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Sobhani M, Honar N, Fattahi M, Haghpanah S, Shakibazad N, Bordbar M. Association between Transfusion-Related Iron Overload and Liver Fibrosis in Survivors of Pediatric Leukemia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2024; 27:215-223. [PMID: 39035402 PMCID: PMC11254647 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2024.27.4.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients who receive frequent blood transfusions are at an elevated risk of developing hepatic fibrosis due to iron overload in the liver. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of transient elastography (TE) (FibroScan®) for assessing liver fibrosis in patients with pediatric cancer. Methods We enrolled 106 consecutive cases of acute leukemia in individuals under 21 years of age. The participants were followed for 2 years. Based on their serum ferritin (SF) levels, the patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (SF≥300 ng/mL) and group 2 (SF<300 ng/mL). A liver FibroScan® was performed, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Among the various parameters in the liver function test (LFT), alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in a subgroup of patients aged 5-8 years in group 2 compared to those in group 1. The indices of liver fibrosis determined by TE, including the FibroScan score, controlled attenuation parameter score, steatosis percentage, and meta-analysis of histological data in viral hepatitis score, as well as indirect serum markers of liver fibrosis such as the aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, Fibrosis 4 score, and AST to platelet ratio index, did not differ significantly between the two groups. The association between the TE results and LFT parameters was only significant for ALT. Conclusion Transfusion-associated iron overload does not have a significant correlation with severe liver fibrosis. FibroScan® is not a sensitive tool for detecting early stages of fibrosis in survivors of pediatric leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Sobhani
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Naser Honar
- Gastroenterology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Fattahi
- Gastroenterology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sezaneh Haghpanah
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nader Shakibazad
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Paul A, Kulkarni U, Yadav B, Aboobacker FN, Devasia AJ, Korula A, Abraham A, George B, George PV, Srivastava A. Speckle tracking echocardiography-derived left ventricular global longitudinal strain in ex-thalassaemics. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293452. [PMID: 37910595 PMCID: PMC10619803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Long term survivors of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for β-thalassemia major are designated "ex-thalassaemics". Whether ex-thalassaemics continue to harbour residual myocardial dysfunction and thereby stand the risk of heart failure-related morbidity and mortality is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of subclinical left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in an apparently normal ex-thalassaemic population. METHODS We conducted a single centre cross-sectional study among 62 ex-thalassaemic patients, who had undergone HSCT for β-thalassaemia major at our centre. The primary outcome variable was LV systolic dysfunction, as assessed by 1) LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) derived by 2D speckle tracking echocardiography and 2) LV ejection fraction (EF) derived by 2D Simpsons Biplane method. RESULTS Among the 62 patients included in the study, 7 [11.3%] were found to have LV systolic dysfunction, all of which were subclinical. Of these, 4 [6.5%] had abnormal GLS and LVEF, 2 [3.2%] had abnormal GLS with normal LVEF, and 1 [1.6%] had abnormal LVEF with low normal mean GLS. There were no statistically significant predictors of LV dysfunction in this cohort. CONCLUSION There was a high prevalence of subclinical myocardial dysfunction in the ex-thalassaemic population reiterating the need for close follow up of these patients. 2D Speckle tracking echocardiography-derived LV global longitudinal strain is an effective tool in detecting subclinical myocardial dysfunction in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Paul
- Department of Cardiology, Christian Medical College Vellore, Ranipet Campus, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uday Kulkarni
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College Vellore, Ranipet Campus, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bijesh Yadav
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Fouzia N. Aboobacker
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College Vellore, Ranipet Campus, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anup J. Devasia
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College Vellore, Ranipet Campus, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anu Korula
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College Vellore, Ranipet Campus, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aby Abraham
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College Vellore, Ranipet Campus, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Biju George
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College Vellore, Ranipet Campus, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paul V. George
- Department of Cardiology, Christian Medical College Vellore, Ranipet Campus, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College Vellore, Ranipet Campus, Tamil Nadu, India
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Duan Y, Liang L, Ye F, Zhao S. A Ce-MOF@polydopamine composite nanozyme as an efficient scavenger for reactive oxygen species and iron in thalassemia disease therapy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:13574-13582. [PMID: 37555269 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01971c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Patients with β-thalassemia are prone to complications such as cardiovascular diseases and secretory gland injury due to iron overload (IO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production caused by blood transfusions. Simultaneously scavenging ROS and eliminating IO using nanomedicine remains challenging. Herein, we designed a dual-functional Ce-based metal-organic framework@polydopamine (Ce-MOF@PDA) composite that integrates oxidative stress reduction and IO elimination and evaluated its protective effect on IO injury in thalassemia. Using Ce-MOF with multiple active sites as the core, dopamine, which can coordinate iron ions, was modified on the surface of Ce-MOF and spontaneously polymerized to obtain PDA with iron elimination ability. Dopamine modification also adjusted the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio to further enhance the catalytic activity for scavenging ROS. Ce-MOF@PDA exhibited multiple nanozyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase- and catalase-like activities, and decreased iron-mediated oxidative stress levels in vitro. Furthermore, the serum ferritin levels and iron concentrations in the liver of IO mice were reduced following treatment with Ce-MOF@PDA, and the fecal clearance ability was comparable to that of deferoxamine. These results indicate that Ce-MOF@PDA can eliminate IO while scavenging ROS and reduce tissue damage caused by oxidative stress. Therefore, the Ce-MOF@PDA nanozyme is a promising therapeutic nanomedicine for treating thalassemia IO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Xiangnan Rare-Precious Metals Compounds Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Ling Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Fanggui Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Crawford DHG, Ramm GA, Bridle KR, Nicoll AJ, Delatycki MB, Olynyk JK. Clinical practice guidelines on hemochromatosis: Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatol Int 2023; 17:522-541. [PMID: 37067673 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell H G Crawford
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kim R Bridle
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Amanda J Nicoll
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin B Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John K Olynyk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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De Sanctis V, Soliman AT, Daar S, Tzoulis P, Di Maio S, Kattamis C. Longitudinal study of ICET-A on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and β-cell secretion in eleven β-thalassemia major patients with mild iron overload. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2023; 94:e2023011. [PMID: 36786253 PMCID: PMC9987494 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v94i1.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron chelation therapy (ICT) is the gold standard for treating patients with iron overload, though its long-term effects are still under evaluation. According to current recommendations regarding transfusion-dependent (TD) β-thalassemia major (β-TM) patients, their serum ferritin (SF) levels should be maintained below 1,000 ng/mL and ICT should be discontinued when the levels are <500 ng/mL in two successive tests. Alternatively, the dose of chelator could be considerably reduced to maintain a balance between iron input and output of frequent transfusions. STUDY DESIGN Due to the paucity of information on long-term effects of ICT in β-TM with low SF levels on glucose homeostasis, the International Network of Clinicians for Endocrinopathies in Thalassemia and Adolescence Medicine (ICET-A) promoted a retrospective and an ongoing prospective observational study with the primary aim to address the long-term effects of ICT on glucose tolerance and metabolism (β-cell function and peripheral insulin sensitivity) in adult β-TM patients with persistent SF level below 800 ng/mL. PATIENTS AND METHODS 11 β-TM patients (mean age: 35.5 ± 5.5 years; SF range: 345-777 ng/mL) with normal glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) for a median of 5.3(1.1-8.3) years. RESULTS Abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) was observed in 7 patients (63.6%) at first observation and ) persisted in 6 patients (54.5%) at last observation. None of them developed diabetes mellitus. AGT was reversed in two patients. One patient with NGT developed early glucose intolerance (1-h PG ≥155 and 2-h PG <140 mg/dL). Three out of 5 patients with isolated impaired glucose tolerance presented a variation of ATG. Stabilization of low indices for β-cell function and insulin sensitivity/resistance was observed. One patient developed hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Three out of 6 patients with SF below 500 ng/dL had hypercalciuria. CONCLUSION Despite low SF level, the burden of endocrine complications remains a challenge in β-TM patients. The ability to keep iron at near "normal" level with acceptable risks of toxicity remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashraf T Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar .
| | - Shahina Daar
- Department of Haematology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Ploutarchos Tzoulis
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Whittington Hospital, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Salvatore Di Maio
- Emeritus Director in Pediatrics, Children's Hospital "Santobono-Pausilipon", Naples, Italy.
| | - Christos Kattamis
- Τhalassemia Unit, First Department of Paediatrics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens 11527, Greece.
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Adramerina A, Printza N, Hatzipantelis E, Symeonidis S, Tarazi L, Teli A, Economou M. Use of Deferasirox Film-Coated Tablets in Pediatric Patients with Transfusion Dependent Thalassemia: A Single Center Experience. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020247. [PMID: 35205113 PMCID: PMC8869542 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thalassemic syndromes are characterized by clinical heterogenicity. For severe disease forms, lifelong blood transfusions remain the mainstay of therapy, while iron overload monitoring and adequate chelation treatment are required in order to ensure effective disease management. Compared to previous chelators, the new deferasirox film-coated tablet (DFX FCT) is considered to offer a more convenient and well-tolerated treatment scheme, aiming at better treatment-related and patient-related outcomes. The present study’s objective was to prospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of DFX FCT in children and adolescents with transfusion-dependent thalassemia. Data collected included patient demographics, hematology and biochemistry laboratory work up, magnetic resonance imaging of heart and liver for iron load, as well as ophthalmological and audiological examination prior to and a year following drug administration. Study results confirmed DFX FCT safety in older children in a manner similar to adults, but demonstrated increased frequency of adverse events in younger patients, mainly, involving liver function. With regards to efficacy, study results confirmed the preventive role of DFX FCT in iron loading of liver and heart, however, higher doses than generally recommended were required in order to ensure adequate chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkistis Adramerina
- 1st Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.P.); (S.S.); (A.T.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310301517
| | - Nikoleta Printza
- 1st Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.P.); (S.S.); (A.T.); (M.E.)
| | - Emmanouel Hatzipantelis
- 2nd Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Symeon Symeonidis
- 1st Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.P.); (S.S.); (A.T.); (M.E.)
| | - Labib Tarazi
- Tomografia AE, Medical Center, 54622 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Aikaterini Teli
- 1st Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.P.); (S.S.); (A.T.); (M.E.)
| | - Marina Economou
- 1st Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.P.); (S.S.); (A.T.); (M.E.)
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Erythrocyte Indices and Hemoglobin Analysis for α-Thalassemia Screening in an Area with High Carrying Rate. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2021; 38:352-358. [PMID: 35496953 PMCID: PMC9001776 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-021-01449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Carriers of α-thalassemia exhibit hypochromic microcytosis with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) < 80 fL, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) < 27 pg, and reduced hemoglobin A2 (HbA2). We studied the distribution and diagnostic efficiencies of these indicators and their combinations in patients with and without alpha-thalassemia. Based on genetic diagnosis, 10,883 participants were divided into alpha-thalassemia group (n = 1655) and negative-for-alpha-thalassemia group (n = 9228). Erythrocyte parameters and hemoglobin analysis of the groups were analyzed. Moreover, we compared the four screening schemes (MCV/MCH, MCV/MCH/HbA2, MCV + MCH, MCV + MCH + HbA2) to find the best for α-thalassemia screening. The genotypes of --SEA/αα, and -α3.7/αα are the most prevalent with 54.9% and 27.6% in Fujian Province, China. There were significant differences in the distribution of MCV, MCH, and HbA2 in the two groups. Among the three, MCH exhibited the highest sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy. Although the four screening schemes have their advantages, there are significant differences in their sensitivity and specificity. MCV + MCH had the best diagnostic performance (72.6% sensitivity, 89.0% specificity) as well as the highest Youden index (61.59%). Our results showed that MCH could be used to screen α-thalassemia instead of MCV and HbA2. However, it is recommended that MCV/MCH/HbA2 screening be used in areas with high α-thalassemia incidence to increased sensitivity.
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8
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Amin KA. Editorial for “Rosette Trajectories Enable Motion Robust, Simultaneous Cardiac and Liver
T
2
* Iron Assessment”. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:1699-1700. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathan A. Amin
- Department of Radiology University of Washington 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357115 Seattle Washington 98195 USA
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Padeniya P, Siriwardana S, Ediriweera D, Samarasinghe N, Silva S, Silva I, Ahamed N, Niriella M, Premawardhena A. Comparison of liver MRI R2(FerriScan®) VS liver MRI T2* as a measure of body iron load in a cohort of beta thalassaemia major patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:26. [PMID: 31969179 PMCID: PMC6977251 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-1301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the similarity of the non-patented T2* and the high cost patented R2 (Ferriscan®) MRI techniques in the measurement of liver iron concentration (LIC) in heavily transfused patients with thalassaemia major in a real- life Sri Lankan hospital setup. We compared LIC measured by MRI, obtained 2 weeks apart, using both T2* and R2 techniques in 15 patients with beta thalassaemia major. They all had a history of > 100 units of blood transfusions life long and also a history of sub optimal chelation. MRI R2 and MRI T2* scan values showed a negative correlation (co-rrelation coefficient = − 0.63, p = 0.01) This correlation was strong in lower LICs and progressively decreased with upper LIC values. Thus a significant discrepancy was observed between median values of two MRI technologies (p = 0.0005) with T2* tending to underestimate iron overload especially in those with very high LIC identified by R2. The lack of concordance of T2* and R2 especially in those with very high reading on R2 suggest the potential errors in interpretations that can occur in “non-expert centres”; which are likely to lead to errors in clinical judgement on the intensity of chelation therapy needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmapani Padeniya
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, P.O Box 6, Thalagolla Road, Ragama, Sri Lanka. .,Adolescent and Adult Thalassaemia Care Center (University Medical Unit), North Colombo Teaching Hospital, No. 10, Sirima Bandaranayake Mawatha, Kadawatha, Sri Lanka.
| | - Shirom Siriwardana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, P.O Box 6, Thalagolla Road, Ragama, Sri Lanka.,Hemas hospital, Wattala, Sri Lanka
| | - Dileepa Ediriweera
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, P.O Box 6, Thalagolla Road, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Sasanka Silva
- Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Borella, Sri Lanka
| | - Ishari Silva
- Adolescent and Adult Thalassaemia Care Center (University Medical Unit), North Colombo Teaching Hospital, No. 10, Sirima Bandaranayake Mawatha, Kadawatha, Sri Lanka
| | - Nizri Ahamed
- Adolescent and Adult Thalassaemia Care Center (University Medical Unit), North Colombo Teaching Hospital, No. 10, Sirima Bandaranayake Mawatha, Kadawatha, Sri Lanka
| | - Madunil Niriella
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, P.O Box 6, Thalagolla Road, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Anuja Premawardhena
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, P.O Box 6, Thalagolla Road, Ragama, Sri Lanka.,Adolescent and Adult Thalassaemia Care Center (University Medical Unit), North Colombo Teaching Hospital, No. 10, Sirima Bandaranayake Mawatha, Kadawatha, Sri Lanka
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Wurschi GW, Mentzel HJ, Herrmann KH, Krumbein I, Beck JF, Reichenbach JR, Kentouche K. MRI as an alternative to serum ferritin for diagnosis of iron overload in children in the context of immune response after stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2019; 23:e13583. [PMID: 31535426 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple blood cell transfusions may cause iron overload or even liver fibrosis, requiring early diagnosis and intervention. SF is the standard for estimating iron levels in the body, but it also increases with inflammation. We hypothesized that T2 * magnetic resonance (MR) relaxometry is a more accurate alternative for follow-up in pediatric patients before and after allogenic SCT. Twenty-three children (mean age 10.2 years, 10 female, 13 male) were evaluated prospectively before SCT as well as at least 1 year after SCT with T2 * relaxometry on a 1.5 T MR-scanner to estimate liver iron concentrations from the T2 * values ("MR-Fe"). The results were compared with SF, while also considering CRP, and correlated with the number of transfusions. Overall, 24.3 transfusions were administered in average, mainly within 100 days of SCT (mean 10.5 units). Both MR-Fe and SF increased after SCT and decreased in the absence of new transfusions 1 year later without chelate therapy. This suggests regeneration of LP and iron loss, although the original states were not reached. Additionally, simultaneous peaks of CRP and SF were observed directly after SCT. MR-Fe did neither reveal these peaks nor was it associated with CRP (P = .39). We postulate that these early CRP and SF peaks after SCT are probably related to inflammatory reactions and not to iron overload. Thus, SF is not reliable for iron overload diagnosis after SCT in every condition. Beside this interaction, SF and MR-Fe revealed similar accuracy. MRI, however, has practical and economical disadvantages in routine estimation of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg W Wurschi
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Mentzel
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Herrmann
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ines Krumbein
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - James F Beck
- Section of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Juergen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Karim Kentouche
- Section of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Mazé J, Vesselle G, Herpe G, Boucebci S, Silvain C, Ingrand P, Tasu JP. Evaluation of hepatic iron concentration heterogeneities using the MRI R2* mapping method. Eur J Radiol 2019; 116:47-54. [PMID: 31153573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure hepatic iron concentration (HIC) heterogeneities using a magnetic resonance R2* mapping method. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ninety-four patients with suspected hepatic iron overload and 10 volunteers were included prospectively. A multi-echo R2* sequence with fat saturation and with three post-processing fitting methods (a single exponential decay model with or without truncation, SED and SEDt, and a constant offset model, COS) was compared to a signal intensity ratio method (SIR), considered as the reference. HIC heterogeneity was evaluated from R2* mapping after placing a ROI on each liver segment. RESULTS A strong linear correlation between SIR and R2* methods using the SEDt and COS models was observed (r = 0.973 and 0.955, respectively). Volunteers and patient liver variabilities, quantified by mean intra-liver standard deviation (SD) were 1.58 μmol/g (mean range 5.06 μmol/g) and 4.73 μmol/g (mean range 19.08 μmol/g), respectively. For the patient group, the highest HIC was observed in the IVth segment. Heterogeneity increased for patients with an HIC > 60 μmol/g (mean intra-liver SD = 13.90 μmol/g; mean range = 50.60 μmol/g). CONCLUSION This study is the first to demonstrate in vivo HIC heterogeneities using whole-liver mapping analysis. These preliminary results require confirmation through further studies, but might be useful in cases of single ROI analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Mazé
- Imaging Department, CHU de Poitiers, 2 Rue de la milétrie, 86000 CHU de Poitiers, France
| | - Guillaume Vesselle
- Imaging Department, CHU de Poitiers, 2 Rue de la milétrie, 86000 CHU de Poitiers, France
| | - Guillaume Herpe
- Imaging Department, CHU de Poitiers, 2 Rue de la milétrie, 86000 CHU de Poitiers, France
| | - Samy Boucebci
- Imaging Department, CHU de Poitiers, 2 Rue de la milétrie, 86000 CHU de Poitiers, France
| | - Christine Silvain
- Hepatology Department, CHU de Poitiers, 2 Rue de la milétrie, 86000 CHU de Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Ingrand
- Inserm U619, CHU de Poitiers et University of Poitiers, Rue de la milétrie, 86000 CHU de Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Tasu
- Imaging Department, CHU de Poitiers, 2 Rue de la milétrie, 86000 CHU de Poitiers, France.
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12
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Evaluation of liver tissue by ultrasound elastography and clinical parameters in children with multiple blood cell transfusions. Pediatr Radiol 2019; 49:897-905. [PMID: 30927037 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-019-04382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children receiving multiple blood cell transfusions are prone to iron overload and successive tissue damage in liver parenchyma, making noninvasive screening options desirable. Ultrasound (US) elastography using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging enables evaluation of liver parenchyma stiffness, and MRI allows for quantification of liver iron concentration. OBJECTIVE The objective was to correlate US elastography with MRI in children who had undergone bone marrow transplantation and to evaluate the modification of liver tissue with US in combination with clinical parameters at follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS ARFI, T2*-weighted MRI and a clinical score (HepScore, based on parameters of liver function) were performed in 45 patients (24 male; mean age 9.7 years) before and 100 days and 365 days after transplantation. All received multiple blood transfusions (mean number 22.2 up until 1 year after transplantation). We correlated US findings and HepScore with MRI findings. RESULTS We observed signs of iron accumulation in 29/45 (64.4%) patients on MRI (T2*<10 ms) and 15/45 (33.3%) showed increased tissue stiffness (ARFI>5.5 kPa). Correlation of elastography and MRI was not significant (P=0.57; n=51 matched measurements). Comparing US elastography with HepScore in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated a cut-off for affected parenchyma if HepScore was >5 points (sensitivity 67%, specificity 68%). Simultaneous increases of both indicated tissue alteration. CONCLUSION Combining US and HepScore enabled detection of liver tissue alteration through iron overload, but we found no direct significant effect of estimated iron from MRI on ARFI imaging.
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13
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Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the biomaterials used in Nanocarrier drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 143:97-114. [PMID: 31255595 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarriers (NCs) are a type of drug delivery system commonly used to regulate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs. Although a wide variety of NCs has been developed, relatively few have been registered for clinical trials and even fewer are clinically approved. Overt or potential toxicity, indistinct mechanisms of drug release and unsatisfactory pharmacokinetic behavior all contribute to their high failure rate during preclinical and clinical testing. These negative characteristics are not only due to the NCs themselves but also to the materials of the drug nanocarrier system (MDNS) that are released in vivo. In this article, we review the main analytical techniques used for bioassay of NCs and MDNS and their pharmacokinetics after administration by various routes. We anticipate our review will serve to improve the understanding of MDNS pharmacokinetics and facilitate the development of NC drug delivery systems.
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14
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Lee HJ, Shin KH, Kim HH, Yang EJ, Park KH, Kim MJ, Kwon JR, Choi YS, Kim JN, Shin MG, Cho YG, Kim SJ, Kim KH, Jeong S, Kong SG, Jung YJ, Lee N, Kim MJ, Seong MW. Increased Prevalence of Thalassemia in Young People in Korea: Impact of Increasing Immigration. Ann Lab Med 2019; 39:133-140. [PMID: 30430775 PMCID: PMC6240526 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thalassemia is highly prevalent in Southeast Asia but is rare in Korea; however, Southeast Asian immigrant population is recently rising in Korea. We investigated the prevalence of thalassemia in Korea in the context of increasing immigration. Methods This prospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted between September 2015 and August 2017. A total of 669 subjects <30 years living in Korea were grouped into the multiethnic (N=314) and Korean (N=355) groups. Hb electrophoresis and complete blood count (CBC) were performed. If low mean corpuscular volume with high red blood cell distribution width coefficient of variation or a high fetal Hb (HbF) or Hb alpha 2 (HbA2) level was observed, genetic testing of the α- and β-globin genes was performed. In addition, the number of potential thalassemia carriers in Korea was estimated by multiplying the prevalence of thalassemia in a specific ethnicity by the number of immigrants of that ethnicity. Results Twenty-six multiethnic and 10 Korean subjects showed abnormal results for Hb electrophoresis and CBC. Eighteen multiethnic subjects and four Korean subjects were tested for α-globin and β-globin gene mutations. Within the multiethnic group, five subjects (1.5%) were α-thalassemia carriers, and six (1.9%) were β-thalassemia minor. The SEA deletion in HBA1 and HBA2, and c. 126_129delCTTT (p.Phe42Leufs*19) mutation of HBB were the dominant inherited mutations. Conclusions The prevalence of thalassemia in young people in Korea is increasing due to the increasing number of Southeast Asian immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyung Hoi Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Department of BioMedical Informatics Unit, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
| | - Eu Jeen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Division of Human Blood Safety Surveillance, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jeong Ran Kwon
- Division of Infectious Disease Surveillance, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Sil Choi
- Division of Laboratory Diagnosis Management, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jun Nyun Kim
- Division of Human Blood Safety Surveillance, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Myung Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yong Gon Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sun Jun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Kyeong Hee Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Seri Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Seom Gim Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Nayoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Busan St. Mary Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Man Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Woo Seong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Luntsi G, Eze CU. Reply to Comment on Sonographic Evaluation of Abdominal Organs in Sickle Cell Disease. J Med Ultrasound 2019; 26:227-228. [PMID: 30662159 PMCID: PMC6314095 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_67_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geofery Luntsi
- Department of Medical Radiography, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Ugwoke Eze
- Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria
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16
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Werner S, Krauss B, Haberland U, Bongers M, Starke U, Bakchoul T, Enkel S, Nikolaou K, Horger M. Dual-energy CT for liver iron quantification in patients with haematological disorders. Eur Radiol 2018; 29:2868-2877. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Anoxia-Hypoxia in Forensic Neuropsychological Assessment: Cognitive Impact of Pulmonary Injuries, Respiratory Distress, Cerebral Blood Hypoperfusion, and Major Surgeries. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-018-9319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) complications begin with the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Thus, SCD therapies are focused on preventing HbS production or reducing the circulating amount of HbS. Hydroxyurea treatment has become more widespread, whereas the number of evidence-based indications for erythrocyte transfusion is small. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant is a curative option for SCD but less than 25% of patients have a suitable donor. This article focuses on supportive and preventive care improvements and the benefits of hydroxyurea. Indications for erythrocyte transfusion, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and gene therapy trials are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Riehm Meier
- Sickle Cell Research, Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, 8326 Naab Road, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA.
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19
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Valent P, Stauder R, Theurl I, Geissler K, Sliwa T, Sperr WR, Bettelheim P, Sill H, Pfeilstöcker M. Diagnosis, management and response criteria of iron overload in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): updated recommendations of the Austrian MDS platform. Expert Rev Hematol 2018; 11:109-116. [PMID: 29292655 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2018.1420473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the availability of effective iron chelators, transfusion-related morbidity is still a challenge in chronically transfused patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In these patients, transfusion-induced iron overload may lead to organ dysfunction or even organ failure. In addition, iron overload is associated with reduced overall survival in MDS. Areas covered: During the past 10 years, various guidelines for the management of MDS patients with iron overload have been proposed. In the present article, we provide our updated recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and therapy of iron overload in MDS. In addition, we propose refined treatment response criteria. As in 2006 and 2007, recommendations were discussed and formulated by participants of our Austrian MDS platform in a series of meetings in 2016 and 2017. Expert commentary: Our updated recommendations should support early recognition of iron overload, optimal patient management and the measurement of clinical responses to chelation treatment in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- a Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,b Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Reinhard Stauder
- c Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology) , Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- d Department of Internal Medicine II (Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology) , Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Klaus Geissler
- e Vth Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine , Hospital Hietzing , Vienna , Austria
| | - Thamer Sliwa
- f 3rd Medical Department , Hanusch Hospital , Vienna , Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- a Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,b Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Peter Bettelheim
- g Department of Internal Medicine , Elisabethinen Hospital , Linz , Austria
| | - Heinz Sill
- h Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Michael Pfeilstöcker
- b Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,f 3rd Medical Department , Hanusch Hospital , Vienna , Austria
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20
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Shah NR. Advances in iron chelation therapy: transitioning to a new oral formulation. Drugs Context 2017; 6:212502. [PMID: 28706555 PMCID: PMC5499896 DOI: 10.7573/dic.212502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron overload is a concern for patients who require repeated red-blood-cell transfusions due to conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, or myelodysplastic syndromes. The recommended treatment for removing excess iron in these patients is iron chelation therapy. Currently available iron chelators include deferoxamine, which is administered by injection, and deferasirox and deferiprone, both of which are administered orally. Adherence to iron chelator therapy is an important consideration and may be affected by side effects. A new formulation of deferasirox, a film-coated tablet (FCT), has the potential to improve adherence by offering greater flexibility in administration compared with the original formulation of deferasirox, a dispersible tablet (DT) for oral suspension. This review provides an overview of the currently available iron chelator formulations, with a focus on a comparison between deferasirox DT for oral suspension and deferasirox FCT. The new formulation may be associated with fewer side effects and has increased bioavailability. In addition, alternative strategies for iron chelation, such as combining two different iron chelators, will be discussed.
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21
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Wang Y, Spincemaille P, Liu Z, Dimov A, Deh K, Li J, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Gillen KM, Wilman AH, Gupta A, Tsiouris AJ, Kovanlikaya I, Chiang GCY, Weinsaft JW, Tanenbaum L, Chen W, Zhu W, Chang S, Lou M, Kopell BH, Kaplitt MG, Devos D, Hirai T, Huang X, Korogi Y, Shtilbans A, Jahng GH, Pelletier D, Gauthier SA, Pitt D, Bush AI, Brittenham GM, Prince MR. Clinical quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM): Biometal imaging and its emerging roles in patient care. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:951-971. [PMID: 28295954 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has enabled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tissue magnetic susceptibility to advance from simple qualitative detection of hypointense blooming artifacts to precise quantitative measurement of spatial biodistributions. QSM technology may be regarded to be sufficiently developed and validated to warrant wide dissemination for clinical applications of imaging isotropic susceptibility, which is dominated by metals in tissue, including iron and calcium. These biometals are highly regulated as vital participants in normal cellular biochemistry, and their dysregulations are manifested in a variety of pathologic processes. Therefore, QSM can be used to assess important tissue functions and disease. To facilitate QSM clinical translation, this review aims to organize pertinent information for implementing a robust automated QSM technique in routine MRI practice and to summarize available knowledge on diseases for which QSM can be used to improve patient care. In brief, QSM can be generated with postprocessing whenever gradient echo MRI is performed. QSM can be useful for diseases that involve neurodegeneration, inflammation, hemorrhage, abnormal oxygen consumption, substantial alterations in highly paramagnetic cellular iron, bone mineralization, or pathologic calcification; and for all disorders in which MRI diagnosis or surveillance requires contrast agent injection. Clinicians may consider integrating QSM into their routine imaging practices by including gradient echo sequences in all relevant MRI protocols. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:951-971.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Pascal Spincemaille
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alexey Dimov
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kofi Deh
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jianqi Li
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yihao Yao
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Kelly M Gillen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan H Wilman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Ilhami Kovanlikaya
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jonathan W Weinsaft
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shixin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Brian H Kopell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael G Kaplitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Department of Toxicology, Public Health and Environment, University of Lille, Lille, France.,INSERM U1171, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Toshinori Hirai
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Radiology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yukunori Korogi
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Alexander Shtilbans
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorder Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Geon-Ho Jahng
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daniel Pelletier
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Susan A Gauthier
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary M Brittenham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, Children's Hospital of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martin R Prince
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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22
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Eid R, Arab NTT, Greenwood MT. Iron mediated toxicity and programmed cell death: A review and a re-examination of existing paradigms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:399-430. [PMID: 27939167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient that is problematic for biological systems since it is toxic as it generates free radicals by interconverting between ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) forms. Additionally, even though iron is abundant, it is largely insoluble so cells must treat biologically available iron as a valuable commodity. Thus elaborate mechanisms have evolved to absorb, re-cycle and store iron while minimizing toxicity. Focusing on rarely encountered situations, most of the existing literature suggests that iron toxicity is common. A more nuanced examination clearly demonstrates that existing regulatory processes are more than adequate to limit the toxicity of iron even in response to iron overload. Only under pathological or artificially harsh situations of exposure to excess iron does it become problematic. Here we review iron metabolism and its toxicity as well as the literature demonstrating that intracellular iron is not toxic but a stress responsive programmed cell death-inducing second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nagla T T Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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