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Apicella A, Malafeev KV, Scarfato P, Incarnato L. Generation of Microplastics from Biodegradable Packaging Films Based on PLA, PBS and Their Blend in Freshwater and Seawater. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2268. [PMID: 39204488 PMCID: PMC11360359 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers and their blends have been advised as an eco-sustainable solution; however, the generation of microplastics (MPs) from their degradation in aquatic environments is still not fully grasped. In this study, we investigated the formation of bio-microplastics (BMPs) and the changes in the physicochemical properties of blown packaging films based on polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS) and a PBS/PLA 70/30 wt% blend after degradation in different aquatic media. The tests were carried out in two temperature/light conditions to simulate degradation in either warm water, under sunlight exposure (named Warm and Light-W&L), and cold deep water (named Cold and Dark-C&D). The pH changes in the aqueous environments were evaluated, while the formed BMPs were analyzed for their size and shape alongside with variations in polymer crystallinity, surface and mechanical properties. In W&L conditions, for all the films, the hydrolytic degradation led to the reorganization of the polymer crystalline phases, strong embrittlement and an increase in hydrophilicity. The PBS/PLA 70/30 blend exhibited increased resistance to degradation with respect to the neat PLA and PBS films. In C&D conditions, no microparticles were observed up to 12 weeks of degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (A.A.); (K.V.M.); (L.I.)
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2
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Gomez d’Ayala G, Marino T, de Almeida YMB, Costa ARDM, Bezerra da Silva L, Argurio P, Laurienzo P. Enhancing Sustainability in PLA Membrane Preparation through the Use of Biobased Solvents. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2024. [PMID: 39065341 PMCID: PMC11280543 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
For the first time, ultrafiltration (UF) green membranes were prepared through a sustainable route by using PLA as a biopolymer and dihydrolevoclucosenone, whose trade name is Cyrene™ (Cyr), dimethyl isosorbide (DMI), and ethyl lactate (EL) as biobased solvents. The influence of physical-chemical properties of the solvent on the final membrane morphology and performance was evaluated. The variation of polymer concentration in the casting solution, as well as the presence of Pluronic® (Plu) as a pore former agent, were assessed as well. The obtained results highlighted that the final morphology of a membrane was strictly connected with the interplaying of thermodynamic factors as well as kinetic ones, primarily dope solution viscosity. The pore size of the resulting PLA membranes ranged from 0.02 to 0.09 μm. Membrane thickness and porosity varied in the range of 0.090-0.133 mm of 75-87%, respectively, and DMI led to the most porous membranes. The addition of Plu to the casting solution showed a beneficial effect on the membrane contact angle, allowing the formation of hydrophilic membranes (contact angle < 90°), and promoted the increase of pore size as well as the reduction of membrane crystallinity. PLA membranes were tested for pure water permeability (10-390 L/m2 h bar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Gomez d’Ayala
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (G.G.d.); (P.L.)
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (G.G.d.); (P.L.)
| | | | | | - Larissa Bezerra da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
| | - Pietro Argurio
- Department of Environmental Engineering, DIAm, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci CUBO 44/A, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy;
| | - Paola Laurienzo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (G.G.d.); (P.L.)
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3
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Chakraborty C, Rajak A, Das A. Shape-tunable two-dimensional assemblies from chromophore-conjugated crystallizable poly(L-lactides) with chain-length-dependent photophysical properties. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:13019-13028. [PMID: 38894626 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This work reports temperature-dependent shape-changeable two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures by crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) from a chromophore-conjugated poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) homopolymer (PTZ-P1) that contained a polar dye, phenothiazine (PTZ), at the chain-end of the crystallizable PLLA. The CDSA of PTZ-P1 in a polar solvent, isopropanol (iPrOH), by an uncontrolled heating-cooling process, majorly generates lozenge-shaped 2D platelets via chain-folding-mediated crystallization of the PLLA core, leading to the display of the phenothiazines on the 2D surface that confers colloidal stability and orange-emitting luminescent properties to the crystal lamellae. Isothermal crystallization at 60 °C causes a morphological change in PTZ-P1 platelets from lozenge to truncated-lozenge to perfect hexagon under different annealing times, while no shape change was noticed in the structurally similar PTZ-P2 polymer with a longer PLLA chain under similar conditions. This study unveils the complex link between the 2D platelet morphologies and degree of polymerization (DP) of PLLA and the corona-forming dye character. Further, the co-assembly potential of PTZ-P1 with hydrophobic pyrene-terminated PLLAs of varying chain lengths (PY-P1, PY-P2, and PY-P3) was examined, as these two dyes could form a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) pair on the 2D surface. The impact of the length of the crystallizable PLLA on the photophysical properties of the surface-occupied chromophores revealed crucial insights into interchromophoric interactions on the platelet surface. A reduction in the propensity for π-stacking with increasing chain-folding in longer PLLAs is manifested in the chain-length-dependent FRET efficiencies and excimer emission lifetimes within the resultant monolayered 2D assemblies. The unconventional "butterfly-shaped" molecular architecture of the tested phenothiazine, combined with its varied functional features and polar character, adds a distinctive dimension to the underdeveloped field of CDSA of chromophore-conjugated poly(L-lactides), opening future avenues for the development of advanced nanostructured biodegradable 2D materials with programmable morphology and optical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhandita Chakraborty
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B Raja. S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Aritra Rajak
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B Raja. S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B Raja. S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
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4
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El-Taweel SH, Hassan SS, Ismail KM. Eco-friendly zinc-metal-organic framework as a nucleating agent for poly (lactic acid). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132691. [PMID: 38810857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Eco-friendly poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) can be made more versatile, and its crystallization rate is accelerated by adding Zinc-based metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF) particles. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the non-isothermal melt crystallization behavior of biodegradable PLA nucleated by 0.3 to 3 wt% of Zn-MOF was examined. The non-isothermal melt crystallization kinetics parameters were determined using a modified Avrami model and Mo approach. Zn-MOF dramatically accelerated the crystallization process, as evidenced by several non-isothermal crystallization metrics, including the crystallization half-time and crystallization rate constant. The melt crystallization temperatures of the PLA-Zn-MOF composites, with contents of 0.7 and 1 wt%, were increased by 21 °C compared to the neat PLA. Using the Friedman isoconversional kinetic method, the neat PLA and PLA-Zn-MOF composites' effective activation energy values, ∆E, were determined. The ∆E values of PLA-Zn-MOF from 0.3 to 1 wt% Zn-MOF composites were lower than that of neat PLA. Moreover, polarized optical microscopy revealed the formation of numerous small-sized PLA spherulites upon Zn-MOF addition. The results indicate that the Zn-MOF (at concentrations of 0.7 to 1.0 wt%) can be used as an efficient nucleating agent for PLA, where it increases the melt crystallization temperature, nucleation density, and crystallinity without changing the crystalline structure, while also significantly reduces the effective activation energy and the size of spherulites. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy confirms good dispersion of Zn-MOF (0.3 to 1 wt%) within the PLA matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa H El-Taweel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Orman, Giza 12613, Egypt; Engineering and Materials Science Department, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt.
| | - Safaa S Hassan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Orman, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Ismail
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Orman, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Szymanek I, Cvek M, Rogacz D, Żarski A, Lewicka K, Sedlarik V, Rychter P. Degradation of Polylactic Acid/Polypropylene Carbonate Films in Soil and Phosphate Buffer and Their Potential Usefulness in Agriculture and Agrochemistry. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:653. [PMID: 38203826 PMCID: PMC10779558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) are currently in the phase of intensive study due to their promising properties and environmentally friendly features. Intensive study and further commercialization of PPC-based polymers or their blends, as usual, will soon face the problem of their waste occurring in the environment, including soil. For this reason, it is worth comprehensively studying the degradation rate of these polymers over a long period of time in soil and, for comparison, in phosphate buffer to understand the difference in this process and evaluate the potential application of such materials toward agrochemical and agricultural purposes. The degradation rate of the samples was generally accompanied by weight loss and a decrease in molecular weight, which was facilitated by the presence of PPC. The incubation of the samples in the aqueous media yielded greater surface erosions compared to the degradation in soil, which was attributed to the leaching of the low molecular degradation species out of the foils. The phytotoxicity study confirmed the no toxic impact of the PPC on tested plants, indicating it as a "green" material, which is crucial information for further, more comprehensive study of this polymer toward any type of sustainable application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szymanek
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland; (I.S.); (D.R.); (A.Ż.); (K.L.)
| | - Martin Cvek
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Diana Rogacz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland; (I.S.); (D.R.); (A.Ż.); (K.L.)
| | - Arkadiusz Żarski
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland; (I.S.); (D.R.); (A.Ż.); (K.L.)
| | - Kamila Lewicka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland; (I.S.); (D.R.); (A.Ż.); (K.L.)
| | - Vladimir Sedlarik
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Piotr Rychter
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland; (I.S.); (D.R.); (A.Ż.); (K.L.)
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Chen Q, Auras R, Kirkensgaard JJK, Uysal-Unalan I. Modulating Barrier Properties of Stereocomplex Polylactide: The Polymorphism Mechanism and Its Relationship with Rigid Amorphous Fraction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49678-49688. [PMID: 37832031 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The barrier properties of semicrystalline polymers are crucial for their performance and their use as packaging materials. This work uncovers the mechanism of polymorphism modification (α, α' and stereocomplex-crystals) and its combined effect on the oxygen and water vapor barrier properties of semicrystalline stereocomplex polylactide (SCPLA). A polymorphic selective filler-type nucleator was employed to eliminate the temperature effect on the development of polymorphism and rigid amorphous fraction (RAF), allowing correlations of barrier properties with different crystal forms and RAF combinations under the same amorphous composition (SCPLA). The oxygen and water vapor barrier performances strongly correlated with crystallinity and crystal form but were not monotonically related to the RAF quantity. The study proposes that the chain conformation of intermediate phases between the crystalline and amorphous phases differs with the associated crystal forms, thereby leading to different RAF "qualities" and contributing to different gas diffusion and solubility coefficients of the amorphous regions. RAF's per unit excess free volume may be varied with crystal forms, for instance: α' ≫ SC > α. Therefore, SCPLA with α' crystals exhibited high oxygen and water vapor permeabilities. Those with high SC and α crystals showed similar barrier behaviors governed by Henry's law dissolution and followed a linear "two-phase" relationship with total crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- CiFOOD - Center for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park, 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Rafael Auras
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1223, United States
| | - Jacob Judas Kain Kirkensgaard
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ilke Uysal-Unalan
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- CiFOOD - Center for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park, 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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7
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Czerniecka-Kubicka A, Tutka P, Zarzyka I, Neilsen G, Woodfield BF, Skotnicki M, Pyda M. Heat capacity of cytisine - the drug for smoking cessation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 183:106397. [PMID: 36736465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of cytisine (CYT) and its blends with poly(lactic acid) was performed using thermal analysis, elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffractometry. The heat capacities, total enthalpy, and phase transitions of CYT were established from 1.8 to 448.15 K (-271.35 - 175 °C) by advanced thermal analysis. Data were obtained using a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS) and a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The low-temperature heat capacity of the crystalline CYT in the range of 1.8 to 300 K (-271.35 - 26.86 °C) was measured by PPMS and fitted to a theoretical model in the low temperature region below 11 K (-262.15 °C), to orthogonal polynomials in the middle range 5 K < T < 60 K (-268.15 °C < t < -213.15 °C) and to the Debye and Einstein functions in the high range of temperature above 60 K (-213.15 °C). The liquid heat capacity was calculated based on the approximated linear regression data above the molten state of the experimental heat capacity of CYT obtained by the standard DSC measurements, and it was expressed as Cpliquid = 0.0838T + 346.78 J·K-1·mol-1. The calculated heat capacity in the solid state was extended to a higher temperature and was used, together with liquid heat capacity, as the reference baselines for the advanced thermal analysis of CYT. The PPMS and DSC/TMDSC methods are complementary methods for thermal analysis of cytisine. The PPMS method allowed determination of the equilibrium heat capacity in the solid state, which together with the equilibrium heat capacity in the liquid state allowed to analyze of the experimental apparent heat capacity of cytisine obtained based on DSC. The melting temperature and the total heat of fusion of crystalline material were established as 431.8 K (158.65 °C) and 26.5 kJ·mol-1, respectively. The solid and liquid heat capacities and transition parameters of CYT were applied to calculate total enthalpies for fully amorphous and crystalline states. Analyses of DSC and X-ray confirmed the presence of the solid-solid transition linking with not so far described a polymorphism phenomenon of CYT. Based on the thermogravimetric analysis the temperature of degradation of CYT was determined as 460.5 K (187.35 °C). Also, a preliminary thermal analysis of the blends of cytisine and poly(lactic acid) as a new candidate for drug delivery system was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czerniecka-Kubicka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Rzeszow University, The University of Rzeszow, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Tutka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Rzeszow University, The University of Rzeszow, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Iwona Zarzyka
- Department of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grace Neilsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, UT 84602 Provo, USA
| | - Brian F Woodfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, UT 84602 Provo, USA
| | - Marcin Skotnicki
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Pyda
- Department of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland; Department of Biophysics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
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Goetjes V, von Boyneburgk CL, Heim HP, Horn MM. Influence of Chitosan and Grape Seed Extract on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PLA Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061570. [PMID: 36987350 PMCID: PMC10051302 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Blends based on polylactic acid (PLA), chitosan, and grape seed extract (GE) were prepared by extrusion and injection molding. The effect of chitosan (5% and 15% on PLA basis) and natural extract (1% on PLA basis) incorporated into the PLA host matrix was explored regarding the thermal and mechanical properties. GE showed antioxidant activity, as determined by the DPPH assay method. Chitosan and GE affect the degree of crystallinity up to 30% as the polysaccharide acts as a nucleating agent, while the extract reduces the mobility of PLA chains. The decomposition temperature was mainly affected by adding chitosan, with a reduction of up to 25 °C. The color of the blends was specially modified after the incorporation of both components, obtaining high values of b* and L* after the addition of chitosan, while GE switched to high values of a*. The elongation at break (EB) exhibited that the polysaccharide is mainly responsible for its reduction of around 50%. Slight differences were accessed in tensile strength and Young's modulus, which were not statistically significant. Blends showed increased irregularities in their surface appearance, as observed by SEM analysis, corresponding to the partial miscibility of both polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Goetjes
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, Mönchebergstr. 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Claudia L von Boyneburgk
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, Mönchebergstr. 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Heim
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, Mönchebergstr. 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Marilia M Horn
- Physical Chemistry of Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Heinich-Plett Straße 40, 34109 Kassel, Germany
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Bianchi M, Dorigato A, Morreale M, Pegoretti A. Evaluation of the Physical and Shape Memory Properties of Fully Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/Poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (PBAT) Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040881. [PMID: 36850164 PMCID: PMC9963890 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have recently become popular; in particular, blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (PBAT) have recently attracted significant attention due to their potential application in the packaging field. However, there is little information about the thermomechanical properties of these blends and especially the effect induced by the addition of PBAT on the shape memory properties of PLA. This work, therefore, aims at producing and investigating the microstructural, thermomechanical and shape memory properties of PLA/PBAT blends prepared by melt compounding. More specifically, PLA and PBAT were melt-blended in a wide range of relative concentrations (from 85/15 to 25/75 wt%). A microstructural investigation was carried out, evidencing the immiscibility and the low interfacial adhesion between the PLA and PBAT phases. The immiscibility was also confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the addition of PBAT slightly improved the thermal stability of PLA. The stiffness and strength of the blends decreased with the PBAT amount, while the elongation at break remained comparable to that of neat PLA up to a PBAT content of 45 wt%, while a significant increment in ductility was observed only for higher PBAT concentrations. The shape memory performance of PLA was impaired by the addition of PBAT, probably due to the low interfacial adhesion observed in the blends. These results constitute a basis for future research on these innovative biodegradable polymer blends, and their physical properties might be further enhanced by adding suitable compatibilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Bianchi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Morreale
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Meinig L, Boldt R, Spoerer Y, Kuehnert I, Stommel M. Correlation between Processing Parameters, Morphology, and Properties of Injection-Molded Polylactid Acid (PLA) Specimens at Different Length Scales. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030721. [PMID: 36772024 PMCID: PMC9921645 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most promising bioplastic representatives that finds application in many different areas, e.g., as single-use products in the packaging industry, in the form of mulch film for agriculture, or in medical devices. For the development of new areas, especially in terms of long-term applications and the production of recyclable products, the material properties controlled by processing must be known. The state of the art is investigations at the global scale (integral values) without consideration of local structure inhomogeneities and their influence on the material properties. In this work, morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of injection-molded PLA tensile bars are investigated at different length scales (global and local) as a function of processing parameters. In addition to the processing parameters, such as melt temperature, mold temperature, and cooling time in the mold, the influence of the D-isomer content on the crystallization behavior and the resulting material properties are investigated. The material was found to form crystalline structures only when cooled in a mold tempered above Tg. In addition, PLA with a lower content of D-isomer was found to have a higher degree of crystallinity. Since the mechanical properties obtained by tensile tests could not be correlated with the degree of crystallinity, detailed analysis were performed showing a characteristic inhomogeneous morphology within the tensile bars. By means of micromechanical investigations on samples with different microstructure ranges, the relationship between local morphology and failure behavior could be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Meinig
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Regine Boldt
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Yvonne Spoerer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ines Kuehnert
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Stommel
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Material Science, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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11
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Brosset M, Herrmann L, Falher T, Brinkmann M. Preparation of oriented poly(lactic acid) thin films by a combination of high temperature rubbing and thermal annealing: Impact of annealing parameters on structure, polymorphism and morphology. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Brosset
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS Strasbourg France
- Centre Technique de la Plasturgie et des Composites Pôle universitaire d'Alençon, Campus de Damigny Damigny France
| | | | - Thierry Falher
- Centre Technique de la Plasturgie et des Composites Pôle universitaire d'Alençon, Campus de Damigny Damigny France
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12
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Jariyavidyanont K, Yu Q, Petzold A, Thurn-Albrecht T, Glüge R, Altenbach H, Androsch R. Young's modulus of the different crystalline phases of poly (l-lactic acid). J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 137:105546. [PMID: 36375274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Young's modulus of α'- and α-crystals of poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA), more precisely, of aggregates of isotropically arranged lamellae, has been estimated based on dynamic-mechanical analysis of sets of isotropic film samples containing largely different though well-defined amounts of crystals. Evaluation of the modulus of elasticity of these film samples yielded the dependence of Young's modulus as a function of the enthalpy-based crystallinity, increasing with the crystal fraction in the assessed range, from zero to about 75% crystallinity. Extrapolation towards 100% crystallinity suggests values of Young's modulus of around 3.7 and 4.6 GPa for isotropic aggregates of α'- and α-crystals, respectively, being only slightly higher than the modulus of the unaged glassy amorphous phase of 3.0 GPa. Noting the inherent anisotropy of the crystal modulus, suggested in the literature, the average modulus determined in this work seems to be controlled by weaker interchain secondary bonding but not the modulus in chain direction. Great effort has been undertaken to minimize errors by keeping the lamellar thickness in samples of different crystallinity constant, and by providing evidence for independence of the moduli on the spherulitic superstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Qiang Yu
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Albrecht Petzold
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rainer Glüge
- DB Netz AG, Fachstelle Brückenmessung, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Holm Altenbach
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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13
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Brosset M, Herrmann L, Kiefer C, Falher T, Brinkmann M. Controlling orientation, polymorphism, and crystallinity in thin films of poly(lactic‐acid) homopolymer and stereocomplex aligned by high temperature rubbing. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Brosset
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 Strasbourg France
- IPC – Pôle Universitaire d'Alençon Damigny France
| | | | - Céline Kiefer
- Université de Strasbourg, IPCMS, UMR 7504 Strasbourg France
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14
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Puchkov AA, Sedush NG, Buzin AI, Bozin TN, Bakirov AV, Borisov RS, Chvalun SN. Synthesis and characterization of well-defined star-shaped poly(L-lactides). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Moya-Lopez C, González-Fuentes J, Bravo I, Chapron D, Bourson P, Alonso-Moreno C, Hermida-Merino D. Polylactide Perspectives in Biomedicine: From Novel Synthesis to the Application Performance. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1673. [PMID: 36015299 PMCID: PMC9415503 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incessant developments in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields, particularly, customised solutions for specific diseases with targeted therapeutic treatments, require the design of multicomponent materials with multifunctional capabilities. Biodegradable polymers offer a variety of tailored physicochemical properties minimising health adverse side effects at a low price and weight, which are ideal to design matrices for hybrid materials. PLAs emerge as an ideal candidate to develop novel materials as are endowed withcombined ambivalent performance parameters. The state-of-the-art of use of PLA-based materials aimed at pharmaceutical and biomedical applications is reviewed, with an emphasis on the correlation between the synthesis and the processing conditions that define the nanostructure generated, with the final performance studies typically conducted with either therapeutic agents by in vitro and/or in vivo experiments or biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Moya-Lopez
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec, Université de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France
| | - Joaquín González-Fuentes
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Iván Bravo
- Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Unidad NanoCRIB, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - David Chapron
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec, Université de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France
| | - Patrice Bourson
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec, Université de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Unidad NanoCRIB, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINBIO, Lagoas-Marcosende Campus, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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16
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Long T. The importance of sharing ideas: recognizing the 140th anniversary of
SCI
leadership. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Supercritical CO2-assisted impregnation of polylactic acid films with R-carvone: Effect of processing on loading, mass transfer kinetics, and final properties. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Polylactic acid nanocomposites containing functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as antimicrobial packaging materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:55-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Time and frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy for in-situ and ex-situ determination of amorphous fractions of isothermally cold-crystallized Polylactic acid. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Caronna F, Glimpel N, Paar GP, Gries T, Blaeser A, Do K, Dolan EB, Ronan W. Manufacturing, characterization, and degradation of a poly(lactic acid) warp-knitted spacer fabric scaffold as a candidate for tissue engineering applications. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3793-3807. [PMID: 35642617 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm02027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioabsorbable textiles represent a novel technology for the manufacturing of tissue engineering scaffolds. In the present study, 3D bioabsorbable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) spacer fabric scaffolds are fabricated by warp-knitting and their potential for tissue engineering is explored in vitro. Changes in physical properties and mechanical performance with different heat setting treatments are assessed. To characterize the microenvironment experienced by cells in the scaffolds, yarn properties are investigated prior to, and during, hydrolytic degradation. The differences in yarn morphology, thermal properties, infrared spectra, and mechanical properties are investigated and monitored during temperature accelerated in vitro degradation tests in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution at 58 °C and pH 7.4 for 55 days. Yarn and textile cytocompatibility are tested to assess the effect of materials employed, manufacturing conditions, post processing and sterilization on cell viability, together with the cytocompatibility of the textile degradation products. Results show that the heat setting process can be used to modify scaffold properties, such as thickness, porosity, pore size and stiffness within the range useful for tissue regeneration. Scaffold degradation rate in physiological conditions is estimated by comparing yarn degradation data with PLA degradation data from literature. This will potentially allow the prediction of scaffold mechanical stability in the long term and thus its suitability for the remodelling of different tissues. Mouse calvaria preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells attachment and proliferation are observed on the scaffold over 12 days of in vitro culture by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescent staining and DNA quantification. The present work shows the potential of spacer fabric scaffolds as a versatile and scalable scaffold fabrication technique, having the ability to create a microenvironment with appropriate physical, mechanical, and degradation properties for 3D tissue engineering. The high control and tunability of spacer fabric properties makes it a promising candidate for the regeneration of different tissues in patient-specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Caronna
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, NUI Galway, Ireland. .,ITA GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikola Glimpel
- Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Gries
- Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Andreas Blaeser
- Institute for BioMedical Printing Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Eimear B Dolan
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, NUI Galway, Ireland.
| | - William Ronan
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, NUI Galway, Ireland.
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21
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Rajak A, Das A. Crystallization-Driven Controlled Two-Dimensional (2D) Assemblies from Chromophore-Appended Poly(L-lactide)s: Highly Efficient Energy Transfer on a 2D Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116572. [PMID: 35137517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A rational approach towards precision two-dimensional (2D) assemblies by crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) of poly(L-lactides) (PLLAs), end-capped with dipolar dyes like merocyanine (MC) or naphthalene monoimide (NMI) and hydrophobic pyrene (PY) or benzene (Bn) is described. PLLA chains crystallize into diamond-shaped platelets in isopropanol, which forces the terminal dyes to assemble into a 2D array on the platelet surface by either dipolar interactions or π-stacking and exhibit tunable emission. Dipolar dyes play a critical role in imparting colloidal stability and structural uniformity to the 2D crystals, which is partly compromised for hydrophobic ones. Co-crystallization between NMI- and PY-labeled PLLAs yields similar diamond-shaped co-platelets with highly efficient (≈80 %) Förster Resonance Energy Transfer on the 2D surface. Further, the "living" CDSA method confers enlarged, segmented block co-platelets using one of the homopolymers as "seed" and the other as "unimer".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Rajak
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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22
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Polydopamine-Coated Poly-Lactic Acid Aerogels as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072137. [PMID: 35408538 PMCID: PMC9000627 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) aerogel-based scaffolds were obtained from physical PLLA gels containing cyclopentanone (CPO) or methyl benzoate (BzOMe) molecules. An innovative single step method of solvent extraction, using supercritical CO2, was used to achieve cylindrical monolithic aerogels. The pore distribution and size, analyzed by SEM microscopy, were found to be related to the crystalline forms present in the physical nodes that hold the gels together, the stable α’-form and the metastable co-crystalline ε-form, detected in the PLLA/BzOMe and PLLA/CPO aerogels, respectively. A higher mechanical compressive strength was found for the PLLA/CPO aerogels, which exhibit a more homogenous porosity. In vitro biocompatibility tests also indicated that monolithic PLLA/CPO aerogels exhibited greater cell viability than PLLA/BzOMe aerogels. An improved biocompatibility of PLLA/CPO monolithic aerogels was finally observed by coating the surface of the aerogels with polydopamine (PDA) obtained by the in situ polymerization of dopamine (DA). The synergistic effect of biodegradable polyester (PLLA) and the biomimetic interface (PDA) makes this new 3D porous scaffold, with porosity and mechanical properties that are tunable based on the solvent used in the preparation process, attractive for tissue engineering applications.
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23
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Boonpavanitchakul K, Kangwansupamonkon W, Pimpha N, Magaraphan R. Influence of
sericin‐g‐PLA
as an organic nucleating agent for preparing biodegradable blend films. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wiyong Kangwansupamonkon
- National Nanotechnology Center National Science and Technology Development Agency Klong Luang Pathumthani Thailand
- Academy of Sciences The Royal Society of Thailand Bangkok Thailand
| | - Nuttaporn Pimpha
- National Nanotechnology Center National Science and Technology Development Agency Klong Luang Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Rathanawan Magaraphan
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Polymer Processing and Polymer Nanomaterials Research Unit Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Green Materials for Industrial Application Research Unit, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
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24
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Perin D, Fredi G, Rigotti D, Soccio M, Lotti N, Dorigato A. Sustainable textile fibers of bioderived polylactide/poly(pentamethylene 2,
5‐furanoate
) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Perin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - Giulia Fredi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - Daniele Rigotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
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25
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Rajak A, Das A. Crystallization‐Driven Controlled Two‐Dimensional (2D) Assemblies from Chromophore‐Appended Poly(L‐lactide)s: Highly Efficient Energy Transfer on a 2D Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Rajak
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Jadavpur Kolkata-700032 India
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Jadavpur Kolkata-700032 India
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26
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Modeling of polymorphic composition development during isothermal crystallization of poly(l-lactide acid). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Abstract
The serious issue of textile waste accumulation has raised attention on biodegradability as a possible route to support sustainable consumption of textile fibers. However, synthetic textile fibers that dominate the market, especially poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), resist biological degradation, creating environmental and waste management challenges. Because pure natural fibers, like cotton, both perform well for consumer textiles and generally meet certain standardized biodegradability criteria, inspiration from the mechanisms involved in natural biodegradability are leading to new discoveries and developments in biologically accelerated textile waste remediation for both natural and synthetic fibers. The objective of this review is to present a multidisciplinary perspective on the essential bio-chemo-physical requirements for textile materials to undergo biodegradation, taking into consideration the impact of environmental or waste management process conditions on biodegradability outcomes. Strategies and recent progress in enhancing synthetic textile fiber biodegradability are reviewed, with emphasis on performance and biodegradability behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as an alternative biobased, biodegradable apparel textile fiber, and on biological strategies for addressing PET waste, including industrial enzymatic hydrolysis to generate recyclable monomers. Notably, while pure PET fibers do not biodegrade within the timeline of any standardized conditions, recent developments with process intensification and engineered enzymes show that higher enzymatic recycling efficiency for PET polymer has been achieved compared to cellulosic materials. Furthermore, combined with alternative waste management practices, such as composting, anaerobic digestion and biocatalyzed industrial reprocessing, the development of synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies are creating opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
Article Highlights
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) leads other synthetic textile fibers in meeting both performance and biodegradation criteria.
Recent research with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) polymer shows potential for efficient enzyme catalyzed industrial recycling.
Synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies could open opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
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28
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McCutcheon CJ, Zhao B, Ellison CJ, Bates FS. Crazing and Toughness in Diblock Copolymer-Modified Semicrystalline Poly( l-lactide). Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. McCutcheon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Boran Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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29
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Kobayashi Y, Ueda T, Ishigami A, Ito H. Changes in Crystal Structure and Accelerated Hydrolytic Degradation of Polylactic Acid in High Humidity. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244324. [PMID: 34960875 PMCID: PMC8707235 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly crystallized polylactic acid (PLA) is suitable for industrial applications due to its stiffness, heat resistance, and dimensional stability. However, crystal lamellae in PLA products might delay PLA decomposition in the environment. This study clarifies how the initial crystal structure influences the hydrolytic degradation of PLA under accelerated conditions. Crystallized PLA was prepared by annealing amorphous PLA at a specific temperature under reduced pressure. Specimens with varied crystal structure were kept at 70 °C and in a relative humidity (RH) of 95% for a specific time. Changes in crystal structure were analyzed using differential calorimetry and wide-angle X-lay diffraction. The molecular weight (MW) was measured with gel permeation chromatography. The crystallinity of the amorphous PLA became the same as that of the initially annealed PLA within one hour at 70 °C and 95% RH. The MW of the amorphous PLA decreased faster even though the crystallinity was similar during the accelerated degradation. The low MW chains of the amorphous PLA tended to decrease faster, although changes in the MW distribution suggested random scission of the molecular chains for initially crystallized PLA. The concentrations of chain ends and impurities, which catalyze hydrolysis, in the amorphous region were considered to be different in the initial crystallization. The crystallinity alone does not determine the speed of hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kobayashi
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing (GMAP), 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (H.I.); Tel.: +81-238-26-3430 (Y.K.); +81-238-26-3081 (H.I.)
| | - Tsubasa Ueda
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan;
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing (GMAP), 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan;
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing (GMAP), 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan;
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (H.I.); Tel.: +81-238-26-3430 (Y.K.); +81-238-26-3081 (H.I.)
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30
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Yoksan R, Dang KM, Boontanimitr A, Chirachanchai S. Relationship between microstructure and performances of simultaneous biaxially stretched films based on thermoplastic starch and biodegradable polyesters. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:141-150. [PMID: 34481849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although thermoplastic starch (TPS) is a good candidate to overcome the limitations of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) due to its relatively low cost and high flexibility, the toughness and barrier properties of PLA/TPS blends are still insufficient for film applications. Therefore, the present work aims to improve the performance of PLA/TPS blend by simultaneous biaxial stretching and partially replacing PLA with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) for packaging film applications. PLA/TPS and PLA/PBAT/TPS sheets were prepared by melt cast extrusion and simultaneously biaxially stretched to form films. The mechanical, morphological, thermal, and water vapor and oxygen barrier properties and crystallinity of both intermediate sheets and their corresponding stretched films were examined. After stretching, PLA/TPS and PLA/PBAT/TPS blends showed markedly improved extensibility, impact strength, crystallinity, water vapor and oxygen barrier properties, and surface hydrophobicity. The stretched films demonstrated stacked-layer planar morphology, in which their outermost layers were a biodegradable polyester-rich phase. The synergistic effects of simultaneous biaxial stretching and partial replacing PLA with PBAT were extremely impressive for toughness improvement. The stretched films have the potential to replace non-biodegradable plastic packaging films, particularly where good mechanical and barrier properties are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangrong Yoksan
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Khanh Minh Dang
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Apinya Boontanimitr
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Suwabun Chirachanchai
- Bioresources Advanced Materials (B2A), The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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31
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Choi J, Ajiro H. Preparation and analyses of stereocomplexes of a polylactide homopolymer and copolymer with poly(ethylene glycol) and urethane capping. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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In-Situ Isothermal Crystallization of Poly(l-lactide). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193377. [PMID: 34641192 PMCID: PMC8512243 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The isothermal crystallization of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) has been investigated by in-situ wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and polarized optical microscopes (POM) equipped with a hot-stage accessory. Results showed that the spherulites of PLLA were formed at high temperature, whereas irregular morphology was observed under a low temperature. This can be attributed to the varying rates of crystallization of PLLA at different temperatures. At low temperatures, the nucleation rate is fast and hence the chains diffuse very slow, resulting in the formation of imperfect crystals. On the other hand, at high temperatures, the nucleation rate is slow and the chains diffuse fast, leading to the formation of perfect crystals. The change in the value of the Avrami exponent with temperature further verifies the varying trend in the morphological feature of the crystals.
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Orellana Barrasa J, Ferrández-Montero A, Ferrari B, Pastor JY. Characterisation and Modelling of PLA Filaments and Evolution with Time. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172899. [PMID: 34502939 PMCID: PMC8434208 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of polylactic acid (PLA) filaments have not yet been analysed in detail, and they are strongly affected by the extrusion process used in some additive manufacturing systems. Here we present the mechanical, thermal, physical, and fractographical properties of an extruded filament (not the bulk material or scaffolds), the basic building block of any PLA structure printed via material extrusion. This research aims to create a reference point for the modelisation of additively manufactured structures via extrusion processes, as the main building block is characterised in detail for a deep understanding. Furthermore, we investigated the natural ageing (up to one year), the effect of the printing (extruding) temperature (180 and 190 °C), and the effect of the crosshead speed during the tensile tests (10−1 to 102 mm/min) to provide a deeper analysis of the material. The results showed that the material extruded at 190 °C performed better than the material extruded at 180 °C. However, after one hundred days of natural ageing, both materials behaved similarly. This was related to the flow-induced molecular orientation during the extrusion. The crosshead rate produced a logarithmic increase of the mechanical properties, consistent with the Eyring model. Additionally, the ageing produced significant changes in both the elastic modulus and the yield strength: from 2.4 GPa and 40 MPa, in one-day-aged samples, up to 4 GPa and 62 MPa once entirely aged. Finally, it was observed that the glass transition and the enthalpic relaxation increased with ageing, agreeing with the Kohlraushch–William–Watts model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Orellana Barrasa
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales-CIME, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Ferrández-Montero
- Instituto de Cerámicay Vidrio (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (B.F.)
- Laboratory of Physicochemistry of Polymers and Interfaces (LPPI), CY Cergy Paris University, Neuville-sur-Oise, 95031 Cergy, France
| | - Begoña Ferrari
- Instituto de Cerámicay Vidrio (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (B.F.)
| | - José Ygnacio Pastor
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales-CIME, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Volpe V, Foglia F, Pantani R. Flow-induced crystallization of a Poly(Lactic acid): Effect of the application of low shear rates on the polymorphous crystallization. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Turco R, Zannini D, Mallardo S, Dal Poggetto G, Tesser R, Santagata G, Malinconico M, Di Serio M. Biocomposites based on Poly(lactic acid), Cynara Cardunculus seed oil and fibrous presscake: a novel eco-friendly approach to hasten PLA biodegradation in common soil. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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36
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Longo A, Dal Poggetto G, Malinconico M, Laurienzo P, Di Maio E, Di Lorenzo ML. Enhancement of crystallization kinetics of poly(l-lactic acid) by grafting with optically pure branches. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Dobrzyńska-Mizera M, Knitter M, Mallardo S, Del Barone MC, Santagata G, Di Lorenzo ML. Thermal and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Poly(L-lactic Acid) Biocomposites Containing β-Cyclodextrin/d-Limonene Inclusion Complex. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102569. [PMID: 34063363 PMCID: PMC8156004 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based composites made of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and β-cyclodextrin/d-limonene inclusion complex (CD-Lim) were prepared by melt extrusion. Encapsulation of volatile d-limonene molecules within β-cyclodextrin cages was proven to be a successful strategy to prevent evaporation during high-temperature processing. However, small amounts of limonene were released upon processing, resulting in the plasticization of the polymeric matrix. Morphological analysis revealed good dispersion of the filler, which acted as a nucleating agent, favoring the growth of PLLA crystals. The composites′ lowered glass transition temperature upon the addition of CD-Lim was also proved by thermomechanical analysis (DMA). Moreover, DMA revealed constant stiffness of modified materials at room temperature, which is crucial in PLLA-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dobrzyńska-Mizera
- Institute of Materials Technology, Polymer Division, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Monika Knitter
- Institute of Materials Technology, Polymer Division, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Salvatore Mallardo
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), c/o Comprensorio Olivetti, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.D.B.); (G.S.); (M.L.D.L.)
| | - Maria Cristina Del Barone
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), c/o Comprensorio Olivetti, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.D.B.); (G.S.); (M.L.D.L.)
| | - Gabriella Santagata
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), c/o Comprensorio Olivetti, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.D.B.); (G.S.); (M.L.D.L.)
| | - Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), c/o Comprensorio Olivetti, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.D.B.); (G.S.); (M.L.D.L.)
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Adding Value in Production of Multifunctional Polylactide (PLA)-ZnO Nanocomposite Films through Alternative Manufacturing Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072043. [PMID: 33918508 PMCID: PMC8038199 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the added value conferred by zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofiller, e.g., UV protection, antibacterial action, gas-barrier properties, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)–ZnO nanocomposites show increased interest for utilization as films, textile fibers, and injection molding items. The study highlights the beneficial effects of premixing ZnO in PLA under given conditions and its use as masterbatch (MB), a very promising alternative manufacturing technique. This approach allows reducing the residence time at high processing temperature of the thermo-sensitive PLA matrix in contact of ZnO nanoparticles known for their aptitude to promote degradation effects onto the polyester chains. Various PLA–ZnO MBs containing high contents of silane-treated ZnO nanoparticles (up to 40 wt.% nanofiller specifically treated with triethoxycaprylylsilane) were produced by melt-compounding using twin-screw extruders. Subsequently, the selected MBs were melt blended with pristine PLA to produce nanocomposite films containing 1–3 wt.% ZnO. By comparison to the more traditional multi-step process, the MB approach allowed the production of nanocomposites (films) having improved processing and enhanced properties: PLA chains displaying higher molecular weights, improved thermal stability, fine nanofiller distribution, and thermo-mechanical characteristic features, while the UV protection was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy measurements. The MB alternative is viewed as a promising flexible technique able to open new perspectives to produce more competitive multifunctional PLA–ZnO nanocomposites.
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Cayemitte P, Gerliani N, Raymond P, Aïder M. Study of the Electro-Activation Process of Calcium Lactate, Calcium Ascorbate Solutions, and Their Equimolar Mixture: Assessment of Their Physicochemical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8531-8547. [PMID: 33817514 PMCID: PMC8015127 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare electro-activated solutions (EAS) from calcium lactate, calcium ascorbate, and an equimolar mixture of these two salts to obtain their corresponding acids and to study their physicochemical characteristics, in particular, pH, titratable acidity, pK a, and antioxidant activity. Indeed, the solutions were electro-activated in a reactor comprising three compartments (anodic, central, and cathodic) separated by anionic and cationic exchange membranes, respectively. The electric current intensities used were set at 250, 500, and 750 mA for a maximum period of 30 min. In general, the EAS obtained at 750 mA for 30 min showed the lowest pH (2.16, 2.08, 1.94) and pK a (3.13, 3.07, 2.90) values and the highest titratable acidity (0.107, 0.102, 0.109 mol/L) for calcium lactate, the mixture, and calcium ascorbate, respectively. In addition, the obtained results have demonstrated that the pH, titratable acidity, and pK a of the EAS varied proportionally and significantly (p < 0.001) with the duration of the experiment and the intensity of the electric current applied. To evaluate the migration of calcium (Ca2+) between the central and the cathodic compartments of the reactor, the concentration of Ca2+ was determined especially in the cathodic section by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results showed that the migration of Ca2+ varied proportionally with the electric current intensity. In this context, analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have confirmed the production of lactic acid and ascorbic acid compared to standards. In addition, analysis by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging technique confirmed high antioxidant activities of >90 and >83% for calcium ascorbate and the mixture, respectively, in comparison to the standard ascorbic acid (85%). Overall, this research has clearly demonstrated the eventual potential of electro-activation to produce highly reactive organic acids from their conjugated salts. These EAS can become excellent antimicrobial and sporicidal agents in the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre
Emerson Cayemitte
- Department
of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institute
of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Natela Gerliani
- Institute
of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department
of Soil Sciences and Agri-Food Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Philippe Raymond
- Saint-Hyacinthe
Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant Blvd. West, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Mohammed Aïder
- Institute
of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department
of Soil Sciences and Agri-Food Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- . Tel: +1 (418) 656-2131#409051. Fax: +1 (418) 656-3723
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Ng JS, Hashimoto M. 3D-PAD: Paper-Based Analytical Devices with Integrated Three-Dimensional Features. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:84. [PMID: 33802637 PMCID: PMC8002416 DOI: 10.3390/bios11030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the use of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing to fabricate paper-based analytical devices (PAD) with three-dimensional (3D) features, which is termed as 3D-PAD. Material depositions followed by heat reflow is a standard approach for the fabrication of PAD. Such devices are primarily two-dimensional (2D) and can hold only a limited amount of liquid samples in the device. This constraint can pose problems when the sample consists of organic solvents that have low interfacial energies with the hydrophobic barriers. To overcome this limitation, we developed a method to fabricate PAD integrated with 3D features (vertical walls as an example) by FDM 3D printing. 3D-PADs were fabricated using two types of thermoplastics. One thermoplastic had a low melting point that formed hydrophobic barriers upon penetration, and another thermoplastic had a high melting point that maintained 3D features on the filter paper without reflowing. We used polycaprolactone (PCL) for the former, and polylactic acid (PLA) for the latter. Both PCL and PLA were printed with FDM without gaps at the interface, and the resulting paper-based devices possessed hydrophobic barriers consisting of PCL seamlessly integrated with vertical features consisting of PLA. We validated the capability of 3D-PAD to hold 30 μL of solvents (ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and acetone), all of which would not be retained on conventional PADs fabricated with solid wax printers. To highlight the importance of containing an increased amount of liquid samples, a colorimetric assay for the formation of dimethylglyoxime (DMG)-Ni (II) was demonstrated using two volumes (10 μL and 30 μL) of solvent-based dimethylglyoxime (DMG). FDM printing of 3D-PAD enabled the facile construction of 3D structures integrated with PAD, which would find applications in paper-based chemical and biological assays requiring organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Ng
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore;
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore;
- SUTD-MIT International Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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41
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Sirisinha K, Samana K. Improvement of melt stability and degradation efficiency of poly (lactic acid) by using phosphite. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyanee Sirisinha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Klanarong Samana
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
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42
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Confined crystallization of Poly(ethylene glycol) in spherulites of Poly(L-lactic acid) in a PLLA/PEG blend. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Sundar N, Stanley SJ, Kumar SA, Keerthana P, Kumar GA. Development of dual purpose, industrially important
PLA–PEG
based coated abrasives and packaging materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Sundar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering Anna University Chennai India
- Department of Research and Development Carborundum Universal Ltd Chennai India
| | - S. Johan Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering Anna University Chennai India
| | - S. Ananda Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering Anna University Chennai India
| | - P. Keerthana
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering Anna University Chennai India
| | - G. Ananda Kumar
- Department of Research and Development Carborundum Universal Ltd Chennai India
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44
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Ma B, Wang X, He Y, Dong Z, Zhang X, Chen X, Liu T. Effect of poly(lactic acid) crystallization on its mechanical and heat resistance performances. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
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46
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Nucleation modalities in poly(lactide), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(ε‐caprolactone) ternary blends with partial wetting morphology. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Dual purpose, bio-based polylactic acid (PLA)-polycaprolactone (PCL) blends for coated abrasive and packaging industrial coating applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Temperature-dependent Crystallization and Phase Transition of Poly(L-lactic acid)/CO2 Complex Crystals. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Monnier X, Cavallo D, Righetti MC, Di Lorenzo ML, Marina S, Martin J, Cangialosi D. Physical Aging and Glass Transition of the Rigid Amorphous Fraction in Poly( l-lactic acid). Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Monnier
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council - Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- CNR-IPCB, National Research Council - Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA Italy
| | - Sara Marina
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jaime Martin
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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Poly( l-Lactic Acid)/Pine Wood Bio-Based Composites. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13173776. [PMID: 32859082 PMCID: PMC7503300 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based composites made of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and pine wood were prepared by melt extrusion. The composites were compatibilized by impregnation of wood with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APE). Comparison with non-compatibilized formulation revealed that APE is an efficient compatibilizer for PLLA/wood composites. Pine wood particles dispersed within PLLA act as nucleating agents able to start the growth of PLLA crystals, resulting in a faster crystallization rate and increased crystal fraction. Moreover, the composites have a slightly lower thermal stability compared to PLLA, proportional to filler content, due to the lower thermal stability of wood. Molecular dynamics was investigated using the solid-state 1H NMR technique, which revealed restrictions in the mobility of polymer chains upon the addition of wood, as well as enhanced interfacial adhesion between the filler and matrix in the composites compatibilized with APE. The enhanced interfacial adhesion in silane-treated composites was also proved by scanning electron microscopy and resulted in slightly improved deformability and impact resistance of the composites.
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