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Abstract
The inherently brittle nature and the susceptibility to impact damage hinder the use of carbon/epoxy composite in some areas. In this study, poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) microparticles were incorporated to increase the resistance to delamination and interlaminar fracture toughness. A hand lay-up technique followed by compression molding was used to fabricate composite. The influence of PEEK particles was evaluated by tensile, flexural, short beam shear (SBS), compression, and Charpy impact test. The Barcol hardness, density, fiber volume fraction, and void content were also determined. According to the result, a maximum improvement in the tensile and flexural strength was observed for 2% incorporation of PEEK particles. However, there is downturn found in the flexural modulus. Moreover, a notable increment in the matrix-dominated properties (short beam shear, compression, and Charpy impact strength) was found with the addition of the PEEK particles.
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Gnanasekar P, Yan N. Synthesis and thermo-mechanical properties of novel spirobiindane based epoxy nanocomposites with tryptophan as a green hardener: Curing kinetics using model free approach. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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3
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Sun Z, Xu L, Chen Z, Wang Y, Tusiime R, Cheng C, Zhou S, Liu Y, Yu M, Zhang H. Enhancing the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin via Blending with Thermoplastic Polysulfone. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030461. [PMID: 30960445 PMCID: PMC6473582 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient enhancement of the toughness of epoxy resins has been a bottleneck for expanding their suitability for advanced applications. Here, polysulfone (PSF) was adopted to toughen and modify the epoxy. The influences of PSF on the mechanical and thermal properties of the epoxy resin were systematically studied by optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMA), mechanical tests and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The dissolution experimental results showed that PSF presents a good compatibility with the epoxy resin and could be well dissolved under controlled conditions. The introduction of PSF was found to promote the curing reaction of the epoxy resin without participating in the curing reaction and changing the curing mechanism as revealed by the FT-IR and DSC studies. The mechanical properties of PSF/epoxy resin blends showed that the fracture toughness and impact strength were significantly improved, which could be attributed to the bicontinuous phase structure of PSF/epoxy blends. Representative phase structures resulted from the reaction induced phase separation process were clearly observed in the PSF/epoxy blends during the curing process of epoxy resin, which presented dispersed particles, bicontinuous and phase inverted structures with the increase of the PSF content. Our work further confirmed that the thermal stability of the PSF/epoxy blends was slightly increased compared to that of the pure epoxy resin, mainly due to the good heat resistance of the PSF component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Zhengguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yuhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Rogers Tusiime
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Chao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Shuai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Pal R, Sudhi S, Raghavan R. Fabrication and evaluation of structural film adhesive using oxazolidinone modified novolac epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Pal
- Polymers and Special Chemicals Division, Propellants Chemicals and Materials EntityVikram Sarabhai Space Centre Trivandrum 695022 India
| | - Suraj Sudhi
- Propellant Engineering Division, Propellants Chemicals and Materials EntityVikram Sarabhai Space Centre Trivandrum 695022 India
| | - Rajeev Raghavan
- Analytical and Spectroscopic Division, Propellants Chemicals and Materials EntityVikram Sarabhai Space Centre Trivandrum 695022 India
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Ma H, Zhang X, Ju F, Tsai SB. A Study on Curing Kinetics of Nano-Phase Modified Epoxy Resin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3045. [PMID: 29445228 PMCID: PMC5813017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, DSC curves at different heating rates were measured by DSC, the characteristic curing temperature was determined, and the optimum curing conditions were obtained. The KAS method, Friedman method and FWO method were used to analyze the DSC curves respectively. The kinetic parameters and the reaction mechanism function of the curing system were obtained, and the results of different analytical methods were compared and analyzed. Result from fitting and verification of the curing kinetic model for the curing system of the nano-phase modified epoxy resin further demonstrates that the nano-particle could play a catalytic role in the curing reaction of the epoxy resin and could reduce the apparent activation energy of the system, thus it is considered as a breakthrough in the field of resin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Ma
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Feifei Ju
- School of Materials Engineering, Jilin university, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Sang-Bing Tsai
- Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Guangdong, 528400, China.
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Baby M, Pal R, Francis N, Sudhi S. Novolac epoxy resin from 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone: Thermal, thermomechanical, interfacial, and cure kinetics with DGEBA/DICY blend. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Baby
- Polymers and Special Chemicals Division, Polymers and Special Chemicals Group, Propellants Chemicals and Materials Entity; Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre; Trivandrum 695022 Kerela India
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Polymers and Special Chemicals Division, Polymers and Special Chemicals Group, Propellants Chemicals and Materials Entity; Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre; Trivandrum 695022 Kerela India
| | - Nimmy Francis
- Polymers and Special Chemicals Division, Polymers and Special Chemicals Group, Propellants Chemicals and Materials Entity; Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre; Trivandrum 695022 Kerela India
| | - Suraj Sudhi
- Polymers and Special Chemicals Division, Polymers and Special Chemicals Group, Propellants Chemicals and Materials Entity; Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre; Trivandrum 695022 Kerela India
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Hameed N, Bavishi J, Parameswaranpillai J, Salim NV, Joseph J, Madras G, Fox BL. Thermally flexible epoxy/cellulose blends mediated by an ionic liquid. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05900c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blends between the widely used thermoset resin, epoxy, and the most abundant organic material, natural cellulose are demonstrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Hameed
- Carbon Nexus
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials
| | - J. Bavishi
- Carbon Nexus
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials
| | - J. Parameswaranpillai
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology
- Cochin University of Science and Technology
- Cochin
- India
| | - N. V. Salim
- Carbon Nexus
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials
| | - J. Joseph
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
| | - G. Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - B. L. Fox
- Carbon Nexus
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials
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Thomas R, Sinturel C, Pionteck J, Puliyalil H, Thomas S. In-situ Cure and Cure Kinetic Analysis of a Liquid Rubber Modified Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2029927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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P J, Pionteck J, Moldenaers P, Thomas S. Preparation and properties of TiO2-filled poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)/epoxy hybrid composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Grishchuk S, Gryshchuk O, Weber M, Karger-Kocsis J. Structure and toughness of polyethersulfone (PESU)-modified anhydride-cured tetrafunctional epoxy resin: Effect of PESU molecular mass. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Asif A, Rao VL, Ninan KN. Preparation, characterization, thermo-mechanical, and barrier properties of exfoliated thermoplastic toughened epoxy clay ternary nanocomposites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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P J, Pionteck J, Hässler R, George SM, Cvelbar U, Thomas S. Studies on Stress Relaxation and Thermomechanical Properties of Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) Modified Epoxy−Amine Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie1016915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotishkumar P
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Jürgen Pionteck
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hässler
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sajeev Martin George
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P.O., Kottayam, Kerala −686560, India
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Abraham R, Thomas P S, Kuryan S, Issac J, Nandakumar K, Thomas S. Structural and mechanical properties of YBCO-polystyrene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hameed N, Guo Q, Hanley T, Mai YW. Hydrogen bonding interactions, crystallization, and surface hydrophobicity in nanostructured epoxy/block copolymer blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Asif A, Rao VL, Saseendran V, Ninan K. Thermoplastic toughened layered silicate epoxy ternary nanocomposites-Preparation, morphology, and thermomechanical properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Perez R, Sandler J, Altstädt V, Hoffmann T, Pospiech D, Ciesielski M, Döring M, Braun U, Balabanovich A, Schartel B. Novel phosphorus-modified polysulfone as a combined flame retardant and toughness modifier for epoxy resins. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly(arylene ether ketone)s having Pendant Tertiary Butyl Groups. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-006-9081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Francis B, Ramaswamy R, Lakshmana Rao V, Thomas S. Toughening of Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol-A Epoxy Resin Using Poly (Ether Ether Ketone) with Pendent Ditert-Butyl Groups. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030500323326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy resin–polyether sulfone/polyether sulfone ether ketone blends: phase morphology, fracture toughness and thermo-mechanical properties. Colloid Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-006-1537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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