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Gao Y, Liu Y, He J, Zhang Y, Wang T, Wu L, Sun N, Fang T, Mao H, Tang NJ, Chen X. Effects of heat waves and cold spells on blood parameters: a cohort study of blood donors in Tianjin, China. Environ Health Prev Med 2024; 29:25. [PMID: 38658361 PMCID: PMC11058483 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.24-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing occurrence of extreme temperature events due to climate change, the attention has been predominantly focused on the effects of heat waves and cold spells on morbidity and mortality. However, the influence of these temperature extremes on blood parameters has been overlooked. METHODS We conducted a cohort study involving 2,752 adult blood donors in Tianjin, China, between January 18, 2013, and June 25, 2021. The generalized additive mixed model was used to investigate the effects and lagged effects of heat waves and cold spells on six blood parameters of blood donors, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit (HCT), and platelet count (PLT). Subgroup analyses were stratified by sex, age, and BMI. RESULTS Heat waves and cold spells are associated with changes in blood parameters, particularly HB and PLT. Heat waves increased HB and PLT, while cold spells increased HB and decreased PLT. The effect of heat waves is greater than that of cold spells. The largest effect of heat waves on HB and PLT occurred at lag1 with 2.6 g/L (95% CI: 1.76 to 3.45) and lag7 with 9.71 × 10^9/L (95% CI: 6.26 to 13.17), respectively, while the largest effect of cold spells on HB and PLT occurred at lag0 with 1.02 g/L (95% CI: 0.71 to 1.33) and lag2 with -3.85 × 10^9/L (95% CI: -5.00 to -2.70), respectively. In subgroup analysis, the effect of cold spells on ALT was greater in the 40-49 age group. CONCLUSION We indicated that heat waves and cold spells can impact hemoglobin and platelet counts in the human body. These findings provide evidence linking heat waves or cold spells to diseases and may reduce health risks caused by extreme temperature events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jiayu He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Tianjin Blood Center, 424 Huanghe Road, Tianjin 300110, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Naixiu Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tiange Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Nai-jun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
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Rogge MM, Gautam B. Revisioning Obesity in Health Care Practice and Research: New Perspectives on the Role of Body Temperature. ANS Adv Nurs Sci 2022; 45:E95-E109. [PMID: 34879024 DOI: 10.1097/ans.0000000000000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a leading health problem in the United States and globally. Relatively few people with obesity achieve long-term weight control, suggesting that obesity and resistance to weight change represent functional adaption of energy homeostasis to the environment. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the literature regarding the relationship between environmental temperature and body weight and fat mass to provide a new explanation of obesity as a problem of maintaining core body temperature. Chronic exposure to cool environmental temperatures likely contributed to the obesity epidemic, and passive whole-body warming may be a promising intervention for weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Madeline Rogge
- Department of Nurse Practitioner Studies, School of Nursing, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene (Dr Rogge); and Department of Non-traditional Undergraduate Program, School of Nursing, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock (Dr Gautam)
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McNeill BT, Suchacki KJ, Stimson RH. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Human brown adipose tissue as a therapeutic target: warming up or cooling down? Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:R243-R259. [PMID: 33729178 PMCID: PMC8111330 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue leads to obesity and its associated metabolic health consequences such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Several approaches to treat or prevent obesity including public health interventions, surgical weight loss, and pharmacological approaches to reduce caloric intake have failed to substantially modify the increasing prevalence of obesity. The (re-)discovery of active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans approximately 15 years ago led to a resurgence in research into whether BAT activation could be a novel therapy for the treatment of obesity. Upon cold stimulus, BAT activates and generates heat to maintain body temperature, thus increasing energy expenditure. Activation of BAT may provide a unique opportunity to increase energy expenditure without the need for exercise. However, much of the underlying mechanisms surrounding BAT activation are still being elucidated and the effectiveness of BAT as a therapeutic target has not been realised. Research is ongoing to determine how best to expand BAT mass and activate existing BAT; approaches include cold exposure, pharmacological stimulation using sympathomimetics, browning agents that induce formation of thermogenic beige adipocytes in white adipose depots, and the identification of factors secreted by BAT with therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss the caloric capacity and other metabolic benefits from BAT activation in humans and the role of metabolic tissues such as skeletal muscle in increasing energy expenditure. We discuss the potential of current approaches and the challenges of BAT activation as a novel strategy to treat obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben T McNeill
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karla J Suchacki
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to R H Stimson Email
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Richardson MB, Li P, Gohlke JM, Allison DB. Effects of Indoor Thermal Environment on Human Food Intake, Productivity, and Comfort: Pilot, Randomized, Crossover Trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1826-1833. [PMID: 30426700 PMCID: PMC6580845 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It was hypothesized that exposure to mild temperatures above the human thermoneutral zone would decrease caloric intake in a sedentary office environment. METHODS Women (n = 25) were randomized in a crossover design to perform seated office work for 7 hours in a thermoneutral condition (control, 19°C-20°C) and a condition above the thermoneutral zone (warm, 26°C-27°C). Food intake was estimated by weight and bomb calorimetry, peripheral temperature by thermal imaging, and thermal comfort and productivity by questionnaires. Mixed effects models were used to examine the effects of thermal condition on caloric intake. RESULTS Participants ate, on average, 357 kcal less in the warm condition, adjusting for BMI and peripheral temperature (P = 0.0219). According to the survey results at midday (after 3.5 hours of exposure), 96% of the participants in the warm condition reported being comfortable (n = 24) compared with 32% in the control condition (n = 8). More participants reported being as productive or more productive than usual in the warm condition (n = 22, 88%) than in the control condition (n = 12, 48%). CONCLUSIONS This line of research is worthy of further exploration. Untightening climate control toward warmer conditions during summer to increase comfort and productivity while decreasing caloric intake may prove both effective and comfortable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B. Richardson
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, UAB, Birmingham, AL
| | - Julia M. Gohlke
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - David B. Allison
- Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN
- Corresponding Author Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, 1025 E 7th St, PH 111, Bloomington, IN 47405, (812) 855-1250,
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Intermittent living; the use of ancient challenges as a vaccine against the deleterious effects of modern life - A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:28-42. [PMID: 30220336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD) are the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. They ensue from the sum of modern anthropogenic risk factors, including high calorie nutrition, malnutrition, sedentary lifestyle, social stress, environmental toxins, politics and economic factors. Many of these factors are beyond the span of control of individuals, suggesting that CNCD are inevitable. However, various studies, ours included, show that the use of intermittent challenges with hormetic effects improve subjective and objective wellbeing of individuals with CNCD, while having favourable effects on immunological, metabolic and behavioural indices. Intermittent cold, heat, fasting and hypoxia, together with phytochemicals in multiple food products, have widespread influence on many pathways related with overall health. Until recently, most of the employed challenges with hormetic effects belonged to the usual transient live experiences of our ancestors. Our hypothesis; we conclude that, whereas the total inflammatory load of multi-metabolic and psychological risk factors causes low grade inflammation and aging, the use of intermittent challenges, united in a 7-10 days lasting hormetic intervention, might serve as a vaccine against the deleterious effects of chronic low grade inflammation and it's metabolic and (premature) aging consequences.
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Speakman JR, Heidari-Bakavoli S. Type 2 diabetes, but not obesity, prevalence is positively associated with ambient temperature. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30409. [PMID: 27477955 PMCID: PMC4967873 DOI: 10.1038/srep30409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold exposure stimulates energy expenditure and glucose disposal. If these factors play a significant role in whole body energy balance, and glucose homeostasis, it is predicted that both obesity and type 2 diabetes prevalence would be lower where it is colder. Previous studies have noted connections between ambient temperature and obesity, but the direction of the effect is confused. No previous studies have explored the link of type 2 diabetes to ambient temperature. We used county level data for obesity and diabetes prevalence across the mainland USA and matched this to county level ambient temperature data. Average ambient temperature explained 5.7% of the spatial variation in obesity and 29.6% of the spatial variation in type 2 diabetes prevalence. Correcting the type 2 diabetes data for the effect of obesity reduced the explained variation to 26.8%. Even when correcting for obesity, poverty and race, ambient temperature explained 12.4% of the variation in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, and this significant effect remained when latitude was entered into the model as a predictor. When obesity prevalence was corrected for poverty and race the significant effect of temperature disappeared. Enhancing energy expenditure by cold exposure will likely not impact obesity significantly, but may be useful to combat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Speakman
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chaoyang, Beijing 100101 Peoples Republic of China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ UK
| | - Sahar Heidari-Bakavoli
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chaoyang, Beijing 100101 Peoples Republic of China
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Jevons R, Carmichael C, Crossley A, Bone A. Minimum indoor temperature threshold recommendations for English homes in winter – A systematic review. Public Health 2016; 136:4-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yokoya M, Higuchi Y. Association between summer temperature and body weight in Japanese adolescents and children: An ecological analysis. Am J Hum Biol 2016; 28:789-795. [PMID: 27224001 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several experimental studies reported evidence of a negative energy balance at higher temperatures. However, corresponding weight loss has not been noted in clinical practice. This study investigated the geographical association between outdoor temperature and body weight in Japanese adolescents and children. METHODS An ecological analysis was conducted using prefecture-level data on the mean body weight of Japanese adolescents and children over a 25-year period and Japanese mesh (regional) climatic data on the mean annual temperature, mean daily maximum temperature in August, and mean daily minimum temperature in January were also analyzed. RESULTS Correlation analysis uncovered a stronger association between weight and the mean daily maximum temperature in August than with other climatic variables. Moreover, multiple regression analysis indicated that height and the mean daily maximum temperature in August were statistically significant predictors of weight. This suggests that geographical differences in weight in Japanese adolescents and children can be explained by the complementary relationship between height-associated weight gain and weight loss caused by summer heat. CONCLUSIONS Summer temperatures may reduce the proportion of children who are overweight and contribute to geographical differences in body weight in Japanese adolescents and children. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:789-795, 2016. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masana Yokoya
- Shimonoseki Junior College, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yukito Higuchi
- Faculty of Sports Science, Kyushu Kyoritsu University, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Turner JB, Kumar A, Koch CA. The effects of indoor and outdoor temperature on metabolic rate and adipose tissue - the Mississippi perspective on the obesity epidemic. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:61-71. [PMID: 27165258 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Global warming, primarily caused by emissions of too much carbon dioxide, and climate change is a reality. This will lead to more extreme weather events with heatwaves and flooding. Some studies propose an association between thermal exposures and the prevalence of obesity with an increasing trend towards time spent in the thermal comfort zone. Longterm exposure to the thermal comfort zone can lead to a reduction of brown adipose tissue activity with an impact on energy expenditure and thermogenesis. Reduced seasonal cold exposure in combination with reduced diet-induced thermogenesis by a highly palatable high-fat and high-sugar diet and reduced physical activity contribute to the prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Turner
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - C A Koch
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Yang HK, Han K, Cho JH, Yoon KH, Cha BY, Lee SH. Ambient Temperature and Prevalence of Obesity: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Korea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141724. [PMID: 26524686 PMCID: PMC4629885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have suggested a possible association between outdoor or indoor temperature and obesity. We aimed to examine whether ambient temperature is associated with the prevalence of obesity or abdominal obesity in the Korean population. Methods Data on anthropometric, socio-demographic, laboratory and lifestyle factors were retrieved from National Health Insurance System data obtained in 2009–2010. Thirty years (1981 to 2010) of meteorological parameters for 71 observation areas were acquired from the Korea Meteorological Administration. Included in this analysis were 124,354 individuals. A body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 and a waist circumference (WC) ≥ 90 cm (men) or 85 cm (women) were considered to represent obesity and abdominal obesity, respectively. Results The mean annual temperature (MAT) ranged from 6.6°C to 16.6°C, and BMI was positively correlated with MAT (r = 0.0078, P = 0.0065). WC was positively correlated with MAT (r = 0.0165, P < 0.0001) and negatively correlated with the number of days with mean temperature < 0°C (DMT0; r = –0.0129, P = 0.0002). After adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, exercise, income, residential area and altitude, the odds ratios (95% CI) for obesity and abdominal obesity in the highest quintile MAT group were 1.045 (1.010, 1.081) and 1.082 (1.042, 1.124), respectively, compared with the lower four quintiles of the MAT group. Similarly, subjects in the area of the lowest quintile of DMT0 had significantly higher odds of abdominal obesity compared with the higher four quintile groups of DMT0. Conclusion This study finds an association between ambient temperature and prevalence of obesity in the Korean population when controlling for several confounding factors. Adaptive thermogenesis might be a possible explanation for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Kyung Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Cho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Yun Cha
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Bernhard MC, Li P, Allison DB, Gohlke JM. Warm Ambient Temperature Decreases Food Intake in a Simulated Office Setting: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Nutr 2015; 2:20. [PMID: 26322311 PMCID: PMC4500895 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that exposure to temperatures above the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) would decrease food intake in young adults in a sedentary office environment over a 2-h period. METHODS Participants wearing standardized clothing were randomized to perform routine office work in the TNZ, considered control (19-20°C), or above the TNZ considered warmer (26-27°C) using a parallel-group design (n = 11 and 9, respectively). Thermal images of the inner canthus of their eye and middle finger nail bed, representing proxies of core and peripheral temperatures, respectively, were taken at baseline, first, and second hour during this lunchtime study. Heat dissipation was estimated using peripheral temperature. General linear models were built to examine the effects of thermal treatment on caloric intake and potential mediation by heat dissipation. Researchers conducted the trial registered as NCT02386891 at Clinicaltrials.gov during April to May 2014. RESULTS During the 2-h stay in different ambient temperatures, the participants in the control conditions ate 99.5 kcal more than those in the warmer conditions; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Female participants ate about 350 kcal less than the male participants (p = 0.024) in both groups and there was no significant association between caloric intake and participant's body mass index (BMI). After controlling for thermal treatment, gender and BMI, the participant's peripheral temperature was significantly associated with caloric intake (p = 0.002), suggesting a mediating effect. Specifically, for every 1°C increase in peripheral temperature suggesting increased heat dissipation, participants ate 85.9 kcal less food. CONCLUSION This pilot study provided preliminary evidence of effects of thermal environment on food intake. It suggests that decreased food intake in the experimental (warmer) environment is potentially mediated through thermoregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C. Bernhard
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David B. Allison
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Julia M. Gohlke
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Valdés S, Maldonado-Araque C, García-Torres F, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, Bordiú E, Calle-Pascual A, Carmena R, Casamitjana R, Castaño L, Castell C, Catalá M, Delgado E, Franch J, Gaztambide S, Girbés J, Gomis R, Gutiérrez G, López-Alba A, Martínez-Larrad M, Menéndez E, Mora-Peces I, Ortega E, Pascual-Manich G, Serrano-Rios M, Urrutia I, Vázquez JA, Vendrell J, Soriguer F, Rojo-Martínez G. Ambient temperature and prevalence of obesity in the Spanish population: The Di@bet.es study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2328-32. [PMID: 25124468 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine possible associations between ambient temperature and obesity in the Spanish population using an ecological focus. METHODS The Di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional, population-based survey of cardiometabolic risk factors and their association with lifestyle. SAMPLE 5,061 subjects in 100 clusters. VARIABLES Clinical, demographic and lifestyle survey, physical examination, and blood sampling. The mean annual temperature (°C) for each study site was collected from the Spanish National Meteorology Agency (1971-2000). RESULTS The prevalence rates of obesity in the different geographical areas divided according to mean annual temperature quartiles were 26.9% in quartile 1 (10.4-14.5°C), 30.5% in quartile 2 (14.5-15.5°C), 32% in quartile 3 (15.5-17.8°C), and 33.6% in quartile 4 (17.8-21.3°C) (P = 0.003). Logistic regression analyses including multiple socio-demographic (age, gender, educational level, marital status) and lifestyle (physical activity, Mediterranean diet score, smoking) variables showed that, as compared with quartile 1, the odd ratios for obesity were 1.20 (1.01-1.42), 1.35 (1.12-1.61), and 1.38 (1.14-1.67) in quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P = 0.001 for difference, P < 0.001 for trend). CONCLUSIONS Our study reports an association between ambient temperature and obesity in the Spanish population controlled for known confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Valdés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, IBIMA, Malaga, Spain
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