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Murariu M, Laoutid F, Paint Y, Murariu O, Raquez JM, Dubois P. Balancing the Strength-Impact Relationship and Other Key Properties in Polypropylene Copolymer-Natural CaSO 4 (Anhydrite)-Filled Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12659. [PMID: 37628840 PMCID: PMC10454880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop novel mineral-filled composites and assess their enhanced properties (stiffness, a good balance between mechanical strength and impact resistance, greater temperature stability), a high-impact polypropylene copolymer (PPc) matrix containing an elastomeric discrete phase was melt mixed with natural CaSO4 β-anhydrite II (AII) produced from gypsum rocks. First, in a prior investigation, the PPc composites filled with AII (without any modification) displayed enhanced stiffness, which is correlated with the relative content of the filler. The tensile and impact strengths dramatically decreased, especially at high filling (40 wt.%). Therefore, two key methods were considered to tune up their properties: (a) the ionomeric modification of PPc composites by reactive extrusion (REx) with zinc diacrylate (ZA), and (b) the melt mixing of PPc with AII surface modified with ethylenebis(stearamide) (EBS), which is a multifunctional processing/dispersant additive. The properties of composites produced with twin-screw extruders (TSEs) were deeply assessed in terms of morphology, mechanical, and thermal performance, including characterizations under dynamic mechanical solicitations at low and high temperatures. Two categories of products with distinct properties are obtained. The ionomeric modification by Rex (evaluated by FTIR) led to composites characterized by remarkable thermal stability, a higher temperature of crystallization, stronger interfacial interactions, and therefore noticeable mechanical properties (high tensile strength (i.e., 28 MPa), increased stiffness, moderate (3.3 kJ/m2) to good (5.0 kJ/m2) impact resistance) as well as advanced heat deflection temperature (HDT). On the other hand, the surface modification of AII with EBS facilitated the dispersion and debonding of microparticles, leading to composites revealing improved ductility (strain at break from 50% to 260%) and enhanced impact properties (4.3-5.3 kJ/m2), even at high filling. Characterized by notable mechanical and thermal performances, high whiteness, and a good processing ability, these new PPc-AII composites may be tailored to meet the requirements of end-use applications, ranging from packaging to automotive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Murariu
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMONS Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (F.L.); (Y.P.); (O.M.)
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMONS Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (F.L.); (Y.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Yoann Paint
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMONS Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (F.L.); (Y.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Oltea Murariu
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMONS Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (F.L.); (Y.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMONS Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (F.L.); (Y.P.); (O.M.)
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
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Engineering Polypropylene-Calcium Sulfate (Anhydrite II) Composites: The Key Role of Zinc Ionomers via Reactive Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040799. [PMID: 36850083 PMCID: PMC9959175 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most versatile polymers widely used in packaging, textiles, automotive, and electrical applications. Melt blending of PP with micro- and/or nano-fillers is a common approach for obtaining specific end-use characteristics and major enhancements of properties. The study aims to develop high-performance composites by filling PP with CaSO4 β-anhydrite II (AII) issued from natural gypsum. The effects of the addition of up to 40 wt.% AII into PP matrix have been deeply evaluated in terms of morphology, mechanical and thermal properties. The PP-AII composites (without any modifier) as produced with internal mixers showed enhanced thermal stability and stiffness. At high filler loadings (40% AII), there was a significant decrease in tensile strength and impact resistance; therefore, custom formulations with special reactive modifiers/compatibilizers (PP functionalized/grafted with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) and zinc diacrylate (ZnDA)) were developed. The study revealed that the addition of only 2% ZnDA (able to induce ionomeric character) leads to PP-AII composites characterized by improved kinetics of crystallization, remarkable thermal stability, and enhanced mechanical properties, i.e., high tensile strength, rigidity, and even rise in impact resistance. The formation of Zn ionomers and dynamic ionic crosslinks, finer dispersion of AII microparticles, and better compatibility within the polyolefinic matrix allow us to explain the recorded increase in properties. Interestingly, the PP-AII composites also exhibited significant improvements in the elastic behavior under dynamic mechanical stress and of the heat deflection temperature (HDT), thus paving the way for engineering applications. Larger experimental trials have been conducted to produce the most promising composite materials by reactive extrusion (REx) on twin-screw extruders, while evaluating their performances through various methods of analysis and processing.
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Li X, Fang S. Preparation and property analysis of kaolin/melamine cyanurate/aluminum diethylphosphinate/recycled
PET
composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
| | - Songgang Fang
- Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
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Microrheological Phenomenon and Mechanical Properties of High-Aspect-Ratio Microgroove Injection Moulding of Kaolin/PP Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094944. [PMID: 35563335 PMCID: PMC9104946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The microrheological phenomenon of kaolin-filled polypropylene (kaolin/PP) composites was investigated for the first time. The microviscosity of kaolin/PP composites was studied by changing the melt temperature and shear rate. Then, injection moulding experiments of rectangular microgrooves with different aspect ratios using kaolin/PP composites and mechanical property tests of the samples were carried out. The results showed that with increasing kaolin content, the microviscosity of the kaolin/PP composites gradually increases. The shear rate had the greatest influence on the microviscosity, and the kaolin content had the least influence. When the aspect ratio of rectangular microgrooves is small, with an increasing kaolin content, the microgroove filling rate increases, and the microstructured sample geometric shape replication effect is good; however, when the aspect ratio reaches 10:1, the microgroove filling rate decreases with an increasing kaolin content. The microstructured sample geometric shape replication effect is also poor, and size effects appear. Different factors control the microrheological morphology of composites with different aspect ratios, including the shear deformation and viscous flow of composites. The increase in kaolin content leads to a decrease in the friction coefficient and an increase in the wear resistance of the composites. We concluded that the best composite formulation for kaolin/PP composites in microinjection is the 7KL/PP composite with 7% kaolin. When the aspect ratio is 5:1, the reproduction of the microstructured sample geometry is the best, and the comprehensive mechanical properties of the sample are the best.
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Abdelkhalik A, Makhlouf G, Hassan MA. Manufacturing, thermal stability, and flammability properties of polypropylene containing new single molecule intumescent flame retardant. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aksam Abdelkhalik
- National Institute for Standards; El-sadat street, El-Haram, El-Giza, PO Box 136 code 12211 Egypt
| | - Ghada Makhlouf
- National Institute for Standards; El-sadat street, El-Haram, El-Giza, PO Box 136 code 12211 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Aly Hassan
- National Institute for Standards; El-sadat street, El-Haram, El-Giza, PO Box 136 code 12211 Egypt
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Zhang S, Tang W, Guo J, Jin X, Li H, Gu X, Sun J. Improvement of flame retardancy and thermal stability of polypropylene by P-type hydrated silica aluminate containing lanthanum. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Synergistic effect of kaolinite/halloysite on the flammability and thermostability of polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Magnesium hydroxide nanodispersion for polypropylene nanocomposites with high transparency and excellent fire-retardant properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Albach B, Munaro M, Santos PH, Zawadzki SF, Schreiner WH, Rampon DS, Barbosa RV. Thermal, mechanical, and water vapor barrier behavior of polypropylene composite containing modified kaolinite. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Breidi Albach
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico; P.O. Box 19032, Curitiba CEP 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Marilda Munaro
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Institute for the Development of Technology, LACTEC; P.O. Box 19067, Curitiba 81531-990 PR Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Santos
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico; P.O. Box 19032, Curitiba CEP 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Sônia F. Zawadzki
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico; P.O. Box 19032, Curitiba CEP 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Wido H. Schreiner
- Department of Physics; Federal University of Paraná (UFPR); Curitiba Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Rampon
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico; P.O. Box 19032, Curitiba CEP 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Ronilson V. Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico; P.O. Box 19032, Curitiba CEP 81531-980 Brazil
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Cao B, Gu X, Song X, Jin X, Liu X, Liu X, Sun J, Zhang S. The flammability of expandable polystyrene foams coated with melamine modified urea formaldehyde resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaohui Song
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
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Tang W, Zhang S, Sun J, Gu X. Flame Retardancy and Thermal Stability of Polypropylene Composite Containing Ammonium Sulfamate Intercalated Kaolinite. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wufei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers,
Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers,
Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers,
Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers,
Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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