig models. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:261-8. [PMID: 27030199 PMCID: PMC5037292 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.3.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models, particularly pigs, have come to play an important role in translational biomedical research. There have been many pig models with genetically modifications via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). However, because most transgenic pigs have been produced by random integration to date, the necessity for more exact gene-mutated models using recombinase based conditional gene expression like mice has been raised. Currently, advanced genome-editing technologies enable us to generate specific gene-deleted and -inserted pig models. In the future, the development of pig models with gene editing technologies could be a valuable resource for biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Yum
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ki-Young Yoon
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology & Laboratory Animals, Shingu College, Seongnam 13174, Korea
| | - Choong-Il Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Byeong-Chun Lee
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Goo Jang
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Emergence Center for Food-Medicine Personalized Therapy System, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Korea.,Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center, Institutes of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaiser GG, Mucci NC, González V, Sánchez L, Parrón JA, Pérez MD, Calvo M, Aller JF, Hozbor FA, Mutto AA. Detection of recombinant human lactoferrin and lysozyme produced in a bitransgenic cow. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1605-1617. [PMID: 28109583 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin and lysozyme are 2 glycoproteins with great antimicrobial activity, being part of the nonspecific defensive system of human milk, though their use in commercial products is difficult because human milk is a limited source. Therefore, many investigations have been carried out to produce those proteins in biological systems, such as bacteria, yeasts, or plants. Mammals seem to be more suitable as expression systems for human proteins, however, especially for those that are glycosylated. In the present study, we developed a bicistronic commercial vector containing a goat β-casein promoter and an internal ribosome entry site fragment between the human lactoferrin and human lysozyme genes to allow the introduction of both genes into bovine adult fibroblasts in a single transfection. Embryos were obtained by somatic cell nuclear transfer, and, after 6 transferences to recipients, 3 pregnancies and 1 viable bitransgenic calf were obtained. The presence of the vector was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization of skin cells. At 13 mo of life and after artificial induction of lactation, both recombinant proteins were found in the colostrum and milk of the bitransgenic calf. Human lactoferrin concentration in the colostrum was 0.0098 mg/mL and that in milk was 0.011 mg/mL; human lysozyme concentration in the colostrum was 0.0022 mg/mL and that in milk was 0.0024 mg/mL. The molar concentration of both human proteins revealed no differences in protein production of the internal ribosome entry site upstream and downstream protein. The enzymatic activity of lysozyme in the transgenic milk was comparable to that of human milk, being 6 and 10 times higher than that of bovine lysozyme present in milk. This work represents an important step to obtain multiple proteins or enhance single protein production by using animal pharming and fewer regulatory and antibiotic-resistant foreign sequences, allowing the design of humanized milk with added biological value for newborn nutrition and development. Transgenic animals can offer a unique opportunity to the dairy industry, providing starting materials suitable to develop specific products with high added value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germán G Kaiser
- Grupo de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás C Mucci
- Grupo de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Vega González
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lourdes Sánchez
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José A Parrón
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María D Pérez
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Calvo
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan F Aller
- Grupo de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Federico A Hozbor
- Grupo de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Adrián A Mutto
- Laboratorio Biotecnologías Aplicadas a la Reproducción y Mejoramiento Genético Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotechnològicas-Instituto Tecnològico Chascomùs (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo de Investigaciones Cientìficas y Tècnicas (CONICET), 1650 San Martin, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sato M, Maeda K, Koriyama M, Inada E, Saitoh I, Miura H, Ohtsuka M, Nakamura S, Sakurai T, Watanabe S, Miyoshi K. The piggyBac-Based Gene Delivery System Can Confer Successful Production of Cloned Porcine Blastocysts with Multigene Constructs. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1424. [PMID: 27589724 PMCID: PMC5037703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of multigene constructs into single cells is important for improving the performance of domestic animals, as well as understanding basic biological processes. In particular, multigene constructs allow the engineering and integration of multiple genes related to xenotransplantation into the porcine genome. The piggyBac (PB) transposon system allows multiple genes to be stably integrated into target genomes through a single transfection event. However, to our knowledge, no attempt to introduce multiple genes into a porcine genome has been made using this system. In this study, we simultaneously introduced seven transposons into a single porcine embryonic fibroblast (PEF). PEFs were transfected with seven transposons containing genes for five drug resistance proteins and two (red and green) fluorescent proteins, together with a PB transposase expression vector, pTrans (experimental group). The above seven transposons (without pTrans) were transfected concomitantly (control group). Selection of these transfected cells in the presence of multiple selection drugs resulted in the survival of several clones derived from the experimental group, but not from the control. PCR analysis demonstrated that approximately 90% (12/13 tested) of the surviving clones possessed all of the introduced transposons. Splinkerette PCR demonstrated that the transposons were inserted through the TTAA target sites of PB. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using a PEF clone with multigene constructs demonstrated successful production of cloned blastocysts expressing both red and green fluorescence. These results indicate the feasibility of this PB-mediated method for simultaneous transfer of multigene constructs into the porcine cell genome, which is useful for production of cloned transgenic pigs expressing multiple transgenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Maeda
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Miyu Koriyama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Emi Inada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Course for Oral Life Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Miura
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Division of Basic Molecular Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Graduate school of Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Animal Genome Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Kazuchika Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sato M, Ohtsuka M, Watanabe S, Gurumurthy CB. Nucleic acids delivery methods for genome editing in zygotes and embryos: the old, the new, and the old-new. Biol Direct 2016; 11:16. [PMID: 27037013 PMCID: PMC4815204 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-016-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, sequence-specific nucleases such as ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 have revolutionzed the fields of animal genome editing and transgenesis. However, these new techniques require microinjection to deliver nucleic acids into embryos to generate gene-modified animals. Microinjection is a delicate procedure that requires sophisticated equipment and highly trained and experienced technicians. Though over a dozen alternate approaches for nucleic acid delivery into embryos were attempted during the pre-CRISPR era, none of them became routinely used as microinjection. The addition of CRISPR/Cas9 to the genome editing toolbox has propelled the search for novel delivery approaches that can obviate the need for microinjection. Indeed, some groups have recently developed electroporation-based methods that have the potential to radically change animal transgenesis. This review provides an overview of the old and new delivery methods, and discusses various strategies that were attempted during the last three decades. In addition, several of the methods are re-evaluated with respect to their suitability to deliver genome editing components, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, to embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8544 Japan
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Division of Basic Molecular Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259 1193 Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Animal Genome Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Channabasavaiah B. Gurumurthy
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zaniboni A, Spinaci M, Zannoni A, Bernardini C, Forni M, Bacci ML. X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa are equally able to uptake and internalize exogenous DNA by sperm-mediated gene transfer in swine. Res Vet Sci 2016; 104:1-3. [PMID: 26850529 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Since proteomic differences between male X/Y chromosome-bearing gametes have recently been described, a question has been raised: could these differences be responsible for different behavior between X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa during the binding and internalization of exogenous DNA in the swine species? In order to investigate this hypothesis, our group studied the process of the uptake and internalization of exogenous DNA in X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm sub-populations. No significant differences were found between sperm types in both the uptake and internalization of exogenous DNA. The quantity of internalized exogenous DNA was significantly lower than that of the uptaken DNA. In conclusion, our results showed that X and Y chromosomes-bearing spermatozoa have the same binding capacity and internalization of DNA, and the proteomic differences between them do not seem to interfere with these complex processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zaniboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcella Spinaci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kong S, Ruan J, Xin L, Fan J, Xia J, Liu Z, Mu Y, Yang S, Li K. Multi‑transgenic minipig models exhibiting potential for hepatic insulin resistance and pancreatic apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:669-80. [PMID: 26648014 PMCID: PMC4686100 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no multi‑transgenic minipig models of diabetes for the regulation of multiple genes involved in its pathogenesis. The foot and mouth disease virus 2A (F2A)‑mediated polycistronic system possesses several advantages, and the present study developed a novel multi‑transgenic minipig model associated with diabetes using this system. The tissue‑specific polycistronic system used in the present study consisted of two expression cassettes, separated by an insulator: (i) 11‑β‑hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β‑HSD1), driven by the porcine liver‑specific apolipoprotein E promoter; (ii) human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), linked to the furin digested site and F‑2A, driven by the porcine pancreas‑specific insulin promoter. In the present study, porcine fetal fibroblasts were transfected with this vector. Following somatic cell nuclear transfer using 10 cell clones and the transplantation of 1,459 embryos in total, three Landrace x Yorkshire surrogates became pregnant and delivered three Wuzhishan piglets. Genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated that the piglets were multi‑transgenic. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR confirmed that 11β‑HSD1 transcription was upregulated in the targeted liver. Similarly, hIAPP and CHOP were expressed at high levels, compared with the control (P<0.05 and P<0.01) in the pancreas, consistent with the western blotting and immunohistochemistry results. The primary results also showed that overexpression of 11β‑HSD1 in the liver increased the liver fat lipid parameters; and the levels of hIAPP and CHOP in the pancreatic islet cells, leading to delayed β‑cell development and apoptosis. This novel tissue‑specific polycistronic system offers a promising starting point for efficiently mimicking multigenic metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jinxue Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Leilei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Junhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jihan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yulian Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Shulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A study on some welfare-related parameters of hDAF transgenic pigs when compared with their conventional close relatives. Animal 2015; 8:810-6. [PMID: 24739353 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are increasingly used in medical research as transgenic laboratory animals; however, little knowledge is presently available concerning their welfare assessment. The aim of the present study was to investigate some welfare-related parameters of transgenic pigs intended for xenotrasplantation (human decay-accelerating factor (hDAF)) when compared with their conventional (i.e. not transgenic) close relatives (full sibs and half sibs). A total of 14 Large White female transgenic pigs and 10 female non-transgenic (conventional) pigs from four litters were used. All pigs were from the same conventional boar, donor of the semen treated for sperm-mediated gene transfer. During the experiment, BW ranged from 50 to about 80 kg and pigs were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Animals were subjected to a set of behavioural tests: a human approach test (HAT), a novel object test (NOT) and an open-door test (ODT). Food preferences were tested through the offer of different foods (banana, apple, carrot, cracker and lemon). During a 4-day period, pigs were diurnally videotaped to study the prevalence of the different behaviours and social interactions (aggressive and non-aggressive interactions). At the end of the trial, cortisol level had been assessed on bristles. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between hDAF transgenic and conventional pigs with respect to growth traits, reactivity towards unexpected situations (HAT, NOT, ODT), food preferences, main behavioural traits, social interactions and hair cortisol.
Collapse
|
13
|
Watanabe M, Kobayashi M, Nagaya M, Matsunari H, Nakano K, Maehara M, Hayashida G, Takayanagi S, Sakai R, Umeyama K, Watanabe N, Onodera M, Nagashima H. Production of transgenic cloned pigs expressing the far-red fluorescent protein monomeric Plum. J Reprod Dev 2015; 61:169-77. [PMID: 25739316 PMCID: PMC4498373 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monomeric Plum (Plum), a far-red fluorescent protein with photostability and photopermeability, is potentially suitable for in vivo imaging and detection of fluorescence in body tissues. The aim of this study was to generate transgenic cloned pigs exhibiting systemic expression of Plum using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. Nuclear donor cells for SCNT were obtained by introducing a Plum-expression vector driven by a combination of the cytomegalovirus early enhancer and chicken beta-actin promoter into porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs). The cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of reconstructed SCNT embryos were 81.0% (34/42) and 78.6% (33/42), respectively. At 36-37 days of gestation, three fetuses systemically expressing Plum were obtained from one recipient to which 103 SCNT embryos were transferred (3/103, 2.9%). For generation of offspring expressing Plum, rejuvenated PFFs were established from one cloned fetus and used as nuclear donor cells. Four cloned offspring and one stillborn cloned offspring were produced from one recipient to which 117 SCNT embryos were transferred (5/117, 4.3%). All offspring exhibited high levels of Plum fluorescence in blood cells, such as lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. In addition, the skin, heart, kidney, pancreas, liver and spleen also exhibited Plum expression. These observations demonstrated that transfer of the Plum gene did not interfere with the development of porcine SCNT embryos and resulted in the successful generation of transgenic cloned pigs that systemically expressed Plum. This is the first report of the generation and characterization of transgenic cloned pigs expressing the far-red fluorescent protein Plum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Watanabe
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Use of a Green Fluorescent Protein Porcine Model to Evaluate Host Tissue Integration into Extracellular Matrix Derived Bionanocomposite Scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/586493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When using heterogeneous extracellular matrix (ECM) derived scaffolds for soft tissue repair, current methods of in vivo evaluation can fail to provide a clear distinction between host collagen and implanted scaffolds making it difficult to assess host tissue integration and remodeling. The purpose of this study is both to evaluate novel scaffolds conjugated with nanoparticles for host tissue integration and biocompatibility and to assess green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing swine as a new animal model to evaluate soft tissue repair materials. Human-derived graft materials conjugated with nanoparticles were subcutaneously implanted into GFP expressing swine to be evaluated for biocompatibility and tissue integration through histological scoring and confocal imaging. Histological scoring indicates biocompatibility and remodeling of the scaffolds with and without nanoparticles at 1, 3, and 6 months. Confocal microscope images display host tissue integration into scaffolds although nonspecificity of GFP does not allow for quantification of integration. However, the confocal images do allow for spatial observation of host tissue migration into the scaffolds at different depths of penetration. The study concludes that the nanoparticle scaffolds are biocompatible and promote integration and that the use of GFP expressing swine can aid in visualizing the scaffold/host interface and host cell/tissue migration.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dolezalova D, Hruska-Plochan M, Bjarkam CR, Sørensen JCH, Cunningham M, Weingarten D, Ciacci JD, Juhas S, Juhasova J, Motlik J, Hefferan MP, Hazel T, Johe K, Carromeu C, Muotri A, Bui J, Strnadel J, Marsala M. Pig models of neurodegenerative disorders: Utilization in cell replacement-based preclinical safety and efficacy studies. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2784-801. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dasa Dolezalova
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | | | - Carsten R. Bjarkam
- Department of Neurosurgery; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine; Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus; Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Miles Cunningham
- MRC 312, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Belmont MA 02478 USA
| | - David Weingarten
- UCSD Division of Neurosurgery; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Joseph D. Ciacci
- UCSD Division of Neurosurgery; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Stefan Juhas
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences; 277 21 Libechov Czech Republic
| | - Jana Juhasova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences; 277 21 Libechov Czech Republic
| | - Jan Motlik
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences; 277 21 Libechov Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Cassiano Carromeu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Alysson Muotri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Jack Bui
- Department of Pathology; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Jan Strnadel
- Department of Pathology; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Martin Marsala
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA USA
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Kosice Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Loire N, Barbeau E, Lemkine GF, Léonard MA, Tindall AJ. Optimizing fluorescent protein choice for transgenic embryonic medaka models. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:2396-2401. [PMID: 23832705 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Early-life-stage transgenic medaka are recognized as a pertinent model by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and are noncompliant with the European definition of a laboratory animal. However, autofluorescence confounds readout of fluorescent biomarkers. The authors determined the fluorescence emission spectrum of different embryonic stages of medaka submitted to a range of excitation wavelengths. This allows selection of high signal-to-noise ratio fluorescent proteins and combining multiple biomarkers within a single embryo.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lu Y, Kang JD, Li S, Wang W, Jin JX, Hong Y, Cui CD, Yan CG, Yin XJ. Generation of transgenic Wuzhishan miniature pigs expressing monomeric red fluorescent protein by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Genesis 2013; 51:575-86. [PMID: 23620141 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Red fluorescent protein and its variants enable researchers to study gene expression, localization, and protein-protein interactions in vitro in real-time. Fluorophores with higher wavelengths are usually preferred since they efficiently penetrate tissues and produce less toxic emissions. A recently developed fluorescent protein marker, monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1), is particularly useful because of its rapid maturation and minimal interference with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and GFP-derived markers. We generated a pCX-mRFP1-pgk-neoR construct and evaluated the ability of mRFP1 to function as a fluorescent marker in transgenic Wuzhishan miniature pigs. Transgenic embryos were generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) of nuclei isolated from ear fibroblasts expressing mRFP1. Embryos generated by SCNT developed into blastocysts in vitro (11.65%; 31/266). Thereafter, a total of 685 transgenic embryos were transferred into the oviducts of three recipients, two of which became pregnant. Of these, one recipient had six aborted fetuses, whereas the other recipient gave birth to four offspring. All offspring expressed the pCX-mRFP1-pgk-neoR gene as shown by PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. The transgenic pigs expressed mRFP1 in all organs and tissues at high levels. These results demonstrate that Wuzhishan miniature pigs can express mRFP1. To conclude, this transgenic animal represents an excellent model with widespread applications in medicine and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College of Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Expression analysis of combinatorial genes using a bi-cistronic T2A expression system in porcine fibroblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70486. [PMID: 23922997 PMCID: PMC3726604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In pig-to-primate xenotransplantation, multiple transgenic pigs are required to overcome a series of transplant rejections. The generation of multiple transgenic pigs either by breeding or the introduction of several mono-cistronic vectors has been hampered by the differential expression patterns of the target genes. To achieve simultaneous expression of multiple genes, a poly-cistronic expression system using the 2A peptide derived from the Thosea asigna virus (T2A) can be considered an alternative choice. Before applying T2A expression system to pig generation, the expression patterns of multiple genes in this system should be precisely evaluated. In this study, we constructed several bi-cistronic T2A expression vectors, which combine target genes that are frequently used in the xenotransplantation field, and introduced them into porcine fibroblasts. The proteins targeted to the same or different subcellular regions were efficiently expressed without affecting the localization or expression levels of the other protein. However, when a gene with low expression efficiency was inserted into the upstream region of the T2A sequences, the expression level of the downstream gene was significantly decreased compared with the expression efficiency without the insertion. A small interfering RNA targeting one gene in this system resulted in the significant downregulation of both the target gene and the other gene, indicating that multiple genes combined into a T2A expression vector can be considered as a single gene in terms of transcription and translation. In summary, the efficient expression of a downstream gene can be achieved if the expression of the upstream gene is efficient.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nowak-Imialek M, Niemann H. Pluripotent cells in farm animals: state of the art and future perspectives. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 25:103-28. [PMID: 23244833 DOI: 10.1071/rd12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent cells, such as embryonic stem (ES) cells, embryonic germ cells and embryonic carcinoma cells are a unique type of cell because they remain undifferentiated indefinitely in in vitro culture, show self-renewal and possess the ability to differentiate into derivatives of the three germ layers. These capabilities make them a unique in vitro model for studying development, differentiation and for targeted modification of the genome. True pluripotent ESCs have only been described in the laboratory mouse and rat. However, rodent physiology and anatomy differ substantially from that of humans, detracting from the value of the rodent model for studies of human diseases and the development of cellular therapies in regenerative medicine. Recently, progress in the isolation of pluripotent cells in farm animals has been made and new technologies for reprogramming of somatic cells into a pluripotent state have been developed. Prior to clinical application of therapeutic cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells in human patients, their survival and the absence of tumourigenic potential must be assessed in suitable preclinical large animal models. The establishment of pluripotent cell lines in farm animals may provide new opportunities for the production of transgenic animals, would facilitate development and validation of large animal models for evaluating ESC-based therapies and would thus contribute to the improvement of human and animal health. This review summarises the recent progress in the derivation of pluripotent and reprogrammed cells from farm animals. We refer to our recent review on this area, to which this article is complementary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loefller-Institut (FLI), Biotechnology, Höltystrasse 10, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zaniboni A, Merlo B, Zannoni A, Bernardini C, Lavitrano M, Forni M, Mari G, Bacci ML. Expression of fluorescent reporter protein in equine embryos produced through intracytoplasmic sperm injection mediated gene transfer (ICSI-MGT). Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 137:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
21
|
Eghbalsaied S, Ghaedi K, Laible G, Hosseini SM, Forouzanfar M, Hajian M, Oback F, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Oback B. Exposure to DNA is insufficient for in vitro transgenesis of live bovine sperm and embryos. Reproduction 2013; 145:97-108. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mammals have been produced using sperm as vectors for exogenous DNA (sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT)) in combination with artificial insemination. Our study evaluated whether SMGT could also be achieved in combination with IVF to efficiently produce transgenic bovine embryos. We assessed binding and uptake of fluorescently labelled plasmids into sperm in the presence of different concentrations of dimethyl sulphoxide or lipofectamine. Live motile sperm displayed a characteristic punctuate fluorescence pattern across their entire surface, while uniform postacrosomal fluorescence was only apparent in dead sperm. Association with sperm or lipofection reagent protected exogenous DNA from DNase I digestion. Following IVF, presence and expression of episomal and non-episomal green fluorescent protein (GFP)-reporter plasmids was monitored in oocytes and embryos. We found no evidence of intracellular plasmid uptake and none of the resulting zygotes (n=96) and blastocysts were GFP positive by fluorescence microscopy or genomic PCR (n=751). When individual zona-free oocytes were matured, fertilised and continuously cultured in the presence of episomal reporter plasmids until the blastocyst stage, most embryos (38/68=56%) were associated with the exogenous DNA. Using anti-GFP immunocytochemistry (n=48) or GFP fluorescence (n=94), no GFP expression was detected in blastocysts. By contrast, ICSI resulted in 18% of embryos expressing the GFP reporter. In summary, exposure to DNA was an inefficient technique to produce transgenic bovine sperm or blastocysts in vitro.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The transgenic technologies represent potent biotechnological tools that allow the generation of genetically modified animals useful for basic research and for biomedical, veterinary, and agricultural applications. Among transgenic techniques, we describe here the sperm-mediated gene transfer methods that is gene transfer based on the spontaneous ability of sperm cells to bind and internalize exogenous DNA and to carry it to oocyte during fertilization, producing genetically modified animals with high efficiency.
Collapse
|
23
|
Evaluation of swine fertilisation medium (SFM) efficiency in preserving spermatozoa quality during long-term storage in comparison to four commercial swine extenders. Animal 2012; 3:269-74. [PMID: 22444230 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108003443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In pig production, artificial insemination is widely carried out and the use of fresh diluted semen is predominant. For this reason, there are increasing interests in developing new extenders and in establishing the optimal storage conditions for diluted spermatozoa. In the last few decades, we utilised a homemade diluent (swine fertilisation medium (SFM)) for spermatozoa manipulation and biotechnological application as the production of transgenic pigs utilising the sperm-mediated gene transfer technique. The purpose of the present study is therefore to analyse the ability of SFM, in comparison to four commercial extenders, in preserving the quality of diluted boar semen stored at 16.5°C till 15 days. We utilised some of the main predictive tests as objectively measured motility, acrosome and sperm membrane integrity, high mitochondrial membrane potential and pH. Based on our in vitro study, SFM could be declared as a good long-term extender, able to preserve spermatozoa quality as well as Androhep Enduraguard for up to 6 to 9 days and more.
Collapse
|
24
|
Cooper DKC, Ekser B, Burlak C, Ezzelarab M, Hara H, Paris L, Tector AJ, Phelps C, Azimzadeh AM, Ayares D, Robson SC, Pierson RN. Clinical lung xenotransplantation--what donor genetic modifications may be necessary? Xenotransplantation 2012; 19:144-58. [PMID: 22702466 PMCID: PMC3775598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2012.00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Barriers to successful lung xenotransplantation appear to be even greater than for other organs. This difficulty may be related to several macro anatomic factors, such as the uniquely fragile lung parenchyma and associated blood supply that results in heightened vulnerability of graft function to segmental or lobar airway flooding caused by loss of vascular integrity (also applicable to allotransplants). There are also micro-anatomic considerations, such as the presence of large numbers of resident inflammatory cells, such as pulmonary intravascular macrophages and natural killer (NK) T cells, and the high levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) associated with the microvasculature. We have considered what developments would be necessary to allow successful clinical lung xenotransplantation. We suggest this will only be achieved by multiple genetic modifications of the organ-source pig, in particular to render the vasculature resistant to thrombosis. The major problems that require to be overcome are multiple and include (i) the innate immune response (antibody, complement, donor pulmonary and recipient macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells), (ii) the adaptive immune response (T and B cells), (iii) coagulation dysregulation, and (iv) an inflammatory response (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, HMGB1, C-reactive protein). We propose that the genetic manipulation required to provide normal thromboregulation alone may include the introduction of genes for human thrombomodulin/endothelial protein C-receptor, and/or tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and/or CD39/CD73; the problem of pig vWF may also need to be addressed. It would appear that exploration of every available therapeutic path will be required if lung xenotransplantation is to be successful. To initiate a clinical trial of lung xenotransplantation, even as a bridge to allotransplantation (with a realistic possibility of survival long enough for a human lung allograft to be obtained), significant advances and much experimental work will be required. Nevertheless, with the steadily increasing developments in techniques of genetic engineering of pigs, we are optimistic that the goal of successful clinical lung xenotransplantation can be achieved within the foreseeable future. The optimistic view would be that if experimental pig lung xenotransplantation could be successfully managed, it is likely that clinical application of this and all other forms of xenotransplantation would become more feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tan WS, Carlson DF, Walton MW, Fahrenkrug SC, Hackett PB. Precision editing of large animal genomes. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2012; 80:37-97. [PMID: 23084873 PMCID: PMC3683964 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404742-6.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic animals are an important source of protein and nutrition for most humans and will play key roles in satisfying the increasing demand for food in an ever-increasing world population. The past decade has experienced a revolution in the development of methods that permit the introduction of specific alterations to complex genomes. This precision will enhance genome-based improvement of farm animals for food production. Precision genetics also will enhance the development of therapeutic biomaterials and models of human disease as resources for the development of advanced patient therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Spring Tan
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Welfare assessment in transgenic pigs expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transgenic Res 2011; 21:773-84. [PMID: 22173943 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Since large animal transgenesis has been successfully attempted for the first time about 25 years ago, the technology has been applied in various lines of transgenic pigs. Nevertheless one of the concerns with the technology--animal welfare--has not been approached through systematic assessment and statements regarding the welfare of transgenic pigs have been based on anecdotal observations during early stages of transgenic programs. The main aim of the present study was therefore to perform an extensive welfare assessment comparing heterozygous transgenic animals expressing GFP with wildtype animals along various stages of post natal development. The protocol used covered reproductory performance and behaviour in GFP and wildtype sows and general health and development, social behaviour, exploratory behaviour and emotionality in GFP and wildtype littermates from birth until an age of roughly 4 months. The absence of significant differences between GFP and wildtype animals in the parameters observed suggests that the transgenic animals in question are unlikely to suffer from deleterious effects of transgene expression on their welfare and thus support existing anecdotal observations of pigs expressing GFP as healthy. Although the results are not surprising in the light of previous experience, they give a more solid fundament to the evaluation of GFP expression as being relatively non-invasive in pigs. The present study may furthermore serve as starting point for researchers aiming at a systematic characterization of welfare relevant effects in the line of transgenic pigs they are working with.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sato M, Ohtsuka M, Miura H, Miyoshi K, Watanabe S. Determination of the optimal concentration of several selective drugs useful for generating multi-transgenic porcine embryonic fibroblasts. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:759-65. [PMID: 22136322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs) are widely used as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs. Transfection of PEFs with exogenous DNA is essential for producing genetically modified (GM; transgenic or knockout) pigs via SCNT. In this case, selectable markers are strictly required selecting and enriching stably transfected cells. The most frequently used selective drug for this purpose is a neomycin analogue (G418/geneticin); neo has been widely used as a selectable marker gene in the genomic manipulation of pigs. However, little is known about optimal concentrations of other selection drugs. This often hampers functional analysis of the porcine genome and development of individual GM pigs. This study explores the optimal concentrations of selective drugs, other than neomycin, that can be used for the selection of transfected PEFs. Porcine embryonic fibroblasts were incubated in media containing different concentrations of drugs for up to 10 days, to determine the optimal drug concentrations fatal for PEFs. The following concentrations were found to be optimal selective concentrations for use with PEFs: G418/geneticin, 400 μg/ml; blasticidin S, 8 μg/ml; hygromycin B, 40 μg/ml; puromycin, 2 μg/ml; and zeocin, 800 μg/ml. Repeated transfections with plasmids carrying selectable markers resulted in the generation of multidrug-resistant swine transfectants. Furthermore, these markers were found to be independent. The present information will be useful for the production of SCNT-mediated GM piglets that express multiple transgenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hsiao FSH, Lian WS, Lin SP, Lin CJ, Lin YS, Cheng ECH, Liu CW, Cheng CC, Cheng PH, Ding ST, Lee KH, Kuo TF, Cheng CF, Cheng WTK, Wu SC. Toward an ideal animal model to trace donor cell fates after stem cell therapy: Production of stably labeled multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow of transgenic pigs harboring enhanced green fluorescence protein gene1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3460-72. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|
29
|
Whyte JJ, Prather RS. Genetic modifications of pigs for medicine and agriculture. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:879-91. [PMID: 21671302 PMCID: PMC3522184 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified swine hold great promise in the fields of agriculture and medicine. Currently, these swine are being used to optimize production of quality meat, to improve our understanding of the biology of disease resistance, and to reduced waste. In the field of biomedicine, swine are anatomically and physiologically analogous to humans. Alterations of key swine genes in disease pathways provide model animals to improve our understanding of the causes and potential treatments of many human genetic disorders. The completed sequencing of the swine genome will significantly enhance the specificity of genetic modifications, and allow for more accurate representations of human disease based on syntenic genes between the two species. Improvements in both methods of gene alteration and efficiency of model animal production are key to enabling routine use of these swine models in medicine and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Whyte
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - Randall S. Prather
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nowak-Imialek M, Kues W, Carnwath JW, Niemann H. Pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed cells in farm animals. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:474-497. [PMID: 21682936 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells are unique because of their ability to differentiate into the cell lineages forming the entire organism. True pluripotent stem cells with germ line contribution have been reported for mice and rats. Human pluripotent cells share numerous features of pluripotentiality, but confirmation of their in vivo capacity for germ line contribution is impossible due to ethical and legal restrictions. Progress toward derivation of embryonic stem cells from domestic species has been made, but the derived cells were not able to produce germ line chimeras and thus are termed embryonic stem-like cells. However, domestic animals, in particular the domestic pig (Sus scrofa), are excellent large animals models, in which the clinical potential of stem cell therapies can be studied. Reprogramming technologies for somatic cells, including somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, in vitro culture in the presence of cell extracts, in vitro conversion of adult unipotent spermatogonial stem cells into germ line derived pluripotent stem cells, and transduction with reprogramming factors have been developed with the goal of obtaining pluripotent, germ line competent stem cells from domestic animals. This review summarizes the present state of the art in the derivation and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics (FLI), Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Deng W, Yang D, Zhao B, Ouyang Z, Song J, Fan N, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Nashun B, Tang J, Wu Z, Gu W, Lai L. Use of the 2A peptide for generation of multi-transgenic pigs through a single round of nuclear transfer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19986. [PMID: 21603633 PMCID: PMC3094386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple genetic modifications in pigs can essentially benefit research on agriculture, human disease and xenotransplantation. Most multi-transgenic pigs have been produced by complex and time-consuming breeding programs using multiple single-transgenic pigs. This study explored the feasibility of producing multi-transgenic pigs using the viral 2A peptide in the light of previous research indicating that it can be utilized for multi-gene transfer in gene therapy and somatic cell reprogramming. A 2A peptide-based double-promoter expression vector that mediated the expression of four fluorescent proteins was constructed and transfected into primary porcine fetal fibroblasts. Cell colonies (54.3%) formed under G418 selection co-expressed the four fluorescent proteins at uniformly high levels. The reconstructed embryos, which were obtained by somatic cell nuclear transfer and confirmed to express the four fluorescent proteins evenly, were transplanted into seven recipient gilts. Eleven piglets were delivered by two gilts, and seven of them co-expressed the four fluorescent proteins at equivalently high levels in various tissues. The fluorescence intensities were directly observed at the nose, hoof and tongue using goggles. The results suggest that the strategy of combining the 2A peptide and double promoters efficiently mediates the co-expression of the four fluorescent proteins in pigs and is hence a promising methodology to generate multi-transgenic pigs by a single nuclear transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bentian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Song
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nana Fan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghong Wu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine and Center of Laboratory Animals, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bayaer Nashun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine and Center of Laboratory Animals, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangjing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwang Gu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine and Center of Laboratory Animals, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (WG)
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (WG)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Transgenic mice have had a tremendous impact on biomedical research. Most researchers are familiar with transgenic mice that carry Cre recombinase (Cre) and how they are used to create conditional knockouts. However, some researchers are less familiar with many of the other types of transgenic mice and their applications. For example, transgenic mice can be used to study biochemical and molecular pathways in primary cultures and cell suspensions derived from transgenic mice, cell-cell interactions using multiple fluorescent proteins in the same mouse, and the cell cycle in real time and in the whole animal, and they can be used to perform deep tissue imaging in the whole animal, follow cell lineage during development and disease, and isolate large quantities of a pure cell type directly from organs. These novel transgenic mice and their applications provide the means for studying of molecular and biochemical events in the whole animal that was previously limited to cell cultures. In conclusion, transgenic mice are not just for generating knockouts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lance Miller
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
De Cecco M, Spinaci M, Zannoni A, Bernardini C, Seren E, Forni M, Bacci ML. Coupling sperm mediated gene transfer and sperm sorting techniques: a new perspective for swine transgenesis. Theriogenology 2010; 74:856-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
34
|
Jakobsen JE, Li J, Kragh PM, Moldt B, Lin L, Liu Y, Schmidt M, Winther KD, Schyth BD, Holm IE, Vajta G, Bolund L, Callesen H, Jørgensen AL, Nielsen AL, Mikkelsen JG. Pig transgenesis by Sleeping Beauty DNA transposition. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:533-45. [PMID: 20803249 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Modelling of human disease in genetically engineered pigs provides unique possibilities in biomedical research and in studies of disease intervention. Establishment of methodologies that allow efficient gene insertion by non-viral gene carriers is an important step towards development of new disease models. In this report, we present transgenic pigs created by Sleeping Beauty DNA transposition in primary porcine fibroblasts in combination with somatic cell nuclear transfer by handmade cloning. Göttingen minipigs expressing green fluorescent protein are produced by transgenesis with DNA transposon vectors carrying the transgene driven by the human ubiquitin C promoter. These animals carry multiple copies (from 8 to 13) of the transgene and show systemic transgene expression. Transgene-expressing pigs carry both transposase-catalyzed insertions and at least one copy of randomly inserted plasmid DNA. Our findings illustrate critical issues related to DNA transposon-directed transgenesis, including coincidental plasmid insertion and relatively low Sleeping Beauty transposition activity in porcine fibroblasts, but also provide a platform for future development of porcine disease models using the Sleeping Beauty gene insertion technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannik E Jakobsen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Wilh. Meyers Allé 1240, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vargiolu A, Manzini S, de Cecco M, Bacci ML, Forni M, Galeati G, Cerrito MG, Busnelli M, Lavitrano M, Giovannoni R. In vitro production of multigene transgenic blastocysts via sperm-mediated gene transfer allows rapid screening of constructs to be used in xenotransplantation experiments. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:2142-5. [PMID: 20692428 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multigene transgenic pigs would be of benefit for large animal models and in particular for xenotransplantation, where extensive genetic manipulation of donor pigs is required to make them suitable for organ grafting to humans. We have previously produced multitransgenic pigs via sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) using integrative constructs expressing 3 different reporter genes. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of using 3 integrative constructs carrying 3 different human genes involved in the modulation of inflammatory responses. We developed an in vitro fertilization system to demonstrate that SMGT can be used to efficiently produce multigene transgenic embryos through a 1-step genetic modification using multiple integrative constructs each carrying a different human gene involved in the modulation of inflammatory processes (hHO1, hCD39, and hCD73). The results suggest that this system allowed an effective preliminary test of transgenesis optimization, greatly reducing the number of animals used in the experiments and fulfilling important ethical issues. We performed 5 in vitro fertilization experiments using sperm cells preincubated with all 3 integrative constructs. A total of 1,498 oocytes were fertilized to obtain 775 embryos, among which 340 further developed into blastocysts. We did not observe any toxicity related to the transgenesis procedure that affected normal embryo development. We observed 68.5% transgenesis efficiency. Blastocysts were 48% single, 31% double, and 21% triple transgenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Vargiolu
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bendixen E, Danielsen M, Larsen K, Bendixen C. Advances in porcine genomics and proteomics--a toolbox for developing the pig as a model organism for molecular biomedical research. Brief Funct Genomics 2010; 9:208-19. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elq004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|
37
|
Liposome-mediated uptake of exogenous DNA by equine spermatozoa and applications in sperm-mediated gene transfer. Equine Vet J 2010; 40:76-82. [DOI: 10.2746/042516407x235786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
38
|
Sperm-mediated gene transfer–treated spermatozoa maintain good quality parameters and in vitro fertilization ability in swine. Theriogenology 2009; 72:1163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
39
|
Matsunari H, Nagashima H. Application of genetically modified and cloned pigs in translational research. J Reprod Dev 2009; 55:225-30. [PMID: 19571468 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are increasingly being recognized as good large-animal models for translational research, linking basic science to clinical applications in order to establish novel therapeutics. This article reviews the current status and future prospects of genetically modified and cloned pigs in translational studies. It also highlights pigs specially designed as disease models, for xenotransplantation or to carry cell marker genes. Finally, use of porcine somatic stem and progenitor cells in preclinical studies of cell transplantation therapy is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsunari
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent developments in the field of genetic engineering have made it possible to add, delete or exchange genes from one species to another. This technology has special relevance to the field of xenotransplantation, in which the elimination of a species-specific disparity could make the difference between success and failure of an organ transplant. This review focuses on developments in both the techniques and applications of genetically modified animals. RECENT FINDINGS Advances have been made using existing techniques for genetic modifications of swine and in the development of new, emerging technologies, including enzymatic engineering and the use of small interfering RNA. Applications of the modified animals have provided evidence that genetically modified swine have the potential to overcome both physiologic and immunologic barriers that have previously impeded this field. The use of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout animals as donors have shown marked improvements in xenograft survivals. SUMMARY Techniques for genetic engineering of swine have been directed toward avoiding naturally existing cellular and antibody responses to species-specific antigens. Organs from genetically engineered animals have enjoyed markedly improved survivals in nonhuman primates, especially in protocols directed toward the induction of tolerance, presumably by avoiding immunization to new antigens.
Collapse
|
41
|
Ye HH, Dong G, Yuan JF, Sui LH, Hu JF, Li RS, Liu Y, Ma X, Chen ZW, Zeng L. [Exogenous DNA influencing fertilization of goat sperm cells and expression in early embryos]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2008; 30:1421-6. [PMID: 19073550 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2008.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our early study found that goat spermatozoa could spontaneously take up foreign DNA and vary in capabilities of spermatozoa from different donors to bind and internalize exogenous DNA. In this study, three goats with considerable differences of capability were used to investigate the effect of exogenous DNA on goat spermatozoa, and feasibility and efficiency of transgenic embryo production by sperm-mediated gene transfer method. The viability, acrosomal reaction frequencies and cleavages were decreased in the groups co-cultured with exogenous DNA, compared with the control groups, and the range of decrease was correlated with the capability of sperm cells up-take foreign DNA. After fertilizing with co-cultured spermatozoa, GFP gene was introduced into oocytes and expressed in early embryos. However, different efficiencies of transgenic embryos appeared in sperm donors (P<0.05). GFP gene was detected in 16.2% (25/154), 5.3% (4/76), and 0% (0/36) embryos, respectively, when high, middle and low capability of sperm donors were used. But only 6.5% (10/154) embryos from high capability sperm donor expressed GFP. Our results demonstrate that selecting high capability of sperm donor is a key step for improving efficiency of sperm mediated-gene transfer method. However, the adverse influence of foreign DNA on spermatozoa needs to be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Hu Ye
- Laboratory Animal Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
The negative effects of exogenous DNA binding on porcine spermatozoa are caused by removal of seminal fluid. Theriogenology 2008; 70:1288-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
43
|
Matsunari H, Onodera M, Tada N, Mochizuki H, Karasawa S, Haruyama E, Nakayama N, Saito H, Ueno S, Kurome M, Miyawaki A, Nagashima H. Transgenic-cloned pigs systemically expressing red fluorescent protein, Kusabira-Orange. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2008; 10:313-23. [PMID: 18729767 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered pigs with cell markers such as fluorescent proteins are highly useful in lines of research that include the tracking of transplanted cells or tissues. In this study, we produced transgenic-cloned pigs carrying a gene for the newly developed red fluorescent protein, humanized Kusabira-Orange (huKO), which was cloned from the coral stone Fungia concinna. The nuclear transfer embryos, reconstructed with fetal fibroblast cells that had been transduced with huKO cDNA using retroviral vector D Delta Nsap, developed efficiently in vitro into blastocysts (28.0%, 37/132). Nearly all (94.6%, 35/37) of the cloned blastocysts derived from the transduced cells exhibited clear huKO gene expression. A total of 429 nuclear transfer embryos were transferred to four recipients, all of which became pregnant and gave birth to 18 transgenic-cloned offspring in total. All of the pigs highly expressed huKO fluorescence in all of the 23 organs and tissues analyzed, including the brain, eyes, intestinal and reproductive organs, skeletal muscle, bone, skin, and hoof. Furthermore, such expression was also confirmed by histological analyses of various tissues such as pancreatic islets, renal corpuscles, neuronal and glial cells, the retina, chondrocytes, and hematopoietic cells. These data demonstrate that transgenic-cloned pigs exhibiting systemic red fluorescence expression can be efficiently produced by nuclear transfer of somatic cells retrovirally transduced with huKO gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsunari
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu Z, Li Z, Yang J. Transient transgene transmission to piglets by intrauterine insemination of spermatozoa incubated with DNA fragments. Mol Reprod Dev 2008; 75:26-32. [PMID: 17546633 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and low-cost production of transgenic pigs has significant applications to the pig industry and biomedical science. Generation of transgenic pig by sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) was inexpensive and convenient, and reported with high efficiency. To test the method of SMGT in pigs, we employed deep post-cervical intrauterine insemination of incubated spermatozoa in this study. A test of sperm motility of semen from nine Landrace boars after incubation with radioactively labeled DNA construct indicated that DNA uptake of the sperm was highly correlated with sperm motility at the time of collection. DNA concentration of 50 and 300 microg per one billion sperm was incubated with washed high-motility sperm at 17 degrees C for 2 hr. Twenty one hybrid gilts and sows of Meishan crossed with Large White were inseminated with transgene-incubated sperm and produced 156 piglets. Transgene DNA sequences were identified in 31 piglets by PCR amplification of genomic DNA isolated from piglet ears at the age of 3 days. The deep intrauterine insemination had a higher rate of positive transgenic piglets than regular insemination (29.6% of 98 piglets vs. 3.4% of 58 piglets). However, the exogenous transgene DNA was not detected in any piglets at the age of 70-100 days. Therefore, the results further demonstrated that transgene through incubation with spermatozoa was mostly transiently transmitted to the offspring at early growing stage and lost in adulthood, which may result from episomal DNA replications during cell divisions only at the early stage of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Spadafora C. Sperm-mediated 'reverse' gene transfer: a role of reverse transcriptase in the generation of new genetic information. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:735-40. [PMID: 18270183 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) is a procedure through which new genetic traits are introduced in animals by exploiting the ability of spermatozoa to take up exogenous DNA molecules and deliver them to oocytes at fertilization. The interaction of exogenous DNA with sperm cells is a regulated process mediated by specific factors; among those, a reverse transcriptase (RT) activity plays a central role in SMGT. 'Retro-genes' are generated either through reverse transcription of exogenous RNA internalized in spermatozoa, or through sequential transcription, splicing and reverse transcription of exogenous DNA. The resulting retro-genes are delivered to oocytes and transmitted to embryos and born animals as low-copy, transcriptionally competent, extrachromosomal structures capable of determining new phenotypic traits. Retro-genes can be further transmitted through sexual reproduction from founders to their F1 progeny: new genetic and phenotypic features, unlinked to chromosomes, can thus be generated and inherited in a non-Mendelian ratio. We have called this phenomenon sperm-mediated 'reverse' gene transfer (SMRGT). Thus, a RT-mediated machinery operates in sperm cells and is responsible for the genesis and non-Mendelian propagation of new genetic information. The features of RT-generated traits elicited in SMRGT resemble those characterized in recent studies of RNA-mediated inheritance of extra-genomic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Spadafora
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Prather RS. Nuclear remodeling and nuclear reprogramming for making transgenic pigs by nuclear transfer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 591:1-13. [PMID: 17176551 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-37754-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the cellular and molecular events that occur when a nucleus is transferred to the cytoplasm of an oocyte will permit the development of improved procedures for performing nuclear transfer and cloning. In some cases it appears that the gene(s) are reprogrammed, while in other cases there appears to be little effect on gene expression. Not only does the pattern of gene expression need to be reprogrammed, but other structures within the nucleus also need to be remodeled. While nuclear transfer works and transgenic and knockout animals can be created, it still is an inefficient process. However, even with the current low efficiencies this technique has proved very valuable for the production of animals that might be useful for tissue or organ transplantation to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, Food for the 21st Century, College of Food, Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Missouri-Columbia, 920 East Campus Drive, E125 ASRC, Columbia, Missouri 65211-5300, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Transgenesis offers new possibilities to rapidly modify the genome of living organisms. The application of transgenesis to farm animals faces many problems, more than those observed in the transgenesis of laboratory animals, as there are currently many different techniques available to obtain transgenic animals, which all have problems regarding low efficiency and high costs. When these techniques are applied to farm animals the problems concerning transgenesis are multiplied. Two main techniques, male pronuclear microinjection and sperm mediated gene transfer, utilised in farm animal transgenesis, are briefly presented. The improvement of these techniques and the employment of other biotechnologies such as cloning, could expand the uses of transgenic farm animals for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bell P, Vandenberghe LH, Wu D, Johnston J, Limberis M, Wilson JM. A comparative analysis of novel fluorescent proteins as reporters for gene transfer studies. J Histochem Cytochem 2007; 55:931-9. [PMID: 17510373 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.7a7180.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated novel fluorescent proteins (FPs) as reporters for gene transfer in animals and cells with the aim to develop more-sensitive assays for vector development and the optimization of gene transfer strategies in gene therapy. Adeno-associated virus serotype 5 vectors carrying an expression cassette with a chicken beta-actin promoter encoding the green FPs ZsGreen1, AcGFP1, hMGFP (with and without intron), and EGFP and the red FPs DsRed2 and TurboRFP were administered to mice at identical doses for each organ to target liver, lung, and muscle. Despite the fact that all FPs were expressed from an identical vector backbone, the observed number of fluorescent cells and fluorescence intensities varied between, but was consistent within, each combination of a specific protein and organ. The highest number of fluorescent cells was observed in liver with EGFP and in lung with ZsGreen1 and EGFP. In muscle, AcGFP1 and ZsGreen1 produced the most-intense fluorescence in fibers. In contrast, in culture cells, ZsGreen1 showed substantially stronger fluorescence than all other proteins. Our data demonstrate that each FP has tissue-specific expression profiles that need to be taken into consideration when comparing the performance of vectors in different organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Recently it has been demonstrated that, along with sperm, some of its RNA can be introduced into the oocyte during fertilization, which stays stable until the activation of the embryonic genome. Originally it was thought that RNA present in semen relates to contamination from somatic cells and/or immature sperm both containing substantially higher amounts of RNA than the fertilizing sperm. However, RNA is still found after stringent washing through density gradients resulting in a sperm fraction that is translational silenced and devoid of cytosolic rRNA and thus of potential RNA contamination-which is not transferable to the oocyte. Sperm only delivers a relatively small amount of paternal RNA (5-10 fg) into the fertilized oocyte when compared to the amount of maternal RNA (approximately 1 ng). Pooled human sperm contains about 5000 different mRNA sequences of which half are common between ejaculates. Besides mRNA sperm also contains small sperm RNA molecules that might interfere in gene expression (iRNA). In human sperm already more than 68 putative iRNAs have been identified and 15 of them may specifically inhibit genes that are only active during early embryonic development. The composition and quantity of sperm RNA is considered to be a valuable diagnostic tool for male fertility. However, only a subpopulation of the purified mature sperm fraction (with a yet unknown composition and quantity of RNA) will appropriately respond to capacitation media to become competent to fertilize the oocyte. In this review the origin and function of sperm borne RNA transferred into the oocyte is discussed along with their putative role in early embryogenesis, which still needs to be experimentally proven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Boerke
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wobus CE, Thackray LB, Virgin HW. Murine norovirus: a model system to study norovirus biology and pathogenesis. J Virol 2007; 80:5104-12. [PMID: 16698991 PMCID: PMC1472167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02346-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|