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Poon ETC, Li HY, Little JP, Wong SHS, Ho RST. Efficacy of Interval Training in Improving Body Composition and Adiposity in Apparently Healthy Adults: An Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02070-9. [PMID: 39003682 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the efficacy of interval training for improving body composition has been summarized in an increasing number of systematic reviews in recent years, discrepancies in review findings and conclusions have been observed. OBJECTIVE This study aims to synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy of interval training compared with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and nonexercise control (CON) in reducing body adiposity in apparently healthy adults. METHODS An umbrella review with meta-analysis was performed. A systematic search was conducted in seven databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) up to October 2023. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing interval training and MICT/CON were included. Literature selection, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment (AMSTAR-2) were conducted independently by two reviewers. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the type of interval training [high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT)], intervention duration, body mass index, exercise modality, and volume of HIIT protocols. RESULTS Sixteen systematic reviews, including 79 RCTs and 2474 unique participants, met the inclusion criteria. Most systematic reviews had a critically low (n = 6) or low (n = 6) AMSTAR-2 score. Interval training demonstrated significantly greater reductions in total body fat percent (BF%) compared with MICT [weighted mean difference (WMD) of - 0.77%; 95% confidence interval (CI) - 1.12 to - 0.32%] and CON (WMD of - 1.50%; 95% CI - 2.40 to - 0.58%). Significant reductions in fat mass, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous abdominal fat, and android abdominal fat were also observed following interval training compared to CON. Subgroup analyses indicated that both HIIT and SIT resulted in superior BF% loss than MICT. These benefits appeared to be more prominent in individuals with overweight/obesity and longer duration interventions (≥ 12 weeks), as well as in protocols using cycling as a modality and low-volume HIIT (i.e., < 15 min of high-intensity exercise per session). CONCLUSIONS This novel umbrella review with large-scale meta-analysis provides an updated synthesis of evidence with implications for physical activity guideline recommendations. The findings support interval training as a viable exercise strategy for reducing adiposity in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hong-Yat Li
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jonathan Peter Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Robin Sze-Tak Ho
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
- Physical Education Unit, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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McCarthy SF, Jarosz C, Ferguson EJ, Kenno KA, Hazell TJ. Intense interval exercise induces greater changes in post-exercise metabolism compared to submaximal exercise in middle-aged adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1075-1084. [PMID: 37819613 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) consistently elevate post-exercise metabolism compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in young adults (18-25 years), however few studies have investigated this in middle-aged adults. PURPOSE To assess the effect of exercise intensity on post-exercise metabolism following submaximal, near-maximal, and supramaximal exercise protocols in middle-aged adults. METHODS 12 participants (8 females; age: 44 ± 10 years; V ˙ O2max: 35.73 ± 9.97 mL·kg-1 min-1) had their oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O2) measured during and for 2 h following 4 experimental sessions: (1) no-exercise control (CTRL); (2) MICT exercise (30 min at 65% V ˙ O2max); (3) HIIT exercise (10 × 1 min at 90% maximum heart rate with 1 min rest); and (4) modified-SIT exercise (8 × 15 s "all-out" efforts with 2 min rest). Between session differences for V ˙ O2 and fat oxidation were compared. RESULTS O2 consumed post-exercise was elevated during the 1st h and 2nd h following HIIT (15.9 ± 2.6, 14.7 ± 2.3 L; P < 0.036, d > 0.98) and modified-SIT exercise (16.9 ± 3.3, 15.30 ± 3.4 L; P < 0.041, d > 0.96) compared to CTRL (13.3 ± 1.9, 12.0 ± 2.5 L) while modified-SIT was also elevated vs HIIT in the 1st h (P < 0.041, d > 0.96). Total post-exercise O2 consumption was elevated following all exercise sessions (MICT: 27.7 ± 4.1, HIIT: 30.6 ± 4.8, SIT: 32.2 ± 6.6 L; P < 0.027, d > 1.03) compared to CTRL (24.9 ± 4.1 L). Modified-SIT exercise increased fat oxidation (0.103 ± 0.019 g min-1) compared to all sessions post-exercise (CTRL: 0.059 ± 0.025, MICT: 0.075 ± 0.022, HIIT: 0.081 ± 0.021 g·min-1; P < 0.007, d > 1.30) and HIIT exercise increased compared to CTRL (P = 0.046, d = 0.87). CONCLUSION Exercise intensity has an important effect on post-exercise metabolism in middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L3C5, Canada
| | - Claudia Jarosz
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L3C5, Canada
| | - Emily J Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L3C5, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kenji A Kenno
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L3C5, Canada.
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Clausen RD, Astorino TA. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption after reduced exertion high-intensity interval training on the cycle ergometer and rowing ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:815-825. [PMID: 37787925 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine differences in oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2), ventilation ([Formula: see text]E), excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), energy expenditure (EE), and blood lactate concentration (BLa) between reduced exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) performed on the cycle- and rowing ergometer. METHODS Fourteen active participants (age = 27 ± 7 yr) initially completed two assessments of maximal oxygen uptake. On two subsequent days, participants completed REHIT requiring three 20 s "all-out" sprints on the cycle-(REHIT-CE) and rowing ergometer (REHIT-RE), followed by 60 min rest during which gas exchange data and BLa were measured. RESULTS During exercise, [Formula: see text]O2 increased significantly in response to REHIT-CE (0.21 ± 0.04 L/min vs. 1.34 ± 0.37 L/min, p < 0.001) and REHIT-RE (0.23 ± 0.05 L/min vs. 1.57 ± 0.47 L/min, p < 0.001) compared to rest, and [Formula: see text]O2 remained elevated at 15, 30, and 45 min post-exercise in REHIT-CE (p < 0.001). However, [Formula: see text]O2 was only elevated 15 min after REHIT-RE (0.23 ± 0.05 L/min vs. 0.40 ± 0.11 L/min, p < 0.001). [Formula: see text]O2 (1.57 ± 0.47 L/min vs. 1.34 ± 0.37 L/min, p = 0.003) and EE (94.98 ± 29.60 kcal vs. 82.05 ± 22.85 kcal, p < 0.001) were significantly greater during REHIT-RE versus REHIT-CE. EPOC was significantly greater after REHIT-CE versus REHIT-RE (6.69 ± 2.18 L vs. 5.52 ± 1.67 L, p = 0.009). BLa was ~ twofold higher in response to REHIT-CE vs. REHIT-RE (11.11 ± 2.43 vs. 7.0 ± 2.4, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Rowing-based REHIT elicits greater oxygen consumption and EE during exercise, yet lower EPOC and BLa. Whether rowing-based REHIT augments reductions in fat loss remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Dahl Clausen
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA.
| | - Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA
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Ishikawa A, Matsuda T, Ikegami N, Funaki A, Yamada M, Kamemoto K, Sakamaki-Sunaga M. Effects of the menstrual cycle on EPOC and fat oxidation after low-volume high-intensity interval training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1165-1174. [PMID: 37712928 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for weight loss has become prevalent in recent years, with increased excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) as the mechanism. However, the influence of the menstrual cycle on EPOC and fat oxidation following low-volume HIIT is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the menstrual cycle on the increase in EPOC and fat oxidation after low-volume HIIT. METHODS Twelve eumenorrheic women participated during their early follicular and luteal phases. On each experimental day, they performed low-volume HIIT comprising fifteen repeated 8 s sprint cycling tests with 12 s rests, for 5 min. Expired gas samples were collected before and every 60 min until 180 min post-exercise. EPOC was defined as the increase in oxygen consumption from the resting state, and the total EPOC and fat oxidation were calculated from the total time of each measurement. Blood samples for serum estradiol, progesterone, free fatty acids, blood glucose, lactate, and plasma noradrenaline were collected and assessed before immediately after, and at 180 min post-exercise and were assessed. RESULTS Serum estradiol and progesterone were significantly higher in the luteal phase than the follicular phase (P<0.01 for both). No significant differences in total EPOC and fat oxidation were found between the menstrual phases. Serum free fatty acid, blood glucose, lactate, and plasma noradrenaline concentrations were not affected by the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the menstrual cycle does not affect the increase in EPOC or fat oxidation after low-volume HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan -
| | - Tomoka Matsuda
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nodoka Ikegami
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Funaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Judo Therapy, Teikyo University of Science, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamada
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kamemoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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Guo L, Chen J, Yuan W. The effect of HIIT on body composition, cardiovascular fitness, psychological well-being, and executive function of overweight/obese female young adults. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1095328. [PMID: 36743598 PMCID: PMC9891140 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1095328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effect of a short-term HIIT program on the selected health-related parameters for overweight/obese young adult women in a university context. Methods A total of 48 participants were randomly divided into two groups. The exercise group (HIIT) received a HIIT intervention of aerobics for 4 weeks, while the control group (CON) received no training. Body composition including waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BF %), Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), the score of Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Stroop word-color test (SCWT) results were assessed before and after the intervention along with within- and between-group comparisons. Results All the indices were significantly improved in HIIT group (p < 0.01) after 4 weeks of intervention. No significant changes were found in CON. There were significant differences between HIIT and CON in cardiovascular fitness (p < 0.01), SDS (p < 0.01) and SCWT (p < 0.05) before and after 4 weeks. In addition, weekly measurements of HIIT effects showed significant changes (p < 0.01) from the second week in the variables of body composition, VO2max, SDS and SCWT when compared with the baseline and maintained the tendency till the end of program. Conclusion The short-term HIIT aerobics of the campus program conducted in a non-lab setting induced significant improvements in body composition, cardiovascular fitness, psychological well-being and executive function in overweight young female adults.
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Hatamoto Y, Yoshimura E, Takae R, Komiyama T, Matsumoto M, Higaki Y, Tanaka H. The effects of breaking sedentary time with different intensity exercise bouts on energy metabolism: A randomized cross-over controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1879-1889. [PMID: 33992509 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Breaking up sedentary periods, particularly with light activity, increases total energy expenditure (EE), and helps provide better glycemic control. However, the effects of activities of various intensities to interrupt prolonged sedentary time are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine potential differences in glycemic control and EE from breaking up sedentary time with short exercise bouts of different intensities. METHODS AND RESULTS Nine overweight/obesity young men underwent whole body indirect calorimetry at 19:00 on day 1 and stayed overnight. After awakening on day 2, they performed short duration jogging every 30 min over 8 h (16-time bouts in total) under 3 different conditions with the same running distance: (1) lactate threshold (LT) for 2 min, (2) 60% LT for 200 s, and (3) onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) for 75 s. The 24-h EE and interstitial glucose concentration (from 8:00 to 19:00 on day 2) was continuously measured throughout the trials. The standard deviation during intervention and indexes of postprandial of the interstitial glucose concentration was significantly lower at LT and OBLA than at 60% LT (p < 0.05). The 24-h EE was not significantly different among conditions, but EE at OBLA during intervention was slightly but significantly higher than at 60% LT and LT. CONCLUSION Breaking up sedentary time with short-duration jogging at LT and with OBLA intensities may have better glycemic control and increased use of carbohydrate as a fuel, while short-duration a jogging at OBLA intensity may increase EE. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000041361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Hatamoto
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Eiichi Yoshimura
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Rie Takae
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan; Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishi-Sonogi-gun, Nagasaki, 851-2195, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, 1-17 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mai Matsumoto
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
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Zhang H, Tong TK, Kong Z, Shi Q, Liu Y, Nie J. Exercise training-induced visceral fat loss in obese women: The role of training intensity and modality. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:30-43. [PMID: 32789898 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Visceral fat loss in response to four-cycle ergometer training regimens with explicit differences in exercise intensity and modality was compared. Fifty-nine obese young women (body fat percentage ≥ 30%) were randomized to a 12-week intervention consisting of either all-out sprint interval training (SITall-out , n = 11); supramaximal SIT (SIT120 , 120% V ˙ O2peak , n = 12); high-intensity interval training (HIIT90 , 90% V ˙ O2peak , n = 12), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT, 60% V ˙ O2peak , n = 11), or no training (CON, n = 13). The total work done per training session in SIT120 , HIIT90 , and MICT was confined to 200 kJ, while it was deliberately lower in SITall-out . The abdominal visceral fat area (AVFA) was measured through computed tomography scans. The whole-body and regional fat mass were assessed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Pre-, post-, and 3-hour post-exercise serum growth hormone (GH), and epinephrine (EPI) were measured during selected training sessions. Following the intervention, similar reductions in whole-body and regional fat mass were found in all intervention groups, while the reductions in AVFA resulting from SITall-out , SIT120 , and HIIT90 (>15 cm2 ) were greater in comparison with MICT (<3.5 cm2 , P < .05). The AVFA reductions among the SITs and HIIT groups were similar, and it was concomitant with the similar exercise-induced releases of serum GH and EPI. CON variables were unchanged. These findings suggest that visceral fat loss induced by interval training at or above 90% V ˙ O2peak appeared unresponsive to the change in training intensity. Nonetheless, SITall-out is still the most time-efficient strategy among the four exercise-training regimes for controlling visceral obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Provincial Key Lab of Measurement and Evaluation in Human Movement and Bio-information, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tomas K Tong
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
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Chen S, Scott C, Pearce JV, Farrar JS, Evans RK, Celi FS. An appraisal of whole-room indirect calorimeters and a metabolic cart for measuring resting and active metabolic rates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14343. [PMID: 32868770 PMCID: PMC7459349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-room indirect calorimeters (WRICs) have traditionally been used for real-time resting metabolic rate (RMR) measurements, while metabolic rate (MR) during short-interval exercises has commonly been measured by metabolic carts (MCs). This study aims to investigate the feasibility of incorporating short-interval exercises into WRIC study protocols by comparing the performance of WRICs and an MC. We assessed the 40-min RMR of 15 subjects with 2-day repeats and the 10-15 min activity MR (AMR) of 14 subjects at three intensities, using a large WRIC, a small WRIC, and an MC. We evaluated the biases between the instruments and quantified sources of variation using variance component analysis. All three instruments showed good agreement for both RMR (maximum bias = 0.07 kcal/min) and AMR assessment (maximum bias = 0.53 kcal/min). Moreover, the majority of the variability was between-subject and between-intensity variation, whereas the types of instrument contributed only a small amount to total variation in RMR (2%) and AMR (0.2%) data. In Conclusion, the good reproducibility among the instruments indicates that they may be used interchangeably in well-designed studies. Overall, WRICs can serve as an accurate and versatile means of assessing MR, capable of integrating RMR and short-interval AMR assessments into a single protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Sanger Hall, Room 7-007, PO Box 980111, Richmond, VA, 23298-0111, USA.
| | - Cory Scott
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Janina V Pearce
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Sanger Hall, Room 7-007, PO Box 980111, Richmond, VA, 23298-0111, USA
| | - Jared S Farrar
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Sanger Hall, Room 7-007, PO Box 980111, Richmond, VA, 23298-0111, USA
| | - Ronald K Evans
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Francesco S Celi
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Sanger Hall, Room 7-007, PO Box 980111, Richmond, VA, 23298-0111, USA.
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Ryan SP, Newman AA, Wilburn JR, Rhoades LD, Trikha SRJ, Godwin EC, Schoenberg HM, Battson ML, Ewell TR, Luckasen GJ, Biela LM, Melby CL, Bell C. Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibition Does Not Favorably Modify the Physiological Responses to Dietary Counselling in Diabetes-Free, Sedentary Overweight and Obese Adult Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020510. [PMID: 32085394 PMCID: PMC7071188 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedentary obesity is associated with increased risk of many cardio-metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. Weight loss is therefore a desirable goal for sedentary adults with obesity. Weight loss is also a well-documented side effect of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition, a pharmaceutical strategy for diabetes treatment. We hypothesized that, compared with placebo, SGLT2 inhibition as an adjunct to out-patient dietary counselling for weight loss would lead to more favorable modification of body mass and composition, and greater improvement in glucose regulation and lipid profile. Using a randomized, double-blind, repeated measures parallel design, 50 sedentary men and women (body mass index: 33.4 ± 4.7 kg/m2; mean ± SD) were assigned to 12 weeks of dietary counselling, supplemented with daily ingestion of either a placebo or SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin: up to 10 mg/day). Dietary counselling favorably modified body mass, body fat, glucose regulation, and fasting concentrations of triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (main effects of counselling: p < 0.05); SGLT2 inhibition did not influence any of these adaptations (counselling × medication interactions: p > 0.05). However, SGLT2 inhibition when combined with dietary counselling led to greater loss of fat-free mass (counselling × medication interaction: p = 0.047) and attenuated the rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (counselling × medication interaction: p = 0.028). In light of these data and the health implications of decreased fat-free mass, we recommend careful consideration before implementing SGLT2 inhibition as an adjunct to dietary counselling for weight loss in sedentary adults with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P.P. Ryan
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (A.A.N.); (J.R.W.); (S.R.J.T.); (H.M.S.); (T.R.E.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Alissa A. Newman
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (A.A.N.); (J.R.W.); (S.R.J.T.); (H.M.S.); (T.R.E.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Jessie R. Wilburn
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (A.A.N.); (J.R.W.); (S.R.J.T.); (H.M.S.); (T.R.E.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Lauren D. Rhoades
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.D.R.); (E.C.G.); (M.L.B.); (C.L.M.)
| | - S. Raj J. Trikha
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (A.A.N.); (J.R.W.); (S.R.J.T.); (H.M.S.); (T.R.E.); (L.M.B.)
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.D.R.); (E.C.G.); (M.L.B.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Ellen C. Godwin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.D.R.); (E.C.G.); (M.L.B.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Hayden M. Schoenberg
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (A.A.N.); (J.R.W.); (S.R.J.T.); (H.M.S.); (T.R.E.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Micah L. Battson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.D.R.); (E.C.G.); (M.L.B.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Taylor R. Ewell
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (A.A.N.); (J.R.W.); (S.R.J.T.); (H.M.S.); (T.R.E.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Gary J. Luckasen
- Medical Center of the Rockies Foundation, University of Colorado Health, Loveland, CO 80538, USA;
| | - Laurie M. Biela
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (A.A.N.); (J.R.W.); (S.R.J.T.); (H.M.S.); (T.R.E.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Christopher L. Melby
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.D.R.); (E.C.G.); (M.L.B.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Christopher Bell
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (A.A.N.); (J.R.W.); (S.R.J.T.); (H.M.S.); (T.R.E.); (L.M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-491-7522
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10
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Moniz SC, Islam H, Hazell TJ. Mechanistic and methodological perspectives on the impact of intense interval training on post-exercise metabolism. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:638-651. [PMID: 31830334 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The post-exercise recovery period is associated with an elevated metabolism known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). The relationship between exercise duration and EPOC magnitude is thought to be linear whereas the relationship between EPOC magnitude and exercise intensity is thought to be exponential. Accordingly, near-maximal and supramaximal protocols such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) protocols have been hypothesized to produce greater EPOC magnitudes than submaximal moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). This review updates previous reviews by focusing on the impact of HIIT and SIT on EPOC. Research to date suggests small differences in EPOC post-HIIT compared to MICT in the immediate (<1 hour) recovery period, but greater EPOC values post-HIIT when examined over 24 hours. Conversely, differences in EPOC post-SIT are more pronounced, as SIT tends to produce a larger EPOC vs MICT at all time points. We discuss potential mechanisms that may drive the EPOC response to interval training (eg, glycogen resynthesis, mitochondrial uncoupling, and protein turnover among others) and also consider the role of EPOC as one of the potential contributors to fat loss following HIIT/SIT interventions. Lastly, we highlight a number of methodological shortcomings related to the measurement of EPOC following HIIT and SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Moniz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Faculty of Science, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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11
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Melby CL, Paris HL, Sayer RD, Bell C, Hill JO. Increasing Energy Flux to Maintain Diet-Induced Weight Loss. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102533. [PMID: 31640123 PMCID: PMC6835968 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term maintenance of weight loss requires sustained energy balance at the reduced body weight. This could be attained by coupling low total daily energy intake (TDEI) with low total daily energy expenditure (TDEE; low energy flux), or by pairing high TDEI with high TDEE (high energy flux). Within an environment characterized by high energy dense food and a lack of need for movement, it may be particularly difficult for weight-reduced individuals to maintain energy balance in a low flux state. Most of these individuals will increase body mass due to an inability to sustain the necessary level of food restriction. This increase in TDEI may lead to the re-establishment of high energy flux at or near the original body weight. We propose that following weight loss, increasing physical activity can effectively re-establish a state of high energy flux without significant weight regain. Although the effect of extremely high levels of physical activity on TDEE may be constrained by compensatory reductions in non-activity energy expenditure, moderate increases following weight loss may elevate energy flux and encourage physiological adaptations favorable to weight loss maintenance, including better appetite regulation. It may be time to recognize that few individuals are able to re-establish energy balance at a lower body weight without permanent increases in physical activity. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for more research to better understand the role of energy flux in long-term weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Melby
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Division of Natural Sciences, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA.
| | - R Drew Sayer
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Christopher Bell
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - James O Hill
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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12
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Broad AA, Howe GJ, McKie GL, Vanderheyden LW, Hazell TJ. The effects of a pre-exercise meal on postexercise metabolism following a session of sprint interval training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:411-420. [PMID: 31553895 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) has demonstrated reductions in fat mass through potential alterations in postexercise metabolism. This study examined whether exercising in the fasted or fed state affects postexercise metabolism following acute SIT. Ten active males performed a bout of modified SIT (8 × 15-s sprints; 120 s recovery) in both a fasted (FAST) and fed (FED) state. Gas exchange was collected through 3 h postexercise, appetite perceptions were measured using a visual analog scale, and energy intake was recorded using dietary food logs. There was no difference in energy expenditure between conditions at any time point (p > 0.329) or in total session energy expenditure (FED: 514.8 ± 54.9 kcal, FAST: 504.0 ± 74.3 kcal; p = 0.982). Fat oxidation at 3 h after exercise was higher in FED (0.110 ± 0.04 g·min-1) versus FAST (0.069 ± 0.02 g·min-1; p = 0.013) though not different between conditions across time (p > 0.340) or in total postexercise fat oxidation (FED: 0.125 ± 0.04 g·min-1, FAST: 0.105 ± 0.02 g·min-1; p = 0.154). Appetite perceptions were lower in FED (-4815.0 ± 4098.7 mm) versus FAST (-707.5 ± 2010.4 mm, p = 0.022); however, energy intake did not differ between conditions (p = 0.429). These results demonstrate the fasted or fed state does not augment postexercise metabolism following acute SIT in a way that would favour fat loss following training. Novelty Energy expenditure was similar between conditions, while fat oxidation was significantly greater in FED at 3 h after exercise. Appetite perceptions were significantly lower in FED; however, energy intake was not different between conditions. Current findings suggest that performing SIT in the fed or fasted state would not affect fat loss following training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Broad
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Greg J Howe
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Luke W Vanderheyden
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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13
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Tabata I. Tabata training: one of the most energetically effective high-intensity intermittent training methods. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:559-572. [PMID: 31004287 PMCID: PMC10717222 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For decades, high-intensity interval/intermittent exercise training methods have been used by elite athletes to improve their performance in sports. One of the most effective training methods, i.e., 'Tabata training,' is reviewed herein from the viewpoint of the energetics of exercise. The prior research describing the metabolic profile and effects of Tabata training is also summarized, with some historical anecdotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Tabata
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu City, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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14
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Islam H, Townsend LK, Hazell TJ. Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption and Fat Utilization Following Submaximal Continuous and Supramaximal Interval Running. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2018; 89:450-456. [PMID: 30325710 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1513633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have directly compared excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and fat utilization following different exercise intensities, and the effect of continuous exercise exceeding 75% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on these parameters remains unexplored. The current study examined EPOC and fat utilization following acute moderate- and vigorous-intensity continuous training (MICT and VICT) and sprint interval training (SIT). METHODS Eight active young men performed 4 experimental sessions: (a) MICT (30 min of running at 65% VO2max); (b) VICT (30 min of running at 85% VO2max); (c) SIT (4 30-s "all-out" sprints with 4 min of rest); and (d) no exercise (REST). Excess postexercise oxygen consumption and fat oxidation were estimated from gas measurements (VO2 and carbon dioxide production [VCO2]) obtained during a 2-hr postexercise period. RESULTS Total EPOC was similar (p = .097; effect size [ES] = 0.3) after VICT (8.6 ± 4.7 L) and SIT (10.0 ± 4.2 L) and greater after both (VICT, p = .025, ES = 0.3, and SIT, p < .001, ES = 0.6) versus MICT (6.0 ± 4.3 L). Fat utilization increased after MICT (0.047 ± 0.018 g· min-1, p = .018, ES = 1.3), VICT (0.066 ± 0.020 g•min-1, p = .034, ES = 2.2), and SIT (0.115 ± 0.026 g•min-1, p < .001, ES = 4.0) versus REST (0.025 ± 0.018 g•min-1) and was greatest after SIT (p < .001, ES = 3.0 vs. MICT; p = .031, ES = 2.1 vs. VICT). CONCLUSION Acute exercise increases EPOC and fat utilization in an intensity-dependent manner.
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15
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Validity of a triaxial accelerometer and simplified physical activity record in older adults aged 64-96 years: a doubly labeled water study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2133-2146. [PMID: 30019086 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to examine the validity of a triaxial accelerometer (ACCTRI) and a simplified physical activity record (sPAR) in estimating total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) in older adults with the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. METHODS A total of 44 Japanese elderly individuals (64-96 years), of which 28 were community-dwelling healthy adults with or without sporting habits (S or NS group) and 16 were care home residents with frailty (F group), were included in the study. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry, TEE was obtained by the DLW method, and PAL was calculated as TEE/BMR. Daily step count was monitored by a pedometer (Lifecorder). The 24-h average metabolic equivalent was assessed by ACCTRI and sPAR. RESULTS The TEEDLW in men was 2704 ± 353, 2308 ± 442, and 1795 ± 338 kcal d-1, and that in women was 2260 ± 208, 1922 ± 285, and 1421 ± 274 kcal d-1 for the S, NS, and F groups, respectively. ACCTRI and sPAR systematically underestimated actual TEE (- 14.2 ± 11.6 and - 15.3 ± 12.3% for ACCTRI and sPAR, respectively). After diet-induced thermogenesis was taken into account for ACCTRI and sPAR, TEEDLW was significantly correlated with TEEACCTRI (R2 = 0.714) and TEEsPAR (R2 = 0.668). PALDLW was also significantly correlated with PALACCTRI (R2 = 0.438) and PALsPAR (R2 = 0.402). CONCLUSIONS Age, living conditions, frailty, and sporting habits contribute to TEE and PAL in the elderly population. ACCTRI and sPAR underestimated TEE and PAL, and adequate corrections are required. The corrected ACCTRI and sPAR are both useful tools to estimate TEE and PAL.
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16
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Good J, Dogra S. Subjective responses to sprint interval exercise in adults with and without Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Asthma 2017; 55:1059-1067. [PMID: 29023174 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2017.1391282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known of the subjective response to exercise that involves short "all out" bursts of effort, separated by recovery periods (sprint interval exercise (SPRINT)) among adults with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIBC). The purpose of this study was to compare subjective responses to SPRINT and moderate intensity continuous exercise (MOD) among adults with EIBC, and to compare these responses between adults with EIBC and those without EIBC. METHODS Eight adults (22.3 ± 3.0 years) with EIBC, and eight adults (22.3 ± 3.0 years) without EIBC completed a SPRINT (4 × 30 second sprints separated by 4.5 minutes of active recovery) and MOD (20 minutes at 65% peak power output) session in random order. Self-reported affect, perceived breathlessness, and perceived exertion were recorded throughout exercise using validated scales. Enjoyment was assessed following exercise. RESULTS Differences between SPRINT and MOD were observed such that affect and perceived breathlessness were worse during the initial stages of SPRINT than MOD; however, differences disappeared by the end of exercise. Enjoyment was similar for SPRINT and MOD in the EIBC group (SPRINT: 72.9 ± 20.0 vs. MOD: 79.5 ± 20.5, p = 0.25), and between groups for SPRINT and MOD. CONCLUSIONS Perceived breathlessness may impact affect during the early stages of exercise among those with EIBC. Post-exercise enjoyment appears to be similar between SPRINT and MOD. Future research is needed to better understand the relationship between ventilation patterns, exercise intensity, and enjoyment of exercise among those with EIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Good
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Shilpa Dogra
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa , Ontario , Canada
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17
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Tsuji K, Xu Y, Liu X, Tabata I. Effects of short-lasting supramaximal-intensity exercise on diet-induced increase in oxygen uptake. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13506. [PMID: 29151442 PMCID: PMC5704082 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to quantify the additional increase in diet-induced oxygen uptake after exhaustive high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE), consisting of 6-7 bouts of 20-sec bicycle exercise (intensity: 170% V˙O2max) with a 10-sec rest between bouts. Using a metabolic chamber, the oxygen uptake of ten men was measured from 10:30 am to 07:00 am the next day on two separate days with or without HIIE, with lunch (12:00) and supper (18:00) (Diet experiment). On two other days, the oxygen uptake of six different subjects was measured from 10:30 to 16:00 with or without HIIE, but without meals (Fasting experiment). Ten minutes of exercise at 50% V˙O2maxpreceded the HIIE in both experiments; EPOC (excess postexercise oxygen consumption) after HIIE was found to wear off before 12:00 in both experiments. In the Diet experiment, oxygen uptake during HIIE and EPOC were 123.4 ± 12.0 and 115.3 ± 32.3 mL·kg-1, respectively. Meals elevated resting oxygen uptake on both days, but those on the HIIE day were significantly higher than on the control day. This enhanced diet-induced oxygen uptake (difference in resting oxygen uptake from 12:00-23:00 between HIIE and control day: ΔDIT) was 146.1 ± 90.9 mL·kg-1, comparable to the oxygen uptake during the HIIE and EPOC The ΔDIT was correlated with subjects' V˙O2max(52.1 ± 6.6 mL·kg-1·min-1) (r = 0.76, n = 10, P < 0.05). We concluded that HIIE enhances diet-induced oxygen uptake significantly, and that it is related to the cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Tsuji
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yuzhong Xu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan
| | - Xin Liu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan
| | - Izumi Tabata
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan
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18
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Luszczyk M, Flis DJ, Szadejko I, Laskowski R, Ziolkowski W. Excess postexercise oxygen consumption and fat oxidation in recreationally trained men following exercise of equal energy expenditure: comparisons of spinning and constant endurance exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1781-1789. [PMID: 29072037 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.08015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinning exercise is one of the most popular types of exercise in fitness industry. Its effects on the post exercise metabolism compared to the isocaloric cyclic endurance exercise are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of isocaloric (299.1±10.8 kcal) spinning vs. endurance exercise on fat and carbohydrate utilization, glucose, lactate, glycerol and NEFA blood concentration during exercise and recovery. METHODS Six recreationally active males (age: 23.5±0.71) were tested in two conditions: 1) 30-min spinning; 2) isocaloric continuous exercise. Each trial was followed by a 3-h recovery. Rates of carbohydrate and fat oxidation, the blood glucose, lactate, glycerol and NEFA concentration were assessed at rest, during exercise and recovery. RESULTS Spinning induced significantly higher fat and lower carbohydrate oxidation rate during a recovery period in comparison to isocaloric endurance exercise trial. Spinning induced almost six-fold higher increase in lipid to carbohydrate oxidation rate ratio at the beginning of second hour of postexercise period in comparison to constant intensity trial and reached similar values at 3 hours after exercise. Blood lactate was higher (P<0.01) at the end of exercise in spinning than continuous exercise (8.57±0.9 vs. 0.72±0.1 mmol·L-1), but became similar at the 60 min of recovery. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that spinning induces higher metabolic responses during recovery period, and most effectively shifts the pattern of substrate use toward lipids vs. isocaloric endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Luszczyk
- Departments of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Damian J Flis
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ilona Szadejko
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Laskowski
- Departments of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Ziolkowski
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland -
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19
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Keating SE, Johnson NA, Mielke GI, Coombes JS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on body adiposity. Obes Rev 2017; 18:943-964. [PMID: 28513103 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interval training (including high-intensity interval training [HIIT] and sprint interval training [SIT]) is promoted in both scientific and lay media as being a superior and time-efficient method for fat loss compared with traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). We evaluated the efficacy of HIIT/SIT when directly compared with MICT for the modulation of body adiposity. Databases were searched to 31 August 2016 for studies with exercise training interventions with minimum 4-week duration. Meta-analyses were conducted for within-group and between-group comparisons for total body fat percentage (%) and fat mass (kg). To investigate heterogeneity, we conducted sensitivity and meta-regression analyses. Of the 6,074 studies netted, 31 were included. Within-group analyses demonstrated reductions in total body fat (%) (HIIT/SIT: -1.26 [95% CI: -1.80; -0.72] and MICT: -1.48 [95% CI: -1.89; -1.06]) and fat mass (kg) (HIIT/SIT: -1.38 [95% CI: -1.99; -0.77] and MICT: -0.91 [95% CI: -1.45; -0.37]). There were no differences between HIIT/SIT and MICT for any body fat outcome. Analyses comparing MICT with HIIT/SIT protocols of lower time commitment and/or energy expenditure tended to favour MICT for total body fat reduction (p = 0.09). HIIT/SIT appears to provide similar benefits to MICT for body fat reduction, although not necessarily in a more time-efficient manner. However, neither short-term HIIT/SIT nor MICT produced clinically meaningful reductions in body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Keating
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - N A Johnson
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G I Mielke
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - J S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Schubert MM, Clarke HE, Seay RF, Spain KK. Impact of 4 weeks of interval training on resting metabolic rate, fitness, and health-related outcomes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017. [PMID: 28633001 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and substrate oxidation (respiratory exchange ratio; RER) are important indicators of health. The effects of interval training on RMR have not been thoroughly investigated, which was the purpose of the present study. Thirty men and women (mean ± SD age and maximal oxygen uptake: 28.8 ± 7.6 years and 33.0 ± 8.3 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed 4 weeks of Wingate-based sprint interval training (SIT), repeated 1-min high-intensity intervals (HIIT), or served as controls. Before and after training, RMR, resting RER, maximal oxygen uptake, body composition, physical activity, and energy intake were recorded. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures ANOVA. RMR increased in response to 4 weeks of SIT training (1789 ± 293 to 1855 ± 320 kcal·day-1; p = 0.003) but did not increase after HIIT (1670 ± 324 to 1704 ± 329 kcal·day-1; p = 0.06). While SIT increased RMR by ∼2× the magnitude of HIIT, the difference was not significant (p = 0.5). Fasting substrate oxidation and RER did not change (p > 0.05). Maximal oxygen uptake increased, and small changes were also observed in percent body fat and fat mass (p < 0.05 for all). In conclusion, SIT provided a time-efficient stimulus to increase RMR after 4 weeks in healthy adults. However, the clinical relevance of the changes observed in this study remains to be determined. Further studies should be conducted in obese individuals and those with diabetes or insulin resistance to examine if interval training (≥4 weeks) influences resting metabolic rate in magnitudes similar to that reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Schubert
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA.,Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA
| | - Holly E Clarke
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA.,Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA
| | - Rebekah F Seay
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA.,Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA
| | - Katie K Spain
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA.,Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA
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21
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Attenuating the Biologic Drive for Weight Regain Following Weight Loss: Must What Goes Down Always Go Back Up? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050468. [PMID: 28481261 PMCID: PMC5452198 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations occur with weight loss that result in increased hunger with discordant simultaneous reductions in energy requirements—producing the so-called energy gap in which more energy is desired than is required. The increased hunger is associated with elevation of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin and decrements in anorexigenic hormones. The lower total daily energy expenditure with diet-induced weight loss results from (1) a disproportionately greater decrease in circulating leptin and resting metabolic rate (RMR) than would be predicted based on the decline in body mass, (2) decreased thermic effect of food (TEF), and (3) increased energy efficiency at work intensities characteristic of activities of daily living. These metabolic adaptations can readily promote weight regain. While more experimental research is needed to identify effective strategies to narrow the energy gap and attenuate weight regain, some factors contributing to long-term weight loss maintenance have been identified. Less hunger and greater satiation have been associated with higher intakes of protein and dietary fiber, and lower glycemic load diets. High levels of physical activity are characteristic of most successful weight maintainers. A high energy flux state characterized by high daily energy expenditure and matching energy intake may attenuate the declines in RMR and TEF, and may also result in more accurate regulation of energy intake to match daily energy expenditure.
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Francois ME, Graham MJ, Parr EB, Rehrer NJ, Lucas SJE, Stavrianeas S, Cotter JD. Similar metabolic response to lower- versus upper-body interval exercise or endurance exercise. Metabolism 2017; 68:1-10. [PMID: 28183441 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare energy use and substrate partitioning arising from repeated lower- versus upper-body sprints, or endurance exercise, across a 24-h period. METHODS Twelve untrained males (24±4 y) completed three trials in randomized order: (1) repeated sprints (five 30-s Wingate, 4.5-min recovery) on a cycle ergometer (SITLegs); (2) 50-min continuous cycling at 65% V̇O2max (END); (3) repeated sprints on an arm-crank ergometer (SITArms). Respiratory gas exchange was assessed before and during exercise, and at eight points across 22h of recovery. RESULTS Metabolic rate was elevated to greater extent in the first 8h after SITLegs than SITArms (by 0.8±1.1kJ/min, p=0.03), and tended to be greater than END (by 0.7±1.3kJ/min, p=0.08). Total 24-h energy use (exercise+recovery) was equivalent between SITLegs and END (p = 0.55), and SITLegs and SITArms (p=0.13), but 24-h fat use was higher with SITLegs than END (by 26±38g, p=0.04) and SITArms (by 27±43g, p=0.05), whereas carbohydrate use was higher with SITArms than SITLegs (by 32±51g, p=0.05). Plasma volume-corrected post-exercise and fasting glucose and lipid concentrations were unchanged. CONCLUSION Despite much lower energy use during five sprints than 50-min continuous exercise, 24-h energy use was not reliably different. However, (i) fat metabolism was greater after sprints, and (ii) carbohydrate metabolism was greater in the hours after sprints with arms than legs, while 24-h energy usage was comparable. Thus, sprints using arms or legs may be an important adjunct exercise mode for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Francois
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Graham
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn B Parr
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nancy J Rehrer
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Tucker WJ, Angadi SS, Gaesser GA. Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption After High-Intensity and Sprint Interval Exercise, and Continuous Steady-State Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3090-3097. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Higgins S, Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Schmidt MD, Evans EM. Sprint interval and moderate-intensity cycling training differentially affect adiposity and aerobic capacity in overweight young-adult women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1177-1183. [PMID: 27806634 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) and moderate-intensity continuous cycle training (MICT), with equal estimated energy expenditure during training on body composition and aerobic capacity. Body composition measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and aerobic capacity were assessed following 6 weeks of training in previously inactive overweight/obese young women (n = 52; age, 20.4 ± 1.5 years; body mass index, 30.3 ± 4.5 kg·m-2, 67.3% white). Training was performed in a group-exercise format that mimicked cycling classes offered by commercial fitness facilities, and included 3 weekly sessions of either 30-s "all-out" sprints followed by 4 min of active recovery (SIT), or continuous cycling at 60%-70% heart rate reserve to expend a similar amount of energy. Participants were randomized to SIT or MICT, attended a similar number of sessions (15.0 ± 1.5 sessions vs. 15.8 ± 1.9 sessions, P = 0.097) and expended a similar amount of energy (541.8 ± 104.6 kJ·session-1 vs. 553.5 ± 138.1 kJ·session-1, P = 0.250). Without significant changes in body mass (P > 0.05), greater relative reductions occurred in SIT than in MICT in total fat mass (3.6% ± 5.6% vs. 0.6% ± 3.9%, P = 0.007), and android fat mass (6.6% ± 6.9% vs. 0.7% ± 6.5%, P = 0.002). Aerobic capacity (mL·kg-1·min-1) increased significantly following both interventions (P < 0.05), but the relative increase was 2-fold greater in SIT than in MICT (14.09% ± 10.31% vs. 7.06% ± 7.81%, P < 0.001). In conclusion, sprint-interval cycling reduces adiposity and increases aerobic capacity more than continuous moderate-intensity cycling of equal estimated energy expenditure in overweight/obese young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Higgins
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Michael V Fedewa
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA.,b Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, 2003 Moore Hall, Box 870312, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0231, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Hathaway
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Michael D Schmidt
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Ellen M Evans
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
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Gardner JW, Vincent TA. Electronic Noses for Well-Being: Breath Analysis and Energy Expenditure. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16070947. [PMID: 27347946 PMCID: PMC4970001 DOI: 10.3390/s16070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The wealth of information concealed in a single human breath has been of interest for many years, promising not only disease detection, but also the monitoring of our general well-being. Recent developments in the fields of nano-sensor arrays and MEMS have enabled once bulky artificial olfactory sensor systems, or so-called "electronic noses", to become smaller, lower power and portable devices. At the same time, wearable health monitoring devices are now available, although reliable breath sensing equipment is somewhat missing from the market of physical, rather than chemical sensor gadgets. In this article, we report on the unprecedented rise in healthcare problems caused by an increasingly overweight population. We first review recently-developed electronic noses for the detection of diseases by the analysis of basic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Then, we discuss the primary cause of obesity from over eating and the high calorific content of food. We present the need to measure our individual energy expenditure from our exhaled breath. Finally, we consider the future for handheld or wearable devices to measure energy expenditure; and the potential of these devices to revolutionize healthcare, both at home and in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian W Gardner
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Timothy A Vincent
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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26
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Beaulieu K, Olver TD, Abbott KC, Lemon PWR. Energy intake over 2 days is unaffected by acute sprint interval exercise despite increased appetite and energy expenditure. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 40:79-86. [PMID: 25494974 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A cumulative effect of reduced energy intake, increased oxygen consumption, and/or increased lipid oxidation could explain the fat loss associated with sprint interval exercise training (SIT). This study assessed the effects of acute sprint interval exercise (SIE) on energy intake, subjective appetite, appetite-related peptides, oxygen consumption, and respiratory exchange ratio over 2 days. Eight men (25 ± 3 years, 79.6 ± 9.7 kg, body fat 13% ± 6%; mean ± SD) completed 2 experimental treatments: SIE and recovery (SIEx) and nonexercise control. Each 34-h treatment consisted of 2 consecutive 10-h test days. Between 0800-1800 h, participants remained in the laboratory for 8 breath-by-breath gas collections, 3 buffet-type meals, 14 appetite ratings, and 4 blood samples for appetite-related peptides. Treatment comparisons were made using 2-way repeated measures ANOVA or t tests. An immediate, albeit short-lived (<1 h), postexercise suppression of appetite and increase in peptide YY (PYY) were observed (P < 0.001). However, overall hunger and motivation to eat were greater during SIEx (P < 0.02) without affecting energy intake. Total 34-h oxygen consumption was greater during SIEx (P = 0.04), elicited by the 1491-kJ (22%) greater energy expenditure over the first 24 h (P = 0.01). Despite its effects on oxygen consumption, appetite, and PYY, acute SIE did not affect energy intake. Consequently, if these dietary responses to SIE are sustained with regular SIT, augmentations in oxygen consumption and/or a substrate shift toward increased fat use postexercise are most likely responsible for the observed body fat loss with this type of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Beaulieu
- a Exercise Nutrition Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
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27
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Paris HL, Foright RM, Werth KA, Larson LC, Beals JW, Cox-York K, Bell C, Melby CL. Increasing energy flux to decrease the biological drive toward weight regain after weight loss - A proof-of-concept pilot study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2015; 11:e12-e20. [PMID: 28531421 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight loss induces compensatory biological adjustments that increase hunger and decrease resting metabolic rate (RMR), which increase propensity for weight regain. In non-obese adults high levels of physical activity coupled with high energy intake (high energy flux) are associated with higher RMR and reduced hunger. We tested the possibility that a high flux state attenuates the increase in hunger and the decrease in RMR characteristic of diet-induced weight loss. METHODS Six obese adults [age (mean ± SE) = 42 ± 12 y; body mass index (BMI) = 35.7 ± 3.7 kg/m2] underwent measures of RMR, the thermic effect of a meal (TEM), and fasting and postprandial measures of hunger and fullness as well as plasma glucose and insulin. Following weight loss, subjects completed two 5-day conditions of energy balance in random order-Low Flux (LF): sedentary with energy intake (EI) = RMR (kcal/d) × 1.35; and High Flux (HF): net exercise energy cost of ∼500 kcal/d and EI = RMR (kcal/d) × 1.7. RMR was measured daily for each flux condition. The morning following each of the respective experimentally controlled HF and LF conditions (flux day 5), they underwent the same pre-weight loss tests and also reported their perceptions of hunger and fullness during the previous four days of HF and LF, respectively. RESULTS Average daily RMR was higher during HF (1926 ± 138 kcal/day) compared to LF (1847 ± 126 kcal/day; P < 0.05). Perceived hunger at the end of day was lower (p < 0.03) and fullness throughout the day was higher (p < 0.02) in HF compared to LF conditions. On day 5 of each flux condition, the thermic effect of a meal and circulating glucose and insulin after the meal did not differ between HF and LF. CONCLUSION Following weight loss, compared to a sedentary LF state of energy balance, a short-term HF energy balance state is associated with higher RMR, lower perceived hunger, and greater perceived fullness, all of which could help attenuate the biologic drive to regain weight. Given the pilot nature of this study and the relatively short period of time spent in the high and low flux states, future research is needed to address this research question in a larger sample over a longer time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter L Paris
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Rebecca M Foright
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Kelsey A Werth
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Lauren C Larson
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Kimberly Cox-York
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Christopher Bell
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Christopher L Melby
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
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Metcalfe RS, Koumanov F, Ruffino JS, Stokes KA, Holman GD, Thompson D, Vollaard NBJ. Physiological and molecular responses to an acute bout of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2321-34. [PMID: 26156806 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously shown that 6 weeks of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) improves VO2max in sedentary men and women and insulin sensitivity in men. Here, we present two studies examining the acute physiological and molecular responses to REHIT. METHODS In Study 1, five men and six women (age: 26 ± 7 year, BMI: 23 ± 3 kg m(-2), VO2max: 51 ± 11 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) performed a single 10-min REHIT cycling session (60 W and two 20-s 'all-out' sprints), with vastus lateralis biopsies taken before and 0, 30, and 180 min post-exercise for analysis of glycogen content, phosphorylation of AMPK, p38 MAPK and ACC, and gene expression of PGC1α and GLUT4. In Study 2, eight men (21 ± 2 year; 25 ± 4 kg·m(-2); 39 ± 10 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) performed three trials (REHIT, 30-min cycling at 50 % of VO2max, and a resting control condition) in a randomised cross-over design. Expired air, venous blood samples, and subjective measures of appetite and fatigue were collected before and 0, 15, 30, and 90 min post-exercise. RESULTS Acutely, REHIT was associated with a decrease in muscle glycogen, increased ACC phosphorylation, and activation of PGC1α. When compared to aerobic exercise, changes in VO2, RER, plasma volume, and plasma lactate and ghrelin were significantly more pronounced with REHIT, whereas plasma glucose, NEFAs, PYY, and measures of appetite were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate that REHIT is associated with a pronounced disturbance of physiological homeostasis and associated activation of signalling pathways, which together may help explain previously observed adaptations once considered exclusive to aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Metcalfe
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, School of Sport, University of Ulster, Derry, UK
| | - F Koumanov
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - J S Ruffino
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - K A Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - G D Holman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - D Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - N B J Vollaard
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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29
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High intensity training improves health and physical function in middle aged adults. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:333-44. [PMID: 24833513 PMCID: PMC4085611 DOI: 10.3390/biology3020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High intensity training (HIT) is effective at improving health; however, it is unknown whether HIT also improves physical function. This study aimed to determine whether HIT improves metabolic health and physical function in untrained middle aged individuals. Fourteen (three male and eleven female) untrained individuals were recruited (control group n = 6: age 42 ± 8 y, weight 64 ± 10 kg, BMI 24 ± 2 kg·m−2 or HIT group n = 8: age 43 ± 8 y, weight 80 ± 8 kg, BMI 29 ± 5 kg·m−2). Training was performed twice weekly, consisting of 10 × 6-second sprints with a one minute recovery between each sprint. Metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test), aerobic capacity (incremental time to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer) and physical function (get up and go test, sit to stand test and loaded 50 m walk) were determined before and after training. Following eight weeks of HIT there was a significant improvement in aerobic capacity (8% increase in VO2 peak; p < 0.001), physical function (11%–27% respectively; p < 0.05) and a reduction in blood glucose area under the curve (6% reduction; p < 0.05). This study demonstrates for the first time the potential of HIT as a training intervention to improve skeletal muscle function and glucose clearance as we age.
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