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Cook JR, Kohan AB, Haeusler RA. An Updated Perspective on the Dual-Track Model of Enterocyte Fat Metabolism. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100278. [PMID: 36100090 PMCID: PMC9593242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal epithelium has classically been envisioned as a conduit for nutrient absorption, but appreciation is growing for a larger and more dynamic role for enterocytes in lipid metabolism. Considerable gaps remain in our knowledge of this physiology, but it appears that the enterocyte's structural polarization dictates its behavior in fat partitioning, treating fat differently based on its absorption across the apical versus the basolateral membrane. In this review, we synthesize existing data and thought on this dual-track model of enterocyte fat metabolism through the lens of human integrative physiology. The apical track includes the canonical pathway of dietary lipid absorption across the apical brush-border membrane, leading to packaging and secretion of those lipids as chylomicrons. However, this track also reserves a portion of dietary lipid within cytoplasmic lipid droplets for later uses, including the "second-meal effect," which remains poorly understood. At the same time, the enterocyte takes up circulating fats across the basolateral membrane by mechanisms that may include receptor-mediated import of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins or their remnants, local hydrolysis and internalization of free fatty acids, or enterocyte de novo lipogenesis using basolaterally absorbed substrates. The ultimate destinations of basolateral-track fat may include fatty acid oxidation, structural lipid synthesis, storage in cytoplasmic lipid droplets, or ultimate resecretion, although the regulation and purposes of this basolateral track remain mysterious. We propose that the enterocyte integrates lipid flux along both of these tracks in order to calibrate its overall program of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Cook
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison B. Kohan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Haeusler
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,For correspondence: Rebecca A. Haeusler
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2
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Steenson S, Shojaee-Moradie F, Lovegrove JA, Umpleby AM, Jackson KG, Fielding BA. Dose Dependent Effects of Fructose and Glucose on de novo Palmitate and Glycerol Synthesis in an Enterocyte Cell Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100456. [PMID: 34787358 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Fructose exacerbates post-prandial hypertriacylglycerolaemia; perhaps partly due to increased enterocyte de novo lipogenesis (DNL). It is unknown whether this is concentration-dependent or if fructose has a greater effect on lipid synthesis than glucose. Dose-dependent effects of fructose and glucose on DNL and de novo triacylglycerol (TAG)-glycerol synthesis are investigated in a Caco-2 cell model. METHODS AND RESULTS Caco-2 cells are treated for 96 h with 5, 25, or 50 mM fructose or glucose, or 12.5 mM fructose/12.5 mM glucose mix. DNL is measured following addition of [13 C2 ]-acetate to apical media. Separately, [13 C6 ]-fructose and [13 C6 ]-glucose are used to measure DNL and de novo TAG-glycerol synthesis. DNL from [13 C2 ]-acetate is detected following all treatments, with greater amounts in intracellular than secreted (media) samples (all p < 0.05). DNL from [13 C6 ]-fructose and [13 C6 ]-glucose is also measurable. Intracellular synthesis is concentration-dependent for both glucose (p = 0.003) and fructose (p = 0.034) tracers and is higher with 25 mM glucose than 25 mM fructose (p = 0.025). DNL from fructose and glucose is <1%, but up to 70% of de novo TAG-glycerol is synthesized from glucose or fructose. CONCLUSION Fructose is not a major source of DNL in Caco-2 cells but contributes substantially to de novo TAG-glycerol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Steenson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK.,Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Fariba Shojaee-Moradie
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DZ, UK
| | - A Margot Umpleby
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK
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3
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Lopes M, Brejchova K, Riecan M, Novakova M, Rossmeisl M, Cajka T, Kuda O. Metabolomics atlas of oral 13C-glucose tolerance test in mice. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109833. [PMID: 34644567 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose tolerance represents a complex phenotype in which many tissues play important roles and interact to regulate metabolic homeostasis. Here, we perform an analysis of 13C6-glucose tissue distribution, which maps the metabolome and lipidome across 12 metabolically relevant mouse organs and plasma, with integrated 13C6-glucose-derived carbon tracing during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We measure time profiles of water-soluble metabolites and lipids and integrate the global metabolite response into metabolic pathways. During the OGTT, glucose use is turned on with specific kinetics at the organ level, but fasting substrates like β-hydroxybutyrate are switched off in all organs simultaneously. Timeline profiling of 13C-labeled fatty acids and triacylglycerols across tissues suggests that brown adipose tissue may contribute to the circulating fatty acid pool at maximal plasma glucose levels. The GTTAtlas interactive web application serves as a unique resource for the exploration of whole-body glucose metabolism and time profiles of tissue and plasma metabolites during the OGTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magno Lopes
- Laboratory of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Brejchova
- Laboratory of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Riecan
- Laboratory of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Novakova
- Laboratory of Translational Metabolism, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Laboratory of Translational Metabolism, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Laboratory of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Al-Jawadi A, Patel CR, Shiarella RJ, Romelus E, Auvinen M, Guardia J, Pearce SC, Kishida K, Yu S, Gao N, Ferraris RP. Cell-Type-Specific, Ketohexokinase-Dependent Induction by Fructose of Lipogenic Gene Expression in Mouse Small Intestine. J Nutr 2020; 150:1722-1730. [PMID: 32386219 PMCID: PMC7330472 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High intakes of fructose are associated with metabolic diseases, including hypertriglyceridemia and intestinal tumor growth. Although small intestinal epithelia consist of many different cell types, express lipogenic genes, and convert dietary fructose to fatty acids, there is no information on the identity of the cell type(s) mediating this conversion and on the effects of fructose on lipogenic gene expression. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that fructose regulates the intestinal expression of genes involved in lipid and apolipoprotein synthesis, that regulation depends on the fructose transporter solute carrier family 2 member a5 [Slc2a5 (glucose transporter 5)] and on ketohexokinase (Khk), and that regulation occurs only in enterocytes. METHODS We compared lipogenic gene expression among different organs from wild-type adult male C57BL mice consuming a standard vivarium nonpurified diet. We then gavaged twice daily for 2.5 d fructose or glucose solutions (15%, 0.3 mL per mouse) into wild-type, Slc2a5-knockout (KO), and Khk-KO mice with free access to the nonpurified diet and determined expression of representative lipogenic genes. Finally, from mice fed the nonpurified diet, we made organoids highly enriched in enterocyte, goblet, Paneth, or stem cells and then incubated them overnight in 10 mM fructose or glucose. RESULTS Most lipogenic genes were significantly expressed in the intestine relative to the kidney, liver, lung, and skeletal muscle. In vivo expression of Srebf1, Acaca, Fasn, Scd1, Dgat1, Gk, Apoa4, and Apob mRNA and of Scd1 protein increased (P < 0.05) by 3- to 20-fold in wild-type, but not in Slc2a5-KO and Khk-KO, mice gavaged with fructose. In vitro, Slc2a5- and Khk-dependent, fructose-induced increases, which ranged from 1.5- to 4-fold (P < 0.05), in mRNA concentrations of all these genes were observed only in organoids enriched in enterocytes. CONCLUSIONS Fructose specifically stimulates expression of mouse small intestinal genes for lipid and apolipoprotein synthesis. Secretory and stem cells seem incapable of transport- and metabolism-dependent lipogenesis, occurring only in absorptive enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Al-Jawadi
- Present address for AA-J: Thermo Fisher Scientific, 5823 Newton Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA
| | - Chirag R Patel
- Present address for CRP: Independent Drug Safety Consultant, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19803
| | - Reilly J Shiarella
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Emmanuellie Romelus
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Madelyn Auvinen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua Guardia
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sarah C Pearce
- Present address for SCP: Performance Nutrition Team, Combat Feeding Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), 15 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA 01760-5018
| | - Kunihiro Kishida
- Present address for KK: Department of Science and Technology on Food Safety, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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5
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Steenson S, Shojaee-Moradie F, B. Whyte M, G. Jackson K, Lovegrove JA, A. Fielding B, Umpleby AM. The Effect of Fructose Feeding on Intestinal Triacylglycerol Production and De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061781. [PMID: 32549314 PMCID: PMC7353183 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A high fructose intake exacerbates postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, although it is unclear whether this is due to increased production or impaired clearance of triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich lipoproteins. We determined the in vivo acute effect of fructose on postprandial intestinal and hepatic lipoprotein TAG kinetics and de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Five overweight men were studied twice, 4 weeks apart. They consumed hourly mixed-nutrient drinks that were high-fructose (30% energy) or low-fructose (<2% energy) for 11 h. Oral 2H2O was administered to measure fasting and postprandial DNL. Postprandial chylomicron (CM)-TAG and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TAG kinetics were measured with an intravenous bolus of [2H5]-glycerol. CM and VLDL were separated by their apolipoprotein B content using antibodies. Plasma TAG (p < 0.005) and VLDL-TAG (p = 0.003) were greater, and CM-TAG production rate (PR, p = 0.046) and CM-TAG fractional catabolic rate (FCR, p = 0.073) lower when high-fructose was consumed, with no differences in VLDL-TAG kinetics. Insulin was lower (p = 0.005) and apoB48 (p = 0.039), apoB100 (p = 0.013) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) (p = 0.013) were higher after high-fructose. Postprandial hepatic fractional DNL was higher than intestinal fractional DNL with high-fructose (p = 0.043) and low-fructose (p = 0.043). Fructose consumption had no effect on the rate of intestinal or hepatic DNL. We provide the first measurement of the rate of intestinal DNL in humans. Lower CM-TAG PR and CM-TAG FCR with high-fructose consumption suggests lower clearance of CM, rather than elevated production, may contribute to elevated plasma TAG, possibly due to lower insulin-mediated stimulation of lipoprotein lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Steenson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK; (S.S.); (F.S.-M.); (M.B.W.); (B.A.F.)
- Food & Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK; (K.G.J.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Fariba Shojaee-Moradie
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK; (S.S.); (F.S.-M.); (M.B.W.); (B.A.F.)
| | - Martin B. Whyte
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK; (S.S.); (F.S.-M.); (M.B.W.); (B.A.F.)
| | - Kim G. Jackson
- Food & Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK; (K.G.J.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Julie A. Lovegrove
- Food & Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK; (K.G.J.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Barbara A. Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK; (S.S.); (F.S.-M.); (M.B.W.); (B.A.F.)
| | - A. Margot Umpleby
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK; (S.S.); (F.S.-M.); (M.B.W.); (B.A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-148-368-6737
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6
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Jegatheesan P, Seyssel K, Stefanoni N, Rey V, Schneiter P, Giusti V, Lecoultre V, Tappy L. Effects of gastric bypass surgery on postprandial gut and systemic lipid handling. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 35:95-102. [PMID: 31987128 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jones GM, Caccavello R, Palii SP, Pullinger CR, Kane JP, Mulligan K, Gugliucci A, Schwarz JM. Separation of postprandial lipoproteins: improved purification of chylomicrons using an ApoB100 immunoaffinity method. J Lipid Res 2019; 61:455-463. [PMID: 31888979 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d119000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), both fasting and postprandial, are associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis. However, guidelines for treatment are defined solely by fasting lipid levels, even though postprandial lipids may be more informative. In the postprandial state, circulating lipids consist of dietary fat transported from the intestine in chylomicrons (CMs; containing ApoB48) and fat transported from the liver in VLDL (containing ApoB100). Research into the roles of endogenous versus dietary fat has been hindered because of the difficulty in separating these particles by ultracentrifugation. CM fractions have considerable contamination from VLDL (purity, 10%). To separate CMs from VLDL, we produced polyclonal antibodies against ApoB100 and generated immunoaffinity columns. TRLs isolated by ultracentrifugation of plasma were applied to these columns, and highly purified CMs were collected (purity, 90-94%). Overall eight healthy unmedicated adult volunteers (BMI, 27.2 ± 1.4 kg/m2; fasting triacylglycerol, 102.6 ± 19.5 mg/dl) participated in a feeding study, which contained an oral stable-isotope tracer (1-13C acetate). We then used this technique on plasma samples freshly collected during an 8 h human feeding study from a subset of four subjects. We analyzed fractionated lipoproteins by Western blot, isolated and derivatized triacylglycerols, and calculated fractional de novo lipogenesis. The results demonstrated effective separation of postprandial lipoproteins and substantially improved purity compared with ultracentrifugation protocols, using the immunoaffinity method. This method can be used to better delineate the role of dietary sugar and fat on postprandial lipids in cardiovascular risk and explore the potential role of CM remnants in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Marie Jones
- Departments of Basic Science College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA
| | - Russell Caccavello
- Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA
| | - Sergiu P Palii
- Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA
| | - Clive R Pullinger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Departments of Physiological Nursing University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John P Kane
- Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathleen Mulligan
- Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
| | - Alejandro Gugliucci
- Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA
| | - Jean-Marc Schwarz
- Departments of Basic Science College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA .,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
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Hoffman S, Alvares D, Adeli K. Intestinal lipogenesis: how carbs turn on triglyceride production in the gut. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22:284-288. [PMID: 31107259 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent evidence for the role of carbohydrates in the promotion of de novo lipogenesis and lipoprotein secretion from the intestine. RECENT FINDINGS The consumption of diets rich in carbohydrates have been shown to promote elevations in circulating lipids. In particular, the consumption of monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, have been shown to induce increases in intestinal de novo lipogenesis, as well as be used as a substrate for the synthesis of triglycerides and lipoprotein export in the form of chylomicrons. Recently, various systematic reviews have analyzed the relative contribution of dietary fructose to intestinal lipogenesis. Although, there remains controversy within the literature, the body of evidence supports lipogenic effects of high fructose diets. In addition, alterations in markers of de novo lipogenesis within the jejunum of patients with insulin resistance may explain the alterations in their postprandial lipid profile. SUMMARY Recent evidence supports the contribution of dietary carbohydrates to intestinal lipogenesis and lipoprotein secretion; however, further research is required to fully understand the mechanisms underlying this complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hoffman
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Alvares
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Are Fruit Juices Healthier Than Sugar-Sweetened Beverages? A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051006. [PMID: 31052523 PMCID: PMC6566863 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Free sugars overconsumption is associated with an increased prevalence of risk factors for metabolic diseases such as the alteration of the blood lipid levels. Natural fruit juices have a free sugar composition quite similar to that of sugar-sweetened beverages. Thus, could fruit juice consumption lead to the same adverse effects on health as sweetened beverages? We attempted to answer this question by reviewing the available evidence on the health effects of both sugar-sweetened beverages and natural fruit juices. We determined that, despite the similarity of fruits juices to sugar-sweetened beverages in terms of free sugars content, it remains unclear whether they lead to the same metabolic consequences if consumed in equal dose. Important discrepancies between studies, such as type of fruit juice, dose, duration, study design, and measured outcomes, make it impossible to provide evidence-based public recommendations as to whether the consumption of fruit juices alters the blood lipid profile. More randomized controlled trials comparing the metabolic effects of fruit juice and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption are needed to shape accurate public health guidelines on the variety and quantity of free sugars in our diet that would help to prevent the development of obesity and related health problems.
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lipoproteins secreted by the intestine can contribute to dyslipidemia and may increase risk for CVD. This review focuses on how dietary carbohydrates can impact the production of chylomicrons, thereby influencing plasma concentrations of triglycerides and lipoproteins. RECENT FINDINGS Hypercaloric diets high in monosaccharides can exacerbate postprandial triglyceride concentration. In contrast, isocaloric substitution of monosaccharides into mixed meals has no clear stimulatory or inhibitory effect on postprandial triglycerides. Mechanistic studies with oral ingestion of carbohydrates or elevation of plasma glucose have demonstrated enhanced secretion of chylomicrons. The mechanisms underlying this modulation remain largely unknown but may include enhanced intestinal de novo lipogenesis and mobilization of intestinally stored lipids. SUMMARY The studies reviewed here have implications for dietary recommendations regarding refined carbohydrate intake and prevention of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priska Stahel
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Ter Horst KW, Gilijamse PW, Demirkiran A, van Wagensveld BA, Ackermans MT, Verheij J, Romijn JA, Nieuwdorp M, Maratos-Flier E, Herman MA, Serlie MJ. The FGF21 response to fructose predicts metabolic health and persists after bariatric surgery in obese humans. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1493-1502. [PMID: 29107295 PMCID: PMC5681276 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fructose consumption has been implicated in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Emerging evidence shows that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has beneficial effects on glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism and may also mediate an adaptive response to fructose ingestion. Fructose acutely stimulates circulating FGF21 consistent with a hormonal response. We aimed to evaluate whether fructose-induced FGF21 secretion is linked to metabolic outcomes in obese humans before and after bariatric surgery-induced weight loss. METHODS We recruited 40 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients and assessed the serum FGF21 response to fructose (75-g fructose tolerance test) and basal and insulin-mediated glucose and lipid fluxes during a 2-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with infusion of [6,6-2H2] glucose and [1,1,2,3,3-2H5] glycerol. Liver biopsies were obtained during bariatric surgery. Nineteen subjects underwent the same assessments at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS Serum FGF21 increased 3-fold at 120 min after fructose ingestion and returned to basal levels at 300 min. Neither basal FGF21 nor the fructose-FGF21 response correlated with liver fat content or liver histopathology, but increased levels were associated with elevated endogenous glucose production, increased lipolysis, and peripheral/muscle insulin resistance. At 1-year follow-up, subjects had lost 28 ± 6% of body weight and improved in all metabolic outcomes, but fructose-stimulated FGF21 dynamics did not markedly differ from the pre-surgical state. The association between increased basal and stimulated FGF21 levels with poor metabolic health was no longer present after weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Fructose ingestion in obese humans stimulates FGF21 secretion, and this response is related to systemic metabolism. Further studies are needed to establish if FGF21 signaling is (patho)physiologically involved in fructose metabolism and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper W Ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim W Gilijamse
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmet Demirkiran
- Department of Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Vondellaan 13, 1942LE Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mariette T Ackermans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark A Herman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, 300 N. Duke Street, Carmichael Building, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Moulin S, Seematter G, Seyssel K. Fructose use in clinical nutrition: metabolic effects and potential consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2017; 20:272-278. [PMID: 28383298 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current article presents recent findings on the metabolic effects of fructose. RECENT FINDINGS Fructose has always been considered as a simple 'caloric' hexose only metabolized by splanchnic tissues. Nevertheless, there is growing evidence that fructose acts as a second messenger and induces effects throughout the human body. SUMMARY Recent discoveries made possible with the evolution of technology have highlighted that fructose induces pleiotropic effects on different tissues. The fact that all these tissues express the specific fructose carrier GLUT5 let us reconsider that fructose is not only a caloric hexose, but could also be a potential actor of some behaviors and metabolic pathways. The physiological relevance of fructose as a metabolic driver is pertinent regarding recent scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moulin
- aDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Hôpital cantonal de Fribourg, Fribourg bDepartment of Anaesthesia, Hôpital Riviera-Chablais, Montreux cDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Steenson S, Umpleby AM, Lovegrove JA, Jackson KG, Fielding BA. Role of the Enterocyte in Fructose-Induced Hypertriglyceridaemia. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040349. [PMID: 28368310 PMCID: PMC5409688 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fructose has been linked to an increased post-prandial triglyceride (TG) level; which is an established independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although much research has focused on the effects of fructose consumption on liver-derived very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL); emerging evidence also suggests that fructose may raise post-prandial TG levels by affecting the metabolism of enterocytes of the small intestine. Enterocytes have become well recognised for their ability to transiently store lipids following a meal and to thus control post-prandial TG levels according to the rate of chylomicron (CM) lipoprotein synthesis and secretion. The influence of fructose consumption on several aspects of enterocyte lipid metabolism are discussed; including de novo lipogenesis; apolipoprotein B48 and CM-TG production; based on the findings of animal and human isotopic tracer studies. Methodological issues affecting the interpretation of fructose studies conducted to date are highlighted; including the accurate separation of CM and VLDL. Although the available evidence to date is limited; disruption of enterocyte lipid metabolism may make a meaningful contribution to the hypertriglyceridaemia often associated with fructose consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Steenson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK.
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - A Margot Umpleby
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK.
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK.
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