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Bórquez-Mendivil A, Hurtado-Macías A, Leal-Pérez JE, Flores-Valenzuela J, Vargas-Ortíz RÁ, Cabrera-Covarrubias FG, Almaral-Sánchez JL. Hybrid Coatings of SiO 2-Recycled PET Unsaturated Polyester Resin by Sol-Gel Process. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163280. [PMID: 36015537 PMCID: PMC9415624 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid coatings of SiO2 and recycled unsaturated polyester resin (R-UPR) from recycled polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) were prepared by the sol-gel process on glass substrates. First, SiO2 was synthesized by the sol-gel process using a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) solution. Next, bis(2-hydroxypropyl-terephthalate) (BHPT) was synthesized from mechanical and chemical recycling (glycolysis) of post-consumer PET bottles in propylene glycol (PG) using ZnA as catalyst, in a Vessel-type reactor (20–200 °C); maleic anhydride (MA) was added and, following the same procedure, the unsaturated polyester (UP) was synthetized, which was cooled to room temperature. Next, styrene (St) and benzoyl-peroxide (PBO)-initiator were added to obtain R–UPR. TEOS (T) and three hybrid solutions were synthesized, with molar ratios of 0:1:0 (T), 1:2:0.25 (H1), 1:1:0.25 (H2), and 1:0:0.25 (H3) for R–UPR:TEOS:3-trimethoxy-(silyl)-propyl-methacrylate (TMSPM), respectively, with which TC, HC1, HC2, and HC3 coatings were elaborated using the immersion technique and polymerized (120 °C for 24 h). The solutions were characterized by FT–IR and TGA, and the coatings by SEM, nanoindentation, AFM, adhesion, and contact angle. The results showed that SiO2 enhanced mechanical (hardness and Young’s modulus) and thermal properties of the R-UPR. The coatings adhered perfectly to the substrate, with thicknesses of micrometer units and a flat surface; in addition, hydrophilicity decreased as SiO2 decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Bórquez-Mendivil
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Los Mochis C.P. 81223, Mexico
| | - Abel Hurtado-Macías
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S. C., National Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Metallurgy and Structural Integrity, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico
| | | | - Joaquín Flores-Valenzuela
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Los Mochis C.P. 81223, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.F.-V.); (J.L.A.-S.)
| | | | | | - Jorge Luis Almaral-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Los Mochis C.P. 81223, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.F.-V.); (J.L.A.-S.)
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Bo C, Shi Z, Hu L, Pan Z, Hu Y, Yang X, Jia P, Ren X, Zhang M, Zhou Y. Cardanol derived P, Si and N based precursors to develop flame retardant phenolic foam. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12082. [PMID: 32694665 PMCID: PMC7374163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel eco-friendly halogen-free cardanol-based flame retardant with P, Si, and N on the chain backbone (PSNCFR) was synthesized and incorporated into phenolic foams (PFs). PSNCFR was comprehensively investigated via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. PSNCFR endowed PFs with flame retardancy, contributed to generating a composite char defense against flames, and efficiently prevented smoking from PFs. PSNCFR introduction improved the flexural strength of the PFs to approximately 155% of that of pristine PF. PSNCFR-modified PFs displayed a high limiting oxygen index value of 41.9%. The results of cone calorimeter show that the mean heat release rate, mean effective heat of combustion, and total heat release of the PSNCFR-modified PFs reduced by 26.92%, 35.71%, and 31.25%, respectively. In particular, the total smoke production of the PSNCFR-modified PFs decreased by 64.55%, indicating excellent smoke inhibition. As for the mechanism, the condensation and gas phases during pyrolysis were responsible for the synergistic flame retardancy in the modified PFs. The findings demonstrate that PSNCFR can be used in PF preparation to overcome their drawbacks of internal brittleness and flammability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiying Bo
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhongyu Shi
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng Pan
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Puyou Jia
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.
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