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Yuvalı G, Dagasan Bulucu E, Demirel B, Yaraş A, Akkurt F, Sürdem S, Demirel B. Effect of Calcium Oxide on Stress Crack Resistance and Light Transmittance in PET Containers for Packaging Carbonated Beverages. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:3491-3498. [PMID: 38284055 PMCID: PMC10809686 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
For polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, a material used for food packaging, light transmission and mechanical performance, particularly environmental stress cracking (ESC), are essential characteristics. For this purpose, following extrusion of PET/CaO granules, preforms were manufactured using the injection technique, and bottles were produced by a stretch-blow-molding process. With incorporation of calcium oxide (CaO), light transmittance increased by around 25%, and ESC went from 0.3 to 11 min. In addition, whereas acetaldehyde (AA) and carboxylic acid (COOH) decomposition values rose with increasing CaO content, diethylene glycol and isophthalic acid values did not significantly change. Moreover, the maximum crystallization temperature and crystallinity both exhibited an upward trend with the CaO content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçen Yuvalı
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Erciyes
University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Esen Dagasan Bulucu
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, Erciyes
University, Kayseri 38030, Turkey
| | - Bilal Demirel
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, Erciyes
University, Kayseri 38030, Turkey
| | - Ali Yaraş
- Department
of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Bartin University, Bartin 74110, Turkey
| | - Fatih Akkurt
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Sedat Sürdem
- Graduate
School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Burçak Demirel
- Department
of Electrical–Electronics Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, 38080 Kayseri, Turkey
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2
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Molecular Pathways for Polymer Degradation during Conventional Processing, Additive Manufacturing, and Mechanical Recycling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052344. [PMID: 36903589 PMCID: PMC10004996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the extent of degradation of polymer molecules during processing via conventional (e.g., extrusion and injection molding) and emerging (e.g., additive manufacturing; AM) techniques is important for both the final polymer material performance with respect to technical specifications and the material circularity. In this contribution, the most relevant (thermal, thermo-mechanical, thermal-oxidative, hydrolysis) degradation mechanisms of polymer materials during processing are discussed, addressing conventional extrusion-based manufacturing, including mechanical recycling, and AM. An overview is given of the most important experimental characterization techniques, and it is explained how these can be connected with modeling tools. Case studies are incorporated, dealing with polyesters, styrene-based materials, and polyolefins, as well as the typical AM polymers. Guidelines are formulated in view of a better molecular scale driven degradation control.
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3
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Integrated Approach to Eco-Friendly Thermoplastic Composites Based on Chemically Recycled PET Co-Polymers Reinforced with Treated Banana Fibres. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224791. [PMID: 36432919 PMCID: PMC9693550 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A major societal issue of disposal and environmental pollution is raised by the enormous and fast-growing production of single-use polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, especially in developing countries. To contribute to the problem solution, an original route to recycle PET in the form of value-added environmentally friendly thermoplastic composites with banana fibres (Musa acuminata) has been developed at the laboratory scale. Banana fibres are a so far undervalued by-product of banana crops with great potential as polymer reinforcement. The melt-processing constraints of commercial PET, including used bottles, being incompatible with the thermal stability limits use of natural fibres; PET has been modified with bio-sourced reactants to produce co-polymers with moderate processing temperatures below 200 °C. First, commercial PET were partially glycolyzed with 1.3-propanediol to produce co-oligomers of about 20 repeating units, which were next chain extended with succinic anhydride and post-treated in a very unusual "soft solid state" process at temperatures in the vicinity of the melting point to generate co-polymers with excellent ductility. The molar mass build-up reaction is dominated by esterification of the chain ends and benefits from the addition of succinic anhydride to rebalance the acid-to-hydroxyl end-group ratio. Infra-red spectroscopy and intrinsic viscosity were extensively used to quantify the concentration of chain ends and the average molar mass of the co-polymers at all stages of the process. The best co-polymers are crystallisable, though at slow kinetics, with a Tg of 48 °C and a melting point strongly dependent upon thermal history. The composites show high stiffness (4.8 GPa at 20% fibres), consistent with the excellent dispersion of the fibres and a very high interfacial cohesion. The strong adhesion can be tentatively explained by covalent bonding involving unreacted succinic anhydride in excess during solid stating. A first approach to quantify the sustainable benefits of this PET recycling route, based on a rational eco-selection method, gives promising results since the composites come close to low-end wood materials in terms of the stiffness/embodied energy balance. Moreover, this approach can easily be extended to many other natural fibres. The present study is limited to a proof of concept at the laboratory scale but is encouraging enough to warrant a follow-up study toward scale-up and application development.
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Ronkay F, Molnár B, Szabó E, Marosi G, Bocz K. Water boosts reactive toughening of PET. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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Kocayavuz O, Demirel B, Yaraş A, Akkurt F, Daver F. A way to enhance the mechanical performance and UV visible‐light barrier of polyethylene terephthalate packaging material: Synthesis and application of takedaite (
Ca
3
B
2
O
6
). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozden Kocayavuz
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Erciyes University Kayseri Turkey
| | - Bilal Demirel
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Erciyes University Kayseri Turkey
| | - Ali Yaraş
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Bartin University Bartin Turkey
| | - Fatih Akkurt
- Department of Chemical Engineering Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Fugen Daver
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Inaner NB, Demirel B, Yaras A, Akkurt F, Daver F. Improvement of environmental stress cracking performance, load‐carrying capacity, and UV light barrier property of polyethylene terephthalate packaging material. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nihat Burhan Inaner
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Erciyes University Kayseri Turkey
| | - Bilal Demirel
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Erciyes University Kayseri Turkey
| | - Ali Yaras
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Bartin University Bartin Turkey
| | - Fatih Akkurt
- Department of Chemical Engineering Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Fugen Daver
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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7
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Jang JY, Sadeghi K, Seo J. Chain-Extending Modification for Value-Added Recycled PET: A Review. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2033765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Jang
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, Korea
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, Korea
| | - Jongchul Seo
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, Korea
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8
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Asadi H, Uhlemann J, Stranghoener N, Ulbricht M. Artificial Weathering Mechanisms of Uncoated Structural Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabrics with Focus on Tensile Strength Degradation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:618. [PMID: 33572845 PMCID: PMC7866265 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past five decades, reinforced coated textile membranes have been used increasingly as building materials, which are environmentally exposed. Thus, their weathering degradation over the service life must be taken into account in design, fabrication, and construction. Regarding such structural membranes, PVC (polyvinylchloride)-coated PET (polyethylene terephthalate) fabric is one of the most common commercially available types. This paper focuses on the backbone of it, i.e., the woven PET fabric. Herein, weathering of uncoated PET, as the load-bearing component of the composite PET-PVC, was studied. This study assessed the uniaxial tensile strength degradation mechanisms of uncoated PET fabric during artificial accelerated weathering tests. For this purpose, exploratory data analysis was carried out to analyze the chemical and physical changes which were traced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and molecular weight measurements. Finally, with the help of degradation mechanisms determined from the aforementioned evaluations, a degradation pathway network model was constructed. With that, the relationship between applied stress, mechanistic variables, structural changes, and performance level responses (tensile strength degradation) was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hastia Asadi
- Institute for Metal and Lightweight Structures, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 15, 45141 Essen, Germany; (J.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Joerg Uhlemann
- Institute for Metal and Lightweight Structures, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 15, 45141 Essen, Germany; (J.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Natalie Stranghoener
- Institute for Metal and Lightweight Structures, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 15, 45141 Essen, Germany; (J.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45117 Essen, Germany;
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Lima MS, Matias ÁA, Costa JRC, Fonseca AC, Coelho JFJ, Serra AC. Glycidyl methacrylate-based copolymers as new compatibilizers for polypropylene/ polyethylene terephthalate blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Dubelley F, Planes E, Bas C, Pons E, Yrieix B, Flandin L. Predictive durability of polyethylene terephthalate toward hydrolysis over large temperature and relative humidity ranges. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Modeling and Optimizing of Producing Recycled PET from Fabrics Waste via Falling Film-Rotating Disk Combined Reactor. INT J POLYM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/1062493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling and reusing of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics waste are essential for reducing serious waste of resources and environmental pollution caused by low utilization rate. The liquid-phase polymerization method has advantages of short process flow, low energy consumption, and low production cost. However, unlike prepolymer, the material characteristics of PET fabrics waste (complex composition, high intrinsic viscosity, and large quality fluctuations) make its recycling a technique challenge. In this study, the falling film-rotating disk combined reactor is proposed, and the continuous liquid-phase polymerization is modeled by optimizing and correcting existing models for the final stage of PET polymerization to improve the product quality in plant production. Through modeling and simulation, the weight analysis of indexes closely related to the product quality (intrinsic viscosity, carboxyl end group concentration, and diethylene glycol content) was investigated to optimize the production process in order to obtain the desired polymer properties and meet specific product material characteristics. The model could be applied to other PET wastes (e.g., bottles and films) and extended to investigate different aspects of the recycling process.
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12
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Abstract
An investigation of oleic acid-modified clay versus plain clay with regard to the physical and barrier properties of PET/clay nanocomposites was performed. Montmorillonite (MMT) and Cloisite 30B nanoclays were modified by long-chain oleic acid and identified as ol-MMT and ol-30B, respectively. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the fatty acid was associated with the clay surface and that the gallery spacing of the layered silicates was expanded. In the case of ol-MMT, a disordered structure of layered silicates was achieved. TGA results indicated that ol-MMT showed thermal stability and could survive PET processing temperature. The degradation of ol-30B, however, increased after modification because of the presence of oleic acid. PET/clay nanocomposites were prepared with modified ol-MMT and modified ol-30B by using a twin screw extruder. XRD indicated that there was a significant improvement on the dispersion of nanoclays modified with long-chain oleic acid into the PET matrix, and an exfoliated structure was achieved. DSC data also revealed that crystallization behaviors of nanocomposites prepared with oleic acid-modified clays are similar to that of extruded PET. Significant improvements in the mechanical and barrier properties of stretched PET/clay nanocomposites were also achieved.
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13
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Sheikholeslami SN, Rafizadeh M, Taromi FA, Shirali H, Jabbari E. Material properties of degradable Poly(butylene succinate-co-fumarate) copolymer networks synthesized by polycondensation of pre-homopolyesters. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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van Bruggen EPA, Koster RP, Picken SJ, Ragaert K. Influence of Processing Parameters and Composition on the Effective Compatibilization of Polypropylene–Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Blends. INT POLYM PROC 2016. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The effects of the addition of different functionalized compatibilizers on toughness, morphology and rheological properties of a polypropylene (PP) – poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) (85–15 wt%) blend were studied. The three compatibilizers compared were: (Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene)-grafted-(glycidyl methacrylate); (Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene) – grafted – (maleic anhydryde); (polyolefin) – grafted – (glycidyl methacrylate), abbreviated to: SEBS-g-GMA, SEBS-g-MA and POE-g-GMA respectively. The effective grafting content was the same for all three compatibilizers. Before the comparison of the different compatibilizers was done, first the effects of three different processing temperatures and three different compatibilizer contents were investigated, based on the addition of SEBS-g-GMA. The compatibilization effect was significantly improved with an increase in processing temperature from 250 to 300 °C. The toughness was increased with almost a factor two and a decrease in the average domain size of the dispersed phase was observed. An increase in compatibilizer content from 0.25 to 2.5 wt% resulted in a finer dispersity as well as in a steep increase in toughness, which was noted to approach the brittle-to-ductile transition. The comparison of the three compatibilizers was subsequently done at the most promising processing temperature and content: 300 °C and 2.5 wt%. The results showed that the addition of SEBS-g-MA and POE-g-GMA had a less significant positive effect on the compatibilization compared to SEBS-g-GMA. The difference is attributed to a higher reactivity for GMA compared to MA and a higher possibility for migration towards the PP-PET interface for the SEBS chain compared to the POE chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. P. A. van Bruggen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Delft University of Technology, Delft , The Netherlands
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Ghent University, Ghent , Belgium
| | - R. P. Koster
- Department of Industrial Design , Delft University of Technology, Delft , The Netherlands
| | - S. J. Picken
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Delft University of Technology, Delft , The Netherlands
| | - K. Ragaert
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Ghent University, Ghent , Belgium
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15
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Effects of nanosilica on crystallization and thermal ageing behaviors of polyethylene terephthalate. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-015-1619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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PET–halloysite nanotubes composites for packaging application: Preparation, characterization and analysis of physical properties. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Ogasahara M, Shidou M, Nagata S, Yamada K, Leong YW, Hamada H. Effectiveness of high frequency heating on drying and intrinsic viscosity enhancement of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Blanco I, Cicala G, Restuccia CL, Latteri A, Battiato S, Scamporrino A, Samperi F. Role of 2-hydroxyethyl end group on the thermal degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and reactive melt mixing of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene naphthalate) blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Kim SG, Lofgren EA, Jabarin SA. Dispersion of nanoclays with poly(ethylene terephthalate) by melt blending and solid state polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Jang SW, Yang EK, Jin SI, Cho YD, Choe EK, Park CR. Characterization of Thermal Degradation of Polytrimethylene Terephthalate by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.3.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Alongi J, Ciobanu M, Tata J, Carosio F, Malucelli G. Thermal stability and flame retardancy of polyester, cotton, and relative blend textile fabrics subjected to sol-gel treatments. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Xu X, Ding Y, Qian Z, Wang F, Wen B, Zhou H, Zhang S, Yang M. Degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites during melt extrusion: Effect of clay catalysis and chain extension. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Coltelli MB, Bianchi S, Aglietto M. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) degradation during the Zn catalysed transesterification with dibutyl maleate functionalized polyolefins. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Pirzadeh E, Zadhoush A, Haghighat M. Hydrolytic and thermal degradation of PET fibers and PET granule: The effects of crystallization, temperature, and humidity. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Ladasiu Ciolacu CF, Roy Choudhury N, Dutta NK. Colour formation in poly(ethylene terephthalate) during melt processing. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Hosseini SS, Taheri S, Zadhoush A, Mehrabani-Zeinabad A. Hydrolytic degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Pegoretti A, Penati A. Effects of hygrothermal aging on the molar mass and thermal properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) and its short glass fibre composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Samperi F, Puglisi C, Alicata R, Montaudo G. Thermal degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) at the processing temperature. Polym Degrad Stab 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(03)00166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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