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Dashti A, Ahmadi M. Recent Advances in Controlled Production of Long-Chain Branched Polyolefins. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300746. [PMID: 38488683 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyolefins, composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, dominate global polymer production. This stems from the wide range of physical and mechanical properties that various polyolefins can cover. Their versatile properties are largely tuned by chain microstructure, including molar mass distribution, comonomer content, and long-chain branching (LCB). Specifically, LCB imparts unique characteristics, notably enhances processability crucial for downstream applications. Tailoring LCB structural features has encouraged academic and industrial efforts, chronicle in this review from a chemistry standpoint. While encompassing post-reaction modification based traditional methods like peroxide grafting, ionizing beam irradiation, and coupling reactions, the main focus is given to catalyst-centric strategies and innovative polymerization schemes. The advent of single-site catalysts-metallocenes and late transition metals catalysts-amplifies interest in tailored chemical methods, but the progress in LCB formation flourishes via tandem catalytic systems and bimetallic catalysts under controlled reaction conditions. Specifically, the breakthrough in coordinative chain transfer polymerization unveils a novel avenue for controlled LCB synthesis by sequential chain propagation, transfer, liberation, and enchainment. This short review highlights recent approaches for the production of LCB polyolefins that can provide a roadmap crucial for researchers in academia and industry, steering their efforts toward further advancements in the production of tailored polyolefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Dashti
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ahmadi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Liu R, Liu Y, Yang W, Li X, Feng L. Chromium-Based Complexes Bearing Aminophosphine and Phosphine-Imine-Pyrryl Ligands for Selective Ethylene Tri/Tetramerization. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18290-18298. [PMID: 37251183 PMCID: PMC10210187 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of Cr-based complexes 6-10 bearing aminophosphine (P,N) ligands Ph2P-L-NH2 [L = CH2CH2 (1), L = CH2CH2CH2 (2), and L = C6H4CH2 (3)] and phosphine-imine-pyrryl (P,N,N) ligands 2-(Ph2P-L-N=CH)C4H3NH [L = CH2CH2CH2 (4) and L = C6H4CH2 (5)] were prepared, and their catalytic properties were examined for ethylene tri/tetramerization. X-ray crystallographic analysis of complex 8 indicated the κ2-P,N bidentate coordination mode at the Cr(III) center and the distorted octahedral geometry of monomeric P,N-CrCl3. Upon activation by methylaluminoxane (MAO), complexes 7-8 bearing P,N (PC3N backbone) ligands 2-3 showed good catalytic reactivity for ethylene tri/tetramerization. On the other hand, complex 6 bearing the P,N (PC2N backbone) ligand 1 was found active for non-selective ethylene oligomerization, while complexes 9-10 bearing P,N,N ligands 4-5 only produced polymerization products. In particular, the high catalytic activity of 458.2 kg/(g·Cr·h), excellent selectivity of 90.9% (1-hexene and 1-octene combined), and extremely low PE content of 0.1% were obtained with complex 7 in toluene at 45 °C and 45 bar. These results suggest that rational control of P,N and P,N,N ligand backbones, including a carbon spacer and rigidity of a carbon bridge, can lead to the high-performance catalyst for the ethylene tri/tetramerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Satellite
Chemical Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yongqin Liu
- Jiaxing
Fangyuan Certification & Testing Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314033, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Satellite
Chemical Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Satellite
Chemical Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Lianfang Feng
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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3
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Dashti A, Ahmadi M, Haddadi-Asl V, Ahmadjo S, Mortazavi SMM. Tandem coordinative chain transfer polymerization for long chain branched Polyethylene: The role of chain displacement. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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4
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Liu R, Yang W, Li X, Feng L. Chromium-Based Complexes Bearing N-Substituted Diphosphinoamine Ligands for Ethylene Oligomerization. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35933-35941. [PMID: 36249395 PMCID: PMC9558249 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A range of novel N-substituted diphosphinoamine (PNP) ligands Ph2PN(R)PPh2 [R = F2CHCH2 (1); R = Me2CHCH2 (2); R = Me2CHCH2CH2 (3)] have been synthesized via one-step salt elimination reaction. The ligand-coordinated chromium carbonyls [Ph2PN(R)PPh2]Cr(CO)4 (4-6) were further synthesized, and X-ray crystallography analysis of complex 6 revealed the κ2-P,P bidentate binding mode of Cr center and the molecular structure of PNP ligand 3. Then the catalytic ethylene oligomerization behaviors of PNP ligands 1-3 bridging chromium chloride complexes {[Ph2PN(R)PPh2]CrCl2(μ-Cl)}2 (7-9) were further discussed in depth. Experimental results showed that complex 7 with the strong electron-withdrawing F2CHCH2 group can promote the nonselective ethylene oligomerization, while both complex 8 and complex 9 with the electron-donating Me2CHCH2 and Me2CHCH2CH2 groups can significantly enhance the selective ethylene tri/tetramerization. The good catalytic activity of 198.3 kg/(g Cr·h), the selectivity toward 1-hexene and 1-octene of 76.4%, and the low PE content of 0.2% were simultaneously achieved with the Al/Cr molar ratio of 600 using the complex 8/MMAO system at 45 °C and 45 bar. These excellent results were mainly attributed to the fact that the β-branching of bridging ligand 2 increased the steric bulk of the N-moiety for complex 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Satellite
Chemical Co., Ltd, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Satellite
Chemical Co., Ltd, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Satellite
Chemical Co., Ltd, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lianfang Feng
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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5
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Wang Y, Qin Y, Dong JY. Trouble-free combination of ω-alkenylmethyldichlorosilane copolymerization-hydrolysis chemistry and metallocene catalyst system for highly effective and efficient direct synthesis of long-chain-branched polypropylene. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Ethylene (Co)oligomerization in Alkane Solvents Facilitated by Rigid-Flexible Double-Layer Steric Strategy. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Santoro O, Piola L, Mc Cabe K, Lhost O, Den Dauw K, Fernandez A, Welle A, Maron L, Carpentier JF, Kirillov E. Comonomer-Controlled Synthesis of Long-Chain Branched (LCB)-Polyethylene. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Nifant'ev IE, Vinogradov AA, Vinogradov AA, Sadrtdinova GI, Komarov PD, Minyaev ME, Ilyin SO, Kiselev AV, Samurganova TI, Ivchenko PV. Synthesis, molecular structure and catalytic performance of heterocycle-fused cyclopentadienyl-amido CGC of Ti (IV) in ethylene (co)polymerization: The formation and precision rheometry of long-chain branched polyethylenes. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Guillory GA, Marxsen SF, Alamo RG, Kennemur JG. Precise Isotactic or Atactic Pendant Alcohols on a Polyethylene Backbone at Every Fifth Carbon: Synthesis, Crystallization, and Thermal Properties. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina A. Guillory
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Stephanie F. Marxsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering, Florida A&M University−Florida State University (FAMU-FSU), 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering, Florida A&M University−Florida State University (FAMU-FSU), 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Justin G. Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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Luo L, Liu K, Jiang J, Qi M, Li Q, Liu P, Li BG, Wang WJ. Engineering Ethylene/1-Hexene Copolymers from Ethylene Stock with a Model-Guided Catalyst Feeding Policy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Mengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qiulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Pingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University─Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University─Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
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11
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Zubkevich SV, Tuskaev VA, Gagieva SC, Bulychev BM. Catalytic oligomerization and polymerization of ethylene with complexes of iron triad metals: influence of metal nature and new perspectives. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Zhong X, Liu L, Guo X, Sun L, Liu B, Liu Z. Cr/PCCP-Catalysed Selective Ethylene Oligomerization: Analysis of Various Conformations and the Hemilabile Methoxy Group. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01219g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of the hemilabile methoxy group in the Cr-based catalyst bearing (C6H5)2-P(CH2)2P-(C6H5)2 (PCCP) and (o-MeOC6H4)(C6H5)-P(CH2)2P-(C6H5)(o-MeOC6H4) (PCCPOMe) ligands on ethylene tri- and tetramerization were systematically investigated by...
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13
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Hassanian-Moghaddam D, Mortazavi SMM, Ahmadjo S, Doveirjavi M, Rahmati A, Ahmadi M. Resolving long-chain branch formation in tandem catalytic coordinative chain transfer polymerization of ethylene via thermal analysis. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Salian SM, Bagui M, Jasra RV. Industrially relevant ethylene trimerization catalysts and processes. APPLIED PETROCHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13203-021-00279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract1-Hexene is one of the comonomers used to produce mainly low linear density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The production of 1-hexene by ethylene trimerization method gained much interest in petrochemical industry due to its high selectivity towards 1-hexene in comparison to traditional ethylene oligomerization method. In literature, many catalyst systems are reported for ethylene trimerization reaction, but only few of them qualify for the commercial applications. In the present review, activity and selectivity of commercially viable catalyst systems and amount of polyethylene formed as a by-product on using these catalyst systems were discussed. Special attention is given to Chevron Phillips ethylene trimerization technology which is one of the dominant technologies in the production of 1-hexene. The challenges such as fouling issues at commercial plant due to polyethylene by-product formation were discussed and the progress made to overcome the challenges were also discussed. New generation nontoxic titanium catalysts look promising and challenges involved in commercializing these catalysts were presented in the review.
Graphic abstract
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15
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McLaren M, Parent JS. Branched Propylene Derivatives by Radical-Mediated Grafting of an Acrylate-Functionalized Nitroxyl. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael McLaren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J. Scott Parent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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16
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Ali A, Tufail MK, Jamil MI, Yaseen W, Iqbal N, Hussain M, Ali A, Aziz T, Fan Z, Guo L. Comparative Analysis of Ethylene/Diene Copolymerization and Ethylene/Propylene/Diene Terpolymerization Using Ansa-Zirconocene Catalyst with Alkylaluminum/Borate Activator: The Effect of Conjugated and Nonconjugated Dienes on Catalytic Behavior and Polymer Microstructure. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072037. [PMID: 33918422 PMCID: PMC8038244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The copolymerization of ethylene‒diene conjugates (butadiene (BD), isoprene (IP) and nonconjugates (5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB), vinyl norbornene VNB, 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) and 1, 4-hexadiene (HD)), and terpolymerization of ethylene-propylene-diene conjugates (BD, IP) and nonconjugates (ENB, VNB, VCH and HD) using two traditional catalysts of C2-symmetric metallocene—silylene-bridged rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex A) and ethylene-bridged rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex B)—with a [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] borate/TIBA co-catalyst, were intensively studied. Compared to that in the copolymerization of ethylene diene, the catalytic activity was more significant in E/P/diene terpolymerization. We obtained a maximum yield of both metallocene catalysts with conjugated diene between 3.00 × 106 g/molMt·h and 5.00 × 106 g/molMt·h. ENB had the highest deactivation impact on complex A, and HD had the most substantial deactivation effect on complex B. A 1H NMR study suggests that dienes were incorporated into the co/ter polymers’ backbone through regioselectivity. ENB and VNB, inserted by the edo double bond, left the ethylidene double bond intact, so VCH had an exo double bond. Complex A’s methyl and phenyl groups rendered it structurally stable and exhibited a dihedral angle greater than that of complex B, resulting in 1, 2 isoprene insertion higher than 1, 4 isoprene that is usually incapable of polymerization coordination. High efficiency in terms of co- and ter- monomer incorporation with higher molecular weight was found for complex 1. The rate of incorporation of ethylene and propylene in the terpolymer backbone structure may also be altered by the conjugated and nonconjugated dienes. 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and GPC techniques were used to characterize the polymers obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
| | - Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Muhammad Imran Jamil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Waleed Yaseen
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
| | - Nafees Iqbal
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
| | - Munir Hussain
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Asad Ali
- National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Tariq Aziz
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (L.G.)
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Stanic S, Koch T, Schmid K, Knaus S, Archodoulaki V. Upcycling of polypropylene with various concentrations of peroxydicarbonate and dilauroyl peroxide and two processing steps. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Stanic
- Institute of Material Science and Technology TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Material Science and Technology TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | | | - Simone Knaus
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Vienna Austria
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Liu Y, Qin Y, Dong JY. Assessing 1,9-Decadiene/Ethylene Copolymerization with Ziegler-Natta Catalyst to Access Long Chain-Branched Polyethylene. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:675-679. [PMID: 33458520 PMCID: PMC7807785 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
1,9-Decadiene/ethylene copolymerization is assessed as a way for Ziegler-Natta catalysts to access long chain-branched polyethylene (PE). A MgCl2/9,9-bis-(methoxymethyl)fluorine/TiCl4 catalyst with triethylaluminium as a cocatalyst is exemplified for the task. 1,9-Decadiene was found to induce a substantial comonomer effect on catalyst activity and continuing decreases of PE molecular weight. Both the double bonds of 1,9-decadiene were poorly reactive during polymerization, of which the polymer chain-attached was even much less reactive than the original one. As a consequence, at decreased feeds, 1,9-decadiene gave small amounts (<0.1 mol %) of pendant vinyl groups to PE without prompting the formation of long-chain branches. Long chain-branching was realized at increased 1,9-decadiene feeds, which was however accompanied by proportional gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Qin
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin-Yong Dong
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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19
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Thakur AK, Gupta SK, Chaudhari P. Slurry-phase ethylene polymerization processes: a review on multiscale modeling and simulations. REV CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Slurry polymerization processes using Zeigler–Natta catalysts, are most widely used for the production of polyethylene due to their several advantages over other processes. Significant advancements have been made in the modeling of these processes to obtain high-quality final products. The modeling work in this field has a very wide scope due to the great diversity of the catalyst types, polymerization processes, polymerization conditions, product qualities and microstructures that exist at the commercial scale. In this article, we have reviewed and discussed the slurry polymerization processes for the production of polyethylene and the multiscale modeling and simulation framework in slurry reactors. The multiscale modeling framework mainly comprises of the kinetic model, single-particle diffusion models, multiphase hydrodynamics, phase equilibria, reactor residence time distribution and the overall mass and heat balances. Guidelines to implement the multiscale mathematical modeling and simulation in slurry-phase olefin polymerization processes are proposed. Special focus is given on the need to reduce the computational effort for the simulation of industrial reactors so that the models can be used as an effective tool-kit for optimization studies using state-of-art algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) , Dehradun , 248007 , Uttarakhand , India
| | - Santosh K. Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) , Dehradun , 248007 , Uttarakhand , India
| | - Pranava Chaudhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) , Dehradun , 248007 , Uttarakhand , India
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20
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Gloger D, Mileva D, Zhuravlev E, Schick C. A
DSC
study of polypropylene chain branching effects on structure formation under rapid cooling and reheating from the amorphous glass. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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ω-Alkenylmethyldichlorosilane-assisted propylene polymerization with Ziegler-Natta catalyst to long chain-branched polypropylene. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Maddah Y, Ahmadjo S, Mortazavi SMM, Sharif F, Hassanian-Moghaddam D, Ahmadi M. Control over Branching Topology by Introducing a Dual Catalytic System in Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization of Olefins. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Maddah
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311 Iran
| | - Saeid Ahmadjo
- Engineering Department, Catalyst Group, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, 1497713115 Iran
| | | | - Farhad Sharif
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311 Iran
| | - Davood Hassanian-Moghaddam
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311 Iran
| | - Mostafa Ahmadi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311 Iran
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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O’Dea RM, Willie JA, Epps TH. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Polymers from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Current Challenges and Future Opportunities. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:476-493. [PMID: 35648496 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable polymers from lignocellulosic biomass have the potential to reduce the environmental impact of commercial plastics while also offering significant performance and cost benefits relative to petrochemical-derived macromolecules. However, most currently available biobased polymers are hampered by insufficient thermomechanical properties, low economic feasibility (e.g., high relative cost), and reduced scalability in comparison to petroleum-based incumbents. Future biobased materials must overcome these limitations to be competitive in the marketplace. Additionally, sustainability challenges at the beginning and end of the polymer lifecycle need to be addressed using green chemistry practices and improved end-of-life waste management strategies. This viewpoint provides an overview of recent developments that can mitigate many concerns with present materials and discusses key aspects of next-generation, biobased polymers derived from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. O’Dea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jordan A. Willie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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24
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Data-Driven Estimation of Significant Kinetic Parameters Applied to the Synthesis of Polyolefins. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A data-driven strategy for the online estimation of important kinetic parameters was assessed for the copolymerization of ethylene with 1,9-decadiene using a metallocene catalyst at different diene concentrations and reaction temperatures. An initial global sensitivity analysis selected the significant kinetic parameters of the system. The retrospective cost model refinement (RCMR) algorithm was adapted and implemented to estimate the significant kinetic parameters of the model in real time. After verifying stability and robustness, experimental data validated the algorithm performance. Results demonstrate the estimated kinetic parameters converge close to theoretical values without requiring prior knowledge of the polymerization model and the original kinetic values.
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25
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Orson L. Sydora
- Research & Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
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27
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Abstract
Mathematical modeling of olefin polymerization processes has advanced significantly, driven by factors such as the need for higher-quality end products and more environmentally-friendly processes. The modeling studies have had a wide scope, from reactant and catalyst characterization and polymer synthesis to model validation with plant data. This article reviews mathematical models developed for olefin polymerization processes. Coordination and free-radical mechanisms occurring in different types of reactors, such as fluidized bed reactor (FBR), horizontal-stirred-bed reactor (HSBR), vertical-stirred-bed reactor (VSBR), and tubular reactor are reviewed. A guideline for the development of mathematical models of gas-phase olefin polymerization processes is presented.
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28
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Yang T, Qin Y, Dong JY. Nonconjugated α,ω-Diolefin/Propylene Copolymerization to Long Chain-Branched Polypropylene by Ziegler–Natta Catalyst: Overcoming Steric Hindrance by Introducing an Extra Electronic Pulling Effect. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jin-Yong Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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29
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Zhang K, Liu P, Wang WJ, Li BG, Liu W, Zhu S. Preparation of Comb-Shaped Polyolefin Elastomers Having Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymer Backbone and Long Chain Polyethylene Branches via a Tandem Metallocene Catalyst System. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China 310027
| | - Pingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China 310027
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China 310027
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China 310027
| | - Weifeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China 510640
| | - Shiping Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, P. R. China 518172
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
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30
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Albeladi A, Soares JBP, Mehdiabadi S. Comparing Long‐Chain Branching Mechanisms for Ethylene Polymerization with Metallocenes and Other Single‐Site Catalysts: What Simulated Microstructures Can Teach Us. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201800059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Albeladi
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Saeid Mehdiabadi
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
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31
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Gunasekara T, Kim J, Preston A, Steelman DK, Medvedev GA, Delgass WN, Sydora OL, Caruthers JM, Abu-Omar MM. Mechanistic Insights into Chromium-Catalyzed Ethylene Trimerization. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilina Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Jungsuk Kim
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew Preston
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - D. Keith Steelman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Grigori A. Medvedev
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - W. Nicholas Delgass
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - James M. Caruthers
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mahdi M. Abu-Omar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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32
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Azimfar F, Badiei A, Ghafelebashi SM, Daftari-Besheli M, Shirin-Abadi AR. Effect of MAO-modified nanoporous silica supports with single-site titanocene catalyst on ethylene polymerization. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Brandão ALT, Alberton AL, Pinto JC, Soares JBP. Copolymerization of Ethylene with 1,9-Decadiene: Part II-Prediction of Molecular Weight Distributions. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201700040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. T. Brandão
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cidade Universitária; CP: 68502 Rio de Janeiro 21941-972 RJ Brazil
| | - André L. Alberton
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro 20550-900 RJ Brazil
| | - José Carlos Pinto
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cidade Universitária; CP: 68502 Rio de Janeiro 21941-972 RJ Brazil
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
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34
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Preparation of "Constrained Geometry" Titanium Complexes of [1,2]Azasilinane Framework for Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymerization. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020258. [PMID: 28208780 PMCID: PMC6155698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Me₂Si-bridged ansa-Cp/amido half-metallocene, [Me₂Si(η⁵-Me₄C₅)(NtBu)]TiCl₂, termed a "constrained-geometry catalyst (CGC)", is a representative homogeneous Ziegler catalyst. CGC derivatives with the [1,2]azasilinane framework, in which the amide alkyl substituent is joined by the Si-bridge, were prepared, and the catalytic performances of these species was studied. Me₄C₅HSi(Me)(CH₂CH=CH₂)-NH(C(R)(R')CH=CH₂) (R, R' = H or methyl; Me₄C₅H = tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) was susceptible to ring closure metathesis (RCM) when treated with Schrock's Mo-catalyst to afford -Si(Me₄C₅H)(Me)CH₂CH=CHC(R)(R')NH- containing a six-membered ring framework. Using the precursors and the products of RCM, various CGC derivatives, i.e., [-Si(η⁵-Me₄C₅)(Me)CH₂CH=CHC(R)(H)N-]TiMe₂ (13, R = H; 15, R = Me), [-Si(η⁵-Me₄C₅)(Me)CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂N]TiMe₂ (14), [(η⁵-Me₄C₅)Si(Me)(CH₂CH=CH₂)NCH₂CH=CH₂]TiMe₂ (16), [(η⁵-Me₄C₅)Si (Me)(CH=CH₂)NCH₂CH=CH₂]TiMe₂ (17), and [(η⁵-Me₄C₅)Si(Me)(CH₂CH₃)NCH₂CH₂CH₃]TiMe₂ (18), were prepared. The catalytic activity of the newly prepared complexes was lower than that of CGC when activated with [Ph₃C][B(C₆F₅)₄]/iBu₃Al. However, the catalytic activity of these species was improved by using tetrabutylaluminoxane ([iBu₂Al]₂O) instead of iBu₃Al and the activity of 14/[Ph₃C][B(C₆F₅)₄]/[iBu₂Al]₂O was comparable to that of CGC/[Ph₃C][B(C₆F₅)₄]/iBu₃Al (4.7 and 5.0 × 10⁶ g/mol-Ti, respectively). Advantageously, the newly prepared complexes produced higher molecular weight poly(ethylene-co-1-octene)s than CGC.
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35
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Liu W, Liu P, Wang WJ, Li BG, Zhu S. A Comprehensive Review on Controlled Synthesis of Long-Chain-Branched Polyolefins: Part 2, Multiple Catalyst Systems and Prepolymer Modification. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201500054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Pingwei Liu
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
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36
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Ragaert K, Delva L, Van Damme N, Kuzmanovic M, Hubo S, Cardon L. Microstructural foundations of the strength and resilience of LLDPE artificial turf yarn. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Ragaert
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
| | - L. Delva
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
| | - N. Van Damme
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
| | - M. Kuzmanovic
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
| | - S. Hubo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
| | - L. Cardon
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
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37
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Brandão ALT, Alberton AL, Pinto JC, Soares JBP. Copolymerization of Ethylene with 1,9-Decadiene: Part I - Prediction of Average Molecular Weights and Long-Chain Branching Frequencies. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201600059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. T. Brandão
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cidade Universitária; CP: 68502 Rio de Janeiro 21941-972 RJ Brazil
| | - André L. Alberton
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro 20550-900 RJ Brazil
| | - José C. Pinto
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cidade Universitária; CP: 68502 Rio de Janeiro 21941-972 RJ Brazil
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
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38
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Liu P, Liu W, Wang WJ, Li BG, Zhu S. A Comprehensive Review on Controlled Synthesis of Long-Chain Branched Polyolefins: Part 3, Characterization of Long-Chain Branched Polymers. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingwei Liu
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
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