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Wang W, Zhang F, Zhang S, Xue Z, Xie L, Govers F, Liu X. Phytophthora capsici sterol reductase PcDHCR7 has a role in mycelium development and pathogenicity. Open Biol 2022; 12:210282. [PMID: 35382565 PMCID: PMC8984297 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The de novo biosynthesis of sterols is critical for the majority of eukaryotes; however, some organisms lack this pathway, including most oomycetes. Phytophthora spp. are sterol auxotrophic but, remarkably, have retained a few genes encoding enzymes in the sterol biosynthesis pathway. Here, we show that PcDHCR7, a gene in Phytophthora capsici predicted to encode Δ7-sterol reductase, displays multiple functions. When expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PcDHCR7 showed the Δ7-sterol reductase activity. Knocking out PcDHCR7 in P. capsici resulted in loss of the capacity to transform ergosterol into brassicasterol, which means PcDHCR7 has the Δ7-sterol reductase activity in P. capsici itself. This enables P. capsici to transform sterols recruited from the environment for better use. The biological characteristics of ΔPcDHCR7 transformants were compared with those of the wild-type strain and a PcDHCR7 complemented transformant, and the results showed that PcDHCR7 plays a key role in mycelium development and pathogenicity of zoospores. Further analysis of the transcriptome indicated that the expression of many genes changed in the ΔPcDHCR7 transformant, which involve in different biological processes. It is possible that P. capsici compensates for the defects caused by the loss of PcDHCR7 by remodelling its transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China,Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfang Xie
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
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Lanthaler B, Hinderhofer K, Maas B, Haas D, Sawyer H, Burton-Jones S, Carter K, Suri M, Witsch-Baumgartner M. Characterization of large deletions in the DHCR7 gene. Clin Genet 2014; 88:149-54. [PMID: 25040602 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the DHCR7 gene cause Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a defect of cholesterol biosynthesis resulting in an autosomal recessive congenital metabolic malformation disorder. In approximately 4% of patients, the second mutation remains unidentified. In this study, 12 SLOS patients diagnosed clinically and/or by elevated 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) have been investigated by customized multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis, because only one DHCR7 sequence variant has been detected. Two unrelated patients of this cohort carry different large deletions in the DHCR7 gene. One patient showed a deletion of exons 3-6. The second patient has a deletion of exons 1 and 2 (non-coding) and lacks the major part of the promoter. These two patients show typical clinical and biochemical phenotypes of SLOS. Second disease-causing mutations are p.(Arg352Trp) and p.(Thr93Met), respectively. Deletion breakpoints were characterized successfully in both cases. Such large deletions are rare in the DHCR7 gene but will resolve some of the patients in whom a second mutation has not been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lanthaler
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Hinderhofer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Maas
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Haas
- Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Sawyer
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - S Burton-Jones
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - K Carter
- Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Suri
- Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Nowaczyk MJM, Irons MB. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: phenotype, natural history, and epidemiology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 160C:250-62. [PMID: 23059950 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a congenital multiple anomaly/intellectual disability syndrome caused by a deficiency of cholesterol synthesis resulting from a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) reductase encoded by DHCR7. SLOS is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It is characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, a variable degree of intellectual disability that encompasses normal intelligence to severe intellectual deficiency, and multiple major and minor malformations. External malformations include distinctive facial features, cleft palate, postaxial polydactyly, 2-3 syndactyly of the toes, and underdeveloped external genitalia in males, while internal anomalies may affect every organ system. The clinical spectrum is wide, and rare individuals have been described with normal development and only minor malformations. The clinical diagnosis of SLOS is confirmed by demonstrating an abnormally elevated concentration of the cholesterol precursor, 7DHC, in serum or other tissues, or by the presence of two DHCR7 mutations. The enzymatic deficiency results in decreased cholesterol and increased 7DHC levels, both during embryonic development and after birth. The malformations found in SLOS may result from decreased cholesterol, increased 7DHC or a combination of these two factors. This review discusses the physical and behavioral phenotype of SLOS, the diagnostic approaches, the natural history from the prenatal period to adulthood, and current understanding of the pathophysiology of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata J M Nowaczyk
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University McMaster University Medical Centre, Room 3N16, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton ON, Canada L8S 4J9.
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Waterham HR, Hennekam RCM. Mutational spectrum of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 160C:263-84. [PMID: 23042628 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS; OMIM #270400) is an autosomal recessive malformation syndrome characterized by a large spectrum of morphogenic and congenital anomalies. SLOS is caused by mutations in the DHCR7 gene, which encodes 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in cholesterol biosynthesis. We report on 154 currently known mutations in DHCR7 identified in patients affected with SLOS and discuss their coding consequences. These 154 mutations include 130 missense, 8 nonsense, 8 deletions, 2 insertions, 1 indel, and 5 splice site mutations. Using information available from published case reports and from patients identified in our clinical diagnostic laboratory, we analyzed correlations between genotype, clinical presentation and 7-dehydrocholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F0-222), Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Quélin C, Loget P, Verloes A, Bazin A, Bessières B, Laquerrière A, Patrier S, Grigorescu R, Encha-Razavi F, Delahaye S, Jouannic JM, Carbonne B, D’Hervé D, Aubry MC, Macé G, Harvey T, Ville Y, Viot G, Joyé N, Odent S, Attié-Bitach T, Wolf C, Chevy F, Benlian P, Gonzales M. Phenotypic spectrum of fetal Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 55:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive, multiple congenital malformation and intellectual disability syndrome, with clinical characteristics that encompass a wide spectrum and great variability. Elucidation of the biochemical and genetic basis for SLOS, specifically understanding SLOS as a cholesterol deficiency syndrome caused by mutation in DHCR7, opened up enormous possibilities for therapeutic intervention. When cholesterol was discovered to be the activator of sonic hedgehog, cholesterol deficiency with inactivation of this developmental patterning gene was thought to be the cause of SLOS malformations, yet this explanation is overly simplistic. Despite these important research breakthroughs, there is no proven treatment for SLOS. Better animal models are needed to allow potential treatment testing and the study of disease pathophysiology, which is incompletely understood. Creation of human cellular models, especially models of brain cells, would be useful, and in vivo human studies are also essential. Biomarker development will be crucial in facilitating clinical trials in this rare condition, because the clinical phenotype can change over many years. Additional research in these and other areas is critical if we are to make headway towards ameliorating the effects of this devastating condition.
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Zhao FL, Cui CQ, Zhang JQ, Wei HS. Differential gene expression profiling of HepG2 cells transfected with a hepatitis B virus replicon. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:1041-1045. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i10.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the changes in gene expression profile of HepG2 cells transfected with HBV replicon pHY106-BHBV by cDNA microarray, and to identify differential genes involved in cholesterol metabolism.
METHODS: A cDNA microarray (Affymetrix) that contains 20 000 gene sequences was used to examine gene expression between HepG2 cells transfected with HBV replicon pHY106-BHBV and control plasmid. Differentially expressed genes that may contribute to cholesterol metabolism were subjected to real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis.
RESULTS: The differentially expressed genes identified mostly encode transcription factors, cytokines, and molecules that are involved in signal transduction, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. Real-time RT-PCR results indicated that cholesterol metabolism-related genes 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (dhcr7) and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (cyb5r) were down-regulated in HepG2 cells transfected with HBV replicon pHY106-BHBV.
CONCLUSION: Differential gene expression profile is detected between HepG2 cells transfected with HBV replicon pHY106-BHBV and control plasmid. The expression of cholesterol metabolism-related genes dhcr7 and cyb5r may be suppressed by HBV infection.
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Park MR, Ko JM, Cheon CK, Kim GH, Yoo HW. A case of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome diagnosed by identification of mutations in the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) gene. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2008. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2008.51.11.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mee Rim Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong-Keun Cheon
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics Clinic and Laboratory, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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