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Faa G, Messana I, Coni P, Piras M, Pichiri G, Piludu M, Iavarone F, Desiderio C, Vento G, Tirone C, Manconi B, Olianas A, Contini C, Cabras T, Castagnola M. Thymosin β 4 and β 10 Expression in Human Organs during Development: A Review. Cells 2024; 13:1115. [PMID: 38994967 PMCID: PMC11240739 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the results of a series of studies performed by our group with the aim to define the expression levels of thymosin β4 and thymosin β10 over time, starting from fetal development to different ages after birth, in different human organs and tissues. The first section describes the proteomics investigations performed on whole saliva from preterm newborns and gingival crevicular fluid, which revealed to us the importance of these acidic peptides and their multiple functions. These findings inspired us to start an in-depth investigation mainly based on immunochemistry to establish the distribution of thymosin β4 and thymosin β10 in different organs from adults and fetuses at different ages (after autopsy), and therefore to obtain suggestions on the functions of β-thymosins in health and disease. The functions of β-thymosins emerging from these studies, for instance, those performed during carcinogenesis, add significant details that could help to resolve the nowadays so-called "β-thymosin enigma", i.e., the potential molecular role played by these two pleiotropic peptides during human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavino Faa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.P.); (G.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Roma, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Pierpaolo Coni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.P.); (G.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Monica Piras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.P.); (G.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Pichiri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.P.); (G.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Marco Piludu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Roma, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Giovanni Vento
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Neonatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (G.V.); (C.T.)
- Divisione di Neonatologia, Dipartimento per la Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Tirone
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Neonatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (G.V.); (C.T.)
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Sezione Biomedica, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.M.); (A.O.); (T.C.)
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Sezione Biomedica, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.M.); (A.O.); (T.C.)
| | - Cristina Contini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.P.); (G.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Sezione Biomedica, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.M.); (A.O.); (T.C.)
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, 00179 Roma, Italy
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Brown CO, Westring CG, Danielson PB, Legg KM. Saliva identification in forensic samples by automated microextraction and intact mass analysis of statherin. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:640-650. [PMID: 38173363 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The enzyme α-amylase has long been a commonly targeted protein in serological tests for saliva. While being especially abundant in saliva, α-amylase is detectable in vaginal secretions, sweat, fecal matter, breast milk and other matrices. As a result, assays for α-amylase only provide a presumptive indication of saliva. The availability of mass spectrometry-based tools for the detection of less abundant, but more specific, protein targets (e.g., human statherin) has enabled the development of high confidence assays for human saliva. Sample throughput, however, has traditionally been low due to multi-step workflows for protein extraction, quantitation, enzymatic digestion, solid phase cleanup, and nano-/capillary-based chromatography. Here, we present two novel "direct" single-stage extraction strategies for sample preparation. These feature immunoaffinity purification and reversed-phase solid-phase microextraction in conjunction with intact mass analysis of human statherin for saliva identification. Mass analysis was performed on the Thermo Scientific Q-Exactive™ Orbitrap mass spectrometer with a 10-min analytical run time. Data analysis was performed using Byos® from Protein Metrics. Two sample sets were analyzed with a population of 20 individuals to evaluate detection reliability. A series of casework-type samples were then assayed to evaluate performance in an authentic forensic context. Statherin was confidently identified in 92% and 71% of samples extracted using the immunoaffinity purification and solid phase microextraction approaches, respectively. Overall, immunoaffinity purification outperformed the solid phase microextraction, especially with complex mixtures. In toto, robotic extraction and intact mass spectrometry enable the reliable identification of trace human saliva in a variety of sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Christian G Westring
- Center for Crime and Forensics, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, Indiana, USA
| | - Phillip B Danielson
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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3
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Van Echelpoel R, Joosten F, Parrilla M, De Wael K. Progress on the Electrochemical Sensing of Illicit Drugs. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:413-442. [PMID: 38273206 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Illicit drugs are harmful substances, threatening both health and safety of societies in all corners of the world. Several policies have been developed over time to deal with this illicit drug problem, including supply reduction and harm reduction policies. Both policies require on-site detection tools to succeed, i.e. sensors that can identify illicit drugs in samples at the point-of-care. Electrochemical sensors are highly suited for this task, due to their short analysis times, low cost, high accuracy, portability and orthogonality with current technologies. In this chapter, we evaluate the latest trend in electrochemical sensing of illicit drugs, with a focus on detection of illicit drugs in seizures and body fluids. Furthermore, we will also provide an outlook on the potential of electrochemistry in wearable sensors for this purpose.
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Di Pietro L, Boroumand M, Lattanzi W, Manconi B, Salvati M, Cabras T, Olianas A, Flore L, Serrao S, Calò CM, Francalacci P, Parolini O, Castagnola M. A Catalog of Coding Sequence Variations in Salivary Proteins' Genes Occurring during Recent Human Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15010. [PMID: 37834461 PMCID: PMC10573131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva houses over 2000 proteins and peptides with poorly clarified functions, including proline-rich proteins, statherin, P-B peptides, histatins, cystatins, and amylases. Their genes are poorly conserved across related species, reflecting an evolutionary adaptation. We searched the nucleotide substitutions fixed in these salivary proteins' gene loci in modern humans compared with ancient hominins. We mapped 3472 sequence variants/nucleotide substitutions in coding, noncoding, and 5'-3' untranslated regions. Despite most of the detected variations being within noncoding regions, the frequency of coding variations was far higher than the general rate found throughout the genome. Among the various missense substitutions, specific substitutions detected in PRB1 and PRB2 genes were responsible for the introduction/abrogation of consensus sequences recognized by convertase enzymes that cleave the protein precursors. Overall, these changes that occurred during the recent human evolution might have generated novel functional features and/or different expression ratios among the various components of the salivary proteome. This may have influenced the homeostasis of the oral cavity environment, possibly conditioning the eating habits of modern humans. However, fixed nucleotide changes in modern humans represented only 7.3% of all the substitutions reported in this study, and no signs of evolutionary pressure or adaptative introgression from archaic hominins were found on the tested genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Di Pietro
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.D.P.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Mozhgan Boroumand
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.D.P.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Martina Salvati
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.D.P.)
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Laura Flore
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Simone Serrao
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Carla M. Calò
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Paolo Francalacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.D.P.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
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Messana I, Manconi B, Cabras T, Boroumand M, Sanna MT, Iavarone F, Olianas A, Desiderio C, Rossetti DV, Vincenzoni F, Contini C, Guadalupi G, Fiorita A, Faa G, Castagnola M. The Post-Translational Modifications of Human Salivary Peptides and Proteins Evidenced by Top-Down Platforms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12776. [PMID: 37628956 PMCID: PMC10454625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we extensively describe the main post-translational modifications that give rise to the multiple proteoforms characterized to date in the human salivary proteome and their potential role. Most of the data reported were obtained by our group in over twenty-five years of research carried out on human saliva mainly by applying a top-down strategy. In the beginning, we describe the products generated by proteolytic cleavages, which can occur before and after secretion. In this section, the most relevant families of salivary proteins are also described. Next, we report the current information concerning the human salivary phospho-proteome and the limited news available on sulfo-proteomes. Three sections are dedicated to the description of glycation and enzymatic glycosylation. Citrullination and N- and C-terminal post-translational modifications (PTMs) and miscellaneous other modifications are described in the last two sections. Results highlighting the variation in the level of some proteoforms in local or systemic pathologies are also reviewed throughout the sections of the manuscript to underline the impact and relevance of this information for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers useful in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | | | - Maria Teresa Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Diana Valeria Rossetti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Contini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulia Guadalupi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonella Fiorita
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa e del Collo, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Proteomics Laboratory, European Center for Brain Research, (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Joosten F, Parrilla M, van Nuijs AL, Ozoemena KI, De Wael K. Electrochemical detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid: potential for forensic drug testing. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rochat B, Waridel P, Barblan J, Sottas PE, Quadroni M. Robust and sensitive peptidomics workflow for plasma based on specific extraction, lipid removal, capillary LC setup and multinozzle ESI emitter. Talanta 2021; 223:121617. [PMID: 33303132 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a new workflow for the LC-MS determination of native peptides in plasma at picomolar levels. Collected whole blood was quickly diluted with an ice-cold solution in order to stop protease activity. Diluted plasma samples were extracted by protein denaturation followed by solid-phase-extraction with a polymeric stationary phase that removed most proteins and lipids. Using a specific LC-MS setup with 3 pumps, 240 μL of extracts were injected without drying-reconstitution, a step known to cause peptide losses. After an 18-fold dilution on-line, peptides were trapped on a 1 × 10 mm C8 column, back-flushed and resolved on a 0.3 × 100 mm C18 column. Extract reproducibility, robustness (column clogging), extraction yields, matrix effects, calibration curves and limits of detection were evaluated with plasma extracts and spiked-in standards. The sensitivity and applicability of 3 electrospray sources were evaluated at capillary flow rates (10 μL/min). We show that ionization sources must have a spray angle with the MS orifice when "real" extracts are injected and that a multinozzle emitter can improve very significantly peptide detection. Finally, using our workflow, we have performed a peptidomics study on dried-blood-spots collected over 65 h in a healthy volunteer and discovered 5 fragments (2.9-3.8 KDa) of the protein statherin showing circadian oscillations. This is the first time that statherin is observed in blood where its role clearly deserves further investigations. Our peptidomic protocol shows low picomolar limits of detection and can be readily applied with or without minor modifications for most peptide determinations in various biomatrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Rochat
- Protein Analysis Facility, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; University Hospital of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Patrice Waridel
- Protein Analysis Facility, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jachen Barblan
- Protein Analysis Facility, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Boroumand M, Iavarone F, Manconi B, Pieroni L, Greco V, Vento G, Tirone C, Desiderio C, Fiorita A, Faa G, Messana I, Cabras T, Olianas A, Castagnola M. HPLC-ESI-MS top-down analysis of salivary peptides of preterm newborns evidenced high activity of some exopeptidases and convertases during late fetal development. Talanta 2020; 222:121429. [PMID: 33167196 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To have information on the proteolytic activity of convertases and exo-peptidases on human salivary proteins, this study investigated the relative amounts of the truncated proteoforms in the saliva of preterm newborns and compared them with the relative amounts measured in saliva of at-term newborns, of babies (0-10 years old) and of adults. Results indicated that convertase(s), acting on acidic proline-rich proteins and histatin 3, and carboxypeptidase(s) acting on acidic proline-rich proteins, P-C peptide, histatin 6 and statherin were many folds more active in preterm newborns than in the other groups. Conversely, the aminopeptidase responsible for the removal of the N-terminal Asp residue of statherin was not active in preterm newborns, becoming active only several months after the normal term of delivery. The high activity of convertases determined in preterm newborns suggests that it is required for the molecular events connected to the fetus development, and encourages further studies devoted to the characterization of their specific substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Boroumand
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca Sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Luisa Pieroni
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca Sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Viviana Greco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Vento
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Divisione di Neonatologia, Dipartimento per La Salute Della Donna e Del Bambino, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Tirone
- Divisione di Neonatologia, Dipartimento per La Salute Della Donna e Del Bambino, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy.
| | - Antonella Fiorita
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e Della Testa e Del Collo, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| | - Gavino Faa
- Sezione di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca Sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
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Oral interactions between a green tea flavanol extract and red wine anthocyanin extract using a new cell-based model: insights on the effect of different oral epithelia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12638. [PMID: 32724226 PMCID: PMC7387539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds (PC) are linked to astringency sensation. Astringency studies typically use simple models, with pure PC and/or proteins, far from what is likely to occur in the oral cavity. Different oral models have been developed here, comprising different oral epithelia (buccal mucosa (TR146) and tongue (HSC-3)) and other main oral constituents (human saliva and mucosal pellicle). These models, were used to study the interaction with two PC extracts, one rich in flavanols (a green tea extract) and one rich in anthocyanins (a red wine extract). It was observed that within a family of PC, the PC seem to have a similar binding to both TR146 and HSC-3 cell lines. When the oral constituents occur altogether, flavanols showed a higher interaction, driven by the salivary proteins. Conversely, anthocyanins showed a lower interaction when the oral constituents occur altogether, having a higher interaction only with oral cells. Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin-3-O(3-O-methyl) gallate were the flavanols with the highest interaction. For the studied anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside), there was not a marked difference on their interaction ability. Overall, the results support that the different oral constituents can have a different function at different phases of food (PC) intake. These differences can be related to the perception of different astringency sub-qualities.
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Brandão E, Silva MS, García-Estévez I, Williams P, Mateus N, Doco T, de Freitas V, Soares S. Inhibition Mechanisms of Wine Polysaccharides on Salivary Protein Precipitation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2955-2963. [PMID: 31690078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, high-performance liquid chromatography, fluorescence quenching, nephelometry, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to study the effect of polysaccharides naturally present in wine [rhamnogalacturonan II (RG II) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs)] on the interaction between salivary proteins (SP) together present in saliva and tannins (punicalagin (PNG) and procyanidin B2). In general, the RG II fraction was more efficient to inhibit SP precipitation by tannins, especially for acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRPs) and statherin/P-B peptide, than AGPs. The RG II fraction can act mainly by a competition mechanism in which polysaccharides compete by tannin binding. However, in the presence of Na+ ions in solution, no RG II effect was observed on SP-tannin interactions. On the other hand, dependent upon the saliva sample as well as the tannin studied, AGPs can act by both mechanisms, competition and ternary (formation of a ternary complex with SP-tannin aggregates enhancing their solubility).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Brandão
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Santos Silva
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ignacio García-Estévez
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pascale Williams
- Joint Research Unit 1083, Sciences for Enology, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 2 Place Pierre Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Nuno Mateus
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Thierry Doco
- Joint Research Unit 1083, Sciences for Enology, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 2 Place Pierre Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Victor de Freitas
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Soares
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Wang K, Zhou X, Li W, Zhang L. Human salivary proteins and their peptidomimetics: Values of function, early diagnosis, and therapeutic potential in combating dental caries. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 99:31-42. [PMID: 30599395 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva contains a large number of proteins that play various crucial roles to maintain the oral health and tooth integrity. This oral fluid is proposed to be one of the most important host factors, serving as a special medium for monitoring aspects of microorganisms, diet and host susceptibility involved in the caries process. Extensive salivary proteomic and peptidomic studies have resulted in considerable advances in the field of biomarkers discovery for dental caries. These salivary biomarkers may be exploited for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of dental caries, many of which could also provide the potential templates for bioactive peptides used for the biomimetic management of dental caries, rather than repairing caries lesions with artificial materials. A comprehensive understanding of the biological function of salivary proteins as well as their derived biomimetic peptides with promising potential against dental caries has been long awaited. This review overviewed a collection of current literature and addressed the majority of different functions of salivary proteins and peptides with their potential as functional biomarkers for caries risk assessment and clinical prospects for the anti-caries application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Manconi B, Liori B, Cabras T, Vincenzoni F, Iavarone F, Lorefice L, Cocco E, Castagnola M, Messana I, Olianas A. Top-down proteomic profiling of human saliva in multiple sclerosis patients. J Proteomics 2018; 187:212-222. [PMID: 30086402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration which is of undetermined origin. To date a single diagnostic test of multiple sclerosis does not exists and novel biomarkers are demanded for a more accurate and early diagnosis. In this study, we performed the quantitative analysis of 119 salivary peptides/proteins from 49 multiple sclerosis patients and 54 healthy controls by a mass spectrometry-based top-down proteomic approach. Statistical analysis evidenced different levels on 23 proteins: 8 proteins showed lower levels in multiple sclerosis patients with respect to controls and they were mono- and di-oxidized cystatin SN, mono- and di-oxidized cystatin S1, mono-oxidized cystatin SA and mono-phosphorylated statherin. 15 proteins showed higher levels in multiple sclerosis patients with respect to controls and they were antileukoproteinase, two proteoforms of Prolactin-Inducible Protein, P-C peptide (Fr.1-14, Fr. 26-44, and Fr. 36-44), SV1 fragment of statherin, cystatin SN Des1-4, cystatin SN P11 → L variant, and cystatin A T96 → M variant. The differences observed between the salivary proteomic profile of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis and healthy subjects is consistent with the inflammatory condition and altered immune response typical of the pathology. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD009440. SIGNIFICANCE To date a single diagnostic test of multiple sclerosis does not exist, and diagnosis is based on multiple tests which mainly include the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. However, the need for lumbar puncture makes the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid impractical for monitoring disease activity and response to treatment. The possible use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid for oral and systemic diseases has been largely investigated, but only marginally in multiple sclerosis compared to other body fluids. Our study demonstrates that the salivary proteome of multiple sclerosis patients differs considerably compared to that of sex and age matched healthy individuals and suggests that some differences might be associated with the different disease-modifying therapy used to treat multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Barbara Liori
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Rome, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Rome, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, University of Cagliari, via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, University of Cagliari, via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Rome, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Institute of Chemistry of the Molecular Recognition CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Rome, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Institute of Chemistry of the Molecular Recognition CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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Study of human salivary proline-rich proteins interaction with food tannins. Food Chem 2018; 243:175-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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García-Estévez I, Ramos-Pineda AM, Escribano-Bailón MT. Interactions between wine phenolic compounds and human saliva in astringency perception. Food Funct 2018; 9:1294-1309. [PMID: 29417111 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo02030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astringency is a complex perceptual phenomenon involving several sensations that are perceived simultaneously. The mechanism leading to these sensations has been thoroughly and controversially discussed in the literature and it is still not well understood since there are many contributing factors. Although we are still far from elucidating the mechanisms whereby astringency develops, the interaction between phenolic compounds and proteins (from saliva, oral mucosa or cells) seems to be most important. This review summarizes the recent trends in the protein-phenol interaction, focusing on the effect of the structure of the phenolic compound on the interaction with salivary proteins and on methodologies based on these interactions to determine astringency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio García-Estévez
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Departament of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n. E37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Alba María Ramos-Pineda
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Departament of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n. E37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Escribano-Bailón
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Departament of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n. E37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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15
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The role of wine polysaccharides on salivary protein-tannin interaction: A molecular approach. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 177:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Delius J, Médard G, Kuster B, Hofmann T. Effect of Astringent Stimuli on Salivary Protein Interactions Elucidated by Complementary Proteomics Approaches. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2147-2154. [PMID: 28225606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of astringent substances with salivary proteins, which results in protein precipitation, is considered a key event in the molecular mechanism underlying the oral sensation of puckering astringency. As the chemical nature of orally active astringents is diverse and the knowledge of their interactions with salivary proteins rather fragmentary, human whole saliva samples were incubated with suprathreshold and isointensity solutions of the astringent polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, the multivalent metal salt iron(III) sulfate, the amino-functionalized polysaccharide chitosan, and the basic protein lysozyme. After separation of the precipitated proteins, the proteins affected by the astringents were identified and relatively quantified for the first time by complementary bottom-up and top-down mass spectrometry-based proteomics approaches. Major salivary target proteins, which may be involved in astringency perception, are reported here for each astringent stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Delius
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich , Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich , Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
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17
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Lombardo N, Preianò M, Maggisano G, Murfuni MS, Messina L, Pelaia G, Savino R, Terracciano R. A rapid differential display analysis of nasal swab fingerprints to distinguish allergic from non-allergic rhinitis subjects by mesoporous silica particles and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28012241 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Discriminating different rhinitis cases can sometimes be difficult as the diagnostic criteria used to identify the various subgroups are not always unambiguous. The nasal fluid (NF) highly reflects the pathophysiology of these inflammatory diseases. However, its collection, as nasal lavage fluid, may cause discomfort. Due to the non-invasiveness and rapidity of collection, nasal swab might represent an alternative to overcome these problems and also an ideal source of biomarkers. In this study, we demonstrate that the combined use of mesoporous silica (MPS) with MALDI-TOF MS allows the rapid detection of differential nasal peptide profiles from nasal swabs of healthy (H), allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) subjects. NF peptides from nasal swabs were captured by the mean of MPS then profiled by MALDI-TOF MS. As a proof-of-principle, we also explored the ability of our platform to discriminate between nasal swabs of patients with AR and NAR, and between these groups and H controls. Four peaks resulted differentially expressed between NAR and AR, two peaks discriminated AR from H while one peak segregated NAR from H group. Therefore, peptides selected and enriched by our platform could form a part of a diagnostic ''rhinomic'' profile of the allergic and non-allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lombardo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariaimmacolata Preianò
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Murfuni
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Messina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rocco Savino
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa Terracciano
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
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18
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Ekström J, Khosravani N, Castagnola M, Messana I. Saliva and the Control of Its Secretion. Dysphagia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/174_2017_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Abstract
The proteome of whole saliva, in contrast to that of serum, is highly susceptible to a variety of physiological and biochemical processes. First, salivary protein secretion is under neurologic control, with protein output being dependent on the stimulus. Second, extensive salivary protein modifications occur in the oral environment, where a plethora of host- and bacteria-derived enzymes act on proteins emanating from the glandular ducts. Salivary protein biosynthesis starts with the transcription and translation of salivary protein genes in the glands, followed by post-translational processing involving protein glycosylation, phosphorylation, and proteolysis. This gives rise to salivary proteins occurring in families, consisting of structurally closely related family members. Once glandular secretions enter the non-sterile oral environment, proteins are subjected to additional and continuous protein modifications, leading to extensive proteolytic cleavage, partial deglycosylation, and protein-protein complex formation. All these protein modifications occur in a dynamic environment dictated by the continuous supply of newly synthesized proteins and removal by swallowing. Understanding the proteome of whole saliva in an environment of continuous turnover will be a prerequisite to gain insight into the physiological and pathological processes relevant to oral health, and be crucial for the identification of meaningful biomarkers for oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Helmerhorst
- Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, 700 Albany Street CABR W-201, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Wei G, Tian N, Siezen R, Schuppan D, Helmerhorst EJ. Identification of food-grade subtilisins as gluten-degrading enzymes to treat celiac disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G571-80. [PMID: 27469368 PMCID: PMC5076000 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00185.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gluten are proline- and glutamine-rich proteins present in wheat, barley, and rye and contain the immunogenic sequences that drive celiac disease (CD). Rothia mucilaginosa, an oral microbial colonizer, can cleave these gluten epitopes. The aim was to isolate and identify the enzymes and evaluate their potential as novel enzyme therapeutics for CD. The membrane-associated R. mucilaginosa proteins were extracted and separated by DEAE chromatography. Enzyme activities were monitored with paranitroanilide-derivatized and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide substrates, and by gliadin zymography. Epitope elimination was determined in R5 and G12 ELISAs. The gliadin-degrading Rothia enzymes were identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS as hypothetical proteins ROTMU0001_0241 (C6R5V9_9MICC), ROTMU0001_0243 (C6R5W1_9MICC), and ROTMU0001_240 (C6R5V8_9MICC). A search with the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool revealed that these are subtilisin-like serine proteases belonging to the peptidase S8 family. Alignment of the major Rothia subtilisins indicated that all contain the catalytic triad with Asp (D), His (H), and Ser (S) in the D-H-S order. They cleaved succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-paranitroanilide, a substrate for subtilisin with Pro in the P2 position, as in Tyr-Pro-Gln and Leu-Pro-Tyr in gluten, which are also cleaved. Consistently, FRET substrates of gliadin immunogenic epitopes comprising Xaa-Pro-Xaa motives were rapidly hydrolyzed. The Rothia subtilisins and two subtilisins from Bacillus licheniformis, subtilisin A and the food-grade Nattokinase, efficiently degraded the immunogenic gliadin-derived 33-mer peptide and the immunodominant epitopes recognized by the R5 and G12 antibodies. This study identified Rothia and food-grade Bacillus subtilisins as promising new candidates for enzyme therapeutics in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxian Wei
- 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Na Tian
- 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Roland Siezen
- 2Bacterial Genomics Group, Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands;
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- 3Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and ,4Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva J. Helmerhorst
- 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
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21
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Tian N, Leffler DA, Kelly CP, Hansen J, Marietta EV, Murray JA, Schuppan D, Helmerhorst EJ. Despite sequence homologies to gluten, salivary proline-rich proteins do not elicit immune responses central to the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G910-7. [PMID: 26505973 PMCID: PMC4669355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00157.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory disorder triggered by ingested gluten, causing immune-mediated damage to the small-intestinal mucosa. Gluten proteins are strikingly similar in amino acid composition and sequence to proline-rich proteins (PRPs) in human saliva. On the basis of this feature and their shared destination in the gastrointestinal tract, we hypothesized that salivary PRPs may modulate gluten-mediated immune responses in CD. Parotid salivary secretions were collected from CD patients, refractory CD patients, non-CD patients with functional gastrointestinal complaints, and healthy controls. Structural similarities of PRPs with gluten were probed with anti-gliadin antibodies. Immune responses to PRPs were investigated toward CD patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in a humanized transgenic HLA-DQ2/DQ8 mouse model for CD. Anti-gliadin antibodies weakly cross-reacted with the abundant salivary amylase but not with PRPs. Likewise, the R5 antibody, recognizing potential antigenic gluten epitopes, showed negligible reactivity to salivary proteins from all groups. Inflammatory responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were provoked by gliadins whereas responses to PRPs were similar to control levels, and PRPs did not compete with gliadins in immune stimulation. In vivo, PRP peptides were well tolerated and nonimmunogenic in the transgenic HLA-DQ2/DQ8 mouse model. Collectively, although structurally similar to dietary gluten, salivary PRPs were nonimmunogenic in CD patients and in a transgenic HLA-DQ2/DQ8 mouse model for CD. It is possible that salivary PRPs play a role in tolerance induction to gluten early in life. Deciphering the structural basis for the lack of immunogenicity of salivary PRPs may further our understanding of the toxicity of gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tian
- 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Daniel A. Leffler
- 2Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Ciaran P. Kelly
- 2Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Joshua Hansen
- 2Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Eric V. Marietta
- 3Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Joseph A. Murray
- 3Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- 2Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ,4Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva J. Helmerhorst
- 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
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22
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Top-down analytical platforms for the characterization of the human salivary proteome. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:563-81. [PMID: 24568357 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis and characterization of the human salivary proteome is an important step towards the possible use of saliva for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The contribution of the different sources to whole saliva, and the evaluation of individual variability and physiological modifications have been investigated by top-down proteomic approaches, disclosing the faceted and complex profile of the human salivary proteome. All this information is essential to develop saliva protein biomarkers. In this Review the major results obtained in the field by top-down platforms, and the improvements required to allow a more complete picture, will be discussed.
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Amado F, Lobo MJC, Domingues P, Duarte JA, Vitorino R. Salivary peptidomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:709-21. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Vitorino R, Ferreira R, Caseiro A, Amado F. Salivary Peptidomics Targeting Clinical Applications. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62650-9.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Cabras T, Pisano E, Montaldo C, Giuca MR, Iavarone F, Zampino G, Castagnola M, Messana I. Significant modifications of the salivary proteome potentially associated with complications of Down syndrome revealed by top-down proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1844-52. [PMID: 23533003 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.026708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
People with Down syndrome, a frequent genetic disorder in humans, have increased risk of health problems associated with this condition. One clinical feature of Down syndrome is the increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in comparison with the general population. Because saliva plays an important role in maintaining oral health, in the present study the salivary proteome of Down syndrome subjects was investigated to explore modifications with respect to healthy subjects. Whole saliva of 36 Down syndrome subjects, divided in the age groups 10-17 yr and 18-50 yr, was analyzed by a top-down proteomic approach, based on the high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-MS analysis of the intact proteins and peptides, and the qualitative and quantitative profiles were compared with sex- and age-matched control groups. The results showed the following interesting features: 1) as opposed to controls, in Down syndrome subjects the concentration of the major salivary proteins of gland origin did not increase with age; as a consequence concentration of acidic proline rich proteins and S cystatins were found significantly reduced in older Down syndrome subjects with respect to matched controls; 2) levels of the antimicrobial α-defensins 1 and 2 and histatins 3 and 5 were significantly increased in whole saliva of older Down syndrome subjects with respect to controls; 3) S100A7, S100A8, and S100A12 levels were significantly increased in whole saliva of Down syndrome subjects in comparison with controls. The increased level of S100A7 and S100A12 may be of particular interest as a biomarker of early onset Alzheimer's disease, which is frequently associated with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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Castagnola M, Cabras T, Iavarone F, Vincenzoni F, Vitali A, Pisano E, Nemolato S, Scarano E, Fiorita A, Vento G, Tirone C, Romagnoli C, Cordaro M, Paludetti G, Faa G, Messana I. Top-down platform for deciphering the human salivary proteome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 25:27-43. [PMID: 23025766 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.714647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic platforms can be classified in bottom-up strategies, which analyze the sample after proteolytic digestion, and top-down strategies, which analyze the intact naturally occurring proteome. Bottom-up platforms are high-throughput because they can investigate a large number of proteins, regardless of their dimension. Nonetheless, information on post-translational modifications (PTMs) can be lost, especially those regarding naturally occurring cleavages and alternative splicing. Top-down platforms cannot cover vast proteomes, however, they can disclose subtle structural variations occurring during protein maturation and allow label-free relative quantifications in an unlimited number of samples. A repertoire of 256 masses belonging to naturally occurring proteins and peptides consistently detected by RP-HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of the acidic soluble fraction of human whole saliva is presented in this study. Of them, 233 have been identified, while 23 are still pending for the definitive characterization. The present review reports average and mono-isotopic masses of the peptides and proteins detected, RP-HPLC elution times, PTMs, origin and quali-quantitative variations observed in several physiological and pathological conditions. The information reported can be a reference for users of top-down RP-HPLC-ESI-MS proteomic platforms applied to the study of the human salivary proteome as well as of other human bodily fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome, Italy.
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Caseiro A, Ferreira R, Padrão A, Quintaneiro C, Pereira A, Marinheiro R, Vitorino R, Amado F. Salivary Proteome and Peptidome Profiling in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using a Quantitative Approach. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1700-9. [DOI: 10.1021/pr3010343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Caseiro
- QOPNA, Mass
Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
- College of Health Technology of Coimbra, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA, Mass
Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Padrão
- QOPNA, Mass
Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Amélia Pereira
- Figueira da Foz Hospital, Internal Medicine Service, Portugal
| | | | - Rui Vitorino
- QOPNA, Mass
Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- QOPNA, Mass
Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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Messana I, Cabras T, Iavarone F, Vincenzoni F, Urbani A, Castagnola M. Unraveling the different proteomic platforms. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:128-39. [PMID: 23212829 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is addressed to scientists working outside the field of proteomics and wishes to shed a light on the possibility offered by the latest proteomics strategies. Bottom-up and top-down platforms are critically examined outlining advantages and limitations of their application to qualitative and quantitative investigations. Discovery, directed and targeted proteomics as different options for the management of the MS instrument are defined emphasizing their integration in the experimental plan to accomplish meaningful results. The issue of data validation is analyzed and discussed. The most common qualitative proteomic platforms are described, with a particular emphasis on enrichment methods to elucidate PTMs codes (i.e. ubiquitin and histone codes). Label-free and labeled methods for relative and absolute quantification are critically compared. The possible contribution of proteomics platforms to the transition from structural proteomics to functional proteomics (study of the functional connections between different proteins) and to the challenging system biology (integrated study of all the functional cellular functions) is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Messana
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Amado FML, Ferreira RP, Vitorino R. One decade of salivary proteomics: current approaches and outstanding challenges. Clin Biochem 2012; 46:506-17. [PMID: 23103441 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Efforts have been made in the last decade towards the complete characterization of saliva proteome using gel-based and gel-free approaches. The combination of these strategies resulted in the increment of the dynamic range of saliva proteome, which yield in the identification of more than 3,000 different protein species. Comparative protein profiling using isotope labeling and label free approaches has been used for the identification of novel biomarkers for oral and related diseases. Although progresses have been made in saliva proteome characterization, the comparative profiling in different pathophysiological conditions is still at the beginning if compared to other bodily fluids. The potential biomarkers identified so far lack specificity once common differentially expressed proteins were detected in the saliva of patients with distinct diseases. In addition, recent research works focused on saliva peptidome profiling already allowed a better understanding of peptides' physiological role in oral cavity. This review provides an overview of the major achievements in saliva proteomics giving emphasis to methodological concerns related with saliva collection, treatment and analysis, as well as the main advantages and pitfalls underlying salivary proteomic strategies and potential clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M L Amado
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Castagnola M, Cabras T, Iavarone F, Fanali C, Nemolato S, Peluso G, Bosello SL, Faa G, Ferraccioli G, Messana I. The human salivary proteome: a critical overview of the results obtained by different proteomic platforms. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 9:33-46. [PMID: 22292822 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of new separation techniques and different mass spectrometry instrumental devices, as well as the great availability of specific reactants, offers ample choice to scientists for carrying out high-throughput proteomic studies and being competitive in the field today. However, the different options available often do not provide comparable results, which can be linked to factors such as the strategy adopted, the nature of the sample and the instrumental availability. In this critical review, the results obtained so far in the study of human saliva by different proteomic approaches will be compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e di Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Largo F. Vito, 00168, Roma, Italy.
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Halgand F, Zabrouskov V, Bassilian S, Souda P, Loo JA, Faull KF, Wong DT, Whitelegge JP. Defining intact protein primary structures from saliva: a step toward the human proteome project. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4383-95. [PMID: 22509742 DOI: 10.1021/ac203337s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Top-down mass spectrometry has been used to investigate structural diversity within some abundant salivary protein families. In this study, we report the identification of two isoforms of protein II-2 which differed in mass by less than 1 Da, the determination of a sequence for protein IB8a that was best satisfied by including a mutation and a covalent modification in the C-terminal part, and the assignment of a sequence of a previously unreported protein of mass 10433 Da. The final characterization of Peptide P-J was achieved, and the discovery of a truncated form of this peptide was reported. The first sequence assignment was done at low resolution using a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight instrument to quickly identify and characterize proteins, and data acquisition was switched to Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) for proteins that required additional sequence coverage and certainty of assignment. High-resolution and high mass accuracy mass spectrometry on a FTICR-mass spectrometry (MS) instrument combined with electron-capture dissociation (ECD) provided the most informative data sets, with the more frequent presence of "unique" ions that unambiguously define the primary structure. A mixture of predictable and unusual post-translational modifications in the protein sequence precluded the use of shotgun-annotated databases at this stage, requiring manual iterations of sequence refinement in many cases. This led us to propose guidelines for an iterative processing workflow of MS and MSMS data sets that allow researchers to completely assign the identity and the structure of a protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Halgand
- NPI-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States.
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Cabras T, Melis M, Castagnola M, Padiglia A, Tepper BJ, Messana I, Tomassini Barbarossa I. Responsiveness to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is associated with salivary levels of two specific basic proline-rich proteins in humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30962. [PMID: 22312435 PMCID: PMC3270025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiourea tasting can be predictive of individual differences in bitter taste responses, general food preferences and eating behavior, and could be correlated with saliva chemical composition. We investigated the possible relationship between PROP bitter taste responsiveness and the salivary proteome in subjects genotyped for TAS2R38 and gustin gene polymorphisms. Taste perception intensity evoked by PROP and NaCl solutions was measured in sixty-three volunteers (21 males, 42 females, age 25±3 y) to establish their PROP taster status, and 24 PROP super-tasters and 21 nontasters were selected to participate in the study. TAS2R38 and gustin gene molecular analysis were performed using PCR techniques. Qualitative and quantitative determination of salivary proteins was performed by HPLC-ESI-MS before and after PROP taste stimulation. PROP super-tastings was strongly associated with the 'taster' variant (PAV haplotype) of TAS2R38 and the A allele of rs2274333 polymorphism in the gustin gene and nontasting was associated with the minor alleles at both loci. ANOVA revealed that basal levels of II-2 and Ps-1 proteins, belonging to the basic proline-rich protein (bPRPs) family, were significantly higher in PROP super-taster than in nontaster un-stimulated saliva, and that PROP stimulation elicited a rapid increase in the levels of these same proteins only in PROP super-taster saliva. These data show for the first time that responsiveness to PROP is associated with salivary levels of II-2 peptide and Ps-1 protein, which are products of the PRB1 gene. These findings suggest that PRB1, in addition to TAS2R38 and gustin, could contribute to individual differences in thiourea sensitivity, and the expression of the PROP phenotype as a complex genetic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Macrosection of Biomedicine, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Padiglia
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Macrosection of Biomedicine, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Beverly J. Tepper
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Irene Messana
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Macrosection of Biomedicine, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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de Jong EP, van Riper SK, Koopmeiners JS, Carlis JV, Griffin TJ. Sample collection and handling considerations for peptidomic studies in whole saliva; implications for biomarker discovery. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:2284-8. [PMID: 21889499 PMCID: PMC3196990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomic studies in saliva have demonstrated its potential as a diagnostic biofluid, however the salivary peptidome is less studied. Here we study the effects of several sample collection and handling factors on salivary peptide abundance levels. METHODS Salivary peptides were isolated using an ultrafiltration device and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. A panel of 41 peptides common after various treatments were quantified and normalized. We evaluated the effects of freezing rate of the samples, nutritional status of the donors (fed vs. fasted), and room-temperature sample degradation on peptide abundance levels. Repeatability of our sample processing method and our instrumental analysis method were investigated. RESULTS Increased sample freezing rate produced higher levels of peptides. Donor nutritional status had no influence on the levels of measured peptides. No significant difference was detected in donors' saliva following 5, 10 and 15 min of room-temperature degradation. Sample processing and instrumental variability were relatively small, with median CVs of 9.6 and 6.6. CONCLUSIONS Peptide abundance levels in saliva are rather forgiving towards variations in sample handling and donor nutritional status. Differences in freezing methods may affect peptide abundance, so consistency in freezing samples is preferred. Our results are valuable for standardizing sample collection and handling methods for peptidomic-based biomarker studies in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebbing P. de Jong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota; 321 Church St. SE, 6-155 Jackson Hall; Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Susan K. van Riper
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota; 321 Church St. SE, 6-155 Jackson Hall; Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Joseph S. Koopmeiners
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota; 321 Church St. SE, 6-155 Jackson Hall; Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - John V. Carlis
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota; 321 Church St. SE, 6-155 Jackson Hall; Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Timothy J. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota; 321 Church St. SE, 6-155 Jackson Hall; Minneapolis, MN 55455
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35
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Castagnola M, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Iavarone F, Vitali A, Desiderio C, Vento G, Tirone C, Romagnoli C, Cabras T, Manconi B, Sanna MT, Boi R, Pisano E, Olianas A, Pellegrini M, Nemolato S, Heizmann CW, Faa G, Messana I. The surprising composition of the salivary proteome of preterm human newborn. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 10:M110.003467. [PMID: 20943598 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.003467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a body fluid of a unique composition devoted to protect the mouth cavity and the digestive tract. Our high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization-MS analysis of the acidic soluble fraction of saliva from preterm human newborn surprisingly revealed more than 40 protein masses often undetected in adult saliva. We were able to identify the following proteins: stefin A and stefin B, S100A7 (two isoforms), S100A8, S100A9 (four isoforms), S100A11, S100A12, small proline-rich protein 3 (two isoforms), lysozyme C, thymosins β(4) and β(10), antileukoproteinase, histone H1c, and α and γ globins. The average mass value reported in international data banks was often incongruent with our experimental results mostly because of post-translational modifications of the proteins, e.g. acetylation of the N-terminal residue. A quantitative label-free MS analysis showed protein levels altered in relation to the postconceptional age and suggested coordinate and hierarchical functions for these proteins during development. In summary, this study shows for the first time that analysis of these proteins in saliva of preterm newborns might represent a noninvasive way to obtain precious information of the molecular mechanisms of development of human fetal oral structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e di Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy.
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Kamysz E, Sikorska E. Synthesis and conformational analysis of salivary proline-rich peptide P-B. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:709-15. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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37
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Cabras T, Pisano E, Mastinu A, Denotti G, Pusceddu PP, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Nemolato S, Castagnola M, Messana I. Alterations of the salivary secretory peptidome profile in children affected by type 1 diabetes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2099-108. [PMID: 20585025 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidic soluble fraction of whole saliva of type 1 diabetic children was analyzed by reversed phase (RP)(1)-HPLC-ESI-MS and compared with that of sex- and age-matched control subjects. Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins (aPRP), histatins, α-defensins, salivary cystatins, statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B (P-B), beta-thymosins, S100A8 and S100A9*(S100A9* corresponds to S100A9 vairant lacking the first four amino acids), as well some naturally occurring peptides derived from salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatins, statherin, and P-B peptide, were detected and quantified on the basis of the extracted ion current peak area. The level of phosphorylation of salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatin-1 (Hst-1), statherin and S100A9* and the percentage of truncated forms of salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins was also determined in the two groups. The study revealed that statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B, P-C peptide, and histatins, were significantly less concentrated in saliva of diabetic subjects than in controls, while concentration of α-defensins 1, 2 and 4 and S100A9* was higher. The low concentration of P-C peptide was paralleled by high levels of some of its fragments. On the whole, the study highlighted the severe impairment of the repertoire of peptides involved in the safeguard of the oral cavity in children who have diabetes, as well as an higher concentration of the proinflammatory mediator S100A9* with respect to healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Halgand F, Zabrouskov V, Bassilian S, Souda P, Wong DT, Loo JA, Faull KF, Whitelegge JP. Micro-heterogeneity of human saliva Peptide P-C characterized by high-resolution top-down Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:868-877. [PMID: 20185333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Top-down proteomics characterizes protein primary structures with unprejudiced descriptions of expressed and processed gene products. Gene sequence polymorphisms, protein post-translational modifications, and gene sequence errors can all be identified using top-down proteomics. Saliva offers advantages for proteomic research because of availability and the noninvasiveness of collection and, for these reasons, is being used to search for disease biomarkers. The description of natural protein variants, and intra- and inter-individual polymorphisms, is necessary for a complete description of any proteome, and essential for the discovery of disease biomarkers. Here, we report a striking example of natural protein variants with the discovery by top-down proteomics of two new variants of Peptide P-C. Intact mass measurements, and collisionally activated-, infrared multiphoton-, and electron capture-dissociation, were used for characterization of the form predicted from the gene sequence with an average mass 4371 Da, a form postulated to result from a single nucleotide polymorphism of mass 4372 Da, and another form of mass 4370 Da postulated to arise from a novel protein sequence polymorphism. While the biological significance of such subtle variations in protein structure remains unclear, their importance cannot be assigned without their characterization, as is reported here for one of the major salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Halgand
- The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, NPI-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Isola M, Cossu M, Massa D, Casti A, Solinas P, Lantini MS. Electron microscopic immunogold localization of statherin in human minor salivary glands. J Anat 2010; 216:572-6. [PMID: 20345857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, which supplements a recent article on the localization of statherin in human major salivary glands, we investigated the intracellular distribution of this peptide in minor salivary glands by immunogold cytochemistry at the electron microscopy level. In the lingual serous glands of von Ebner, gold particles were found in serous granules of all secreting cells, indicating that statherin is released through granule exocytosis. In buccal and labial glands, mostly composed of mucous tubuli, statherin reactivity was detected in the serous element, which represents only a small population of the glandular parenchyma. In these serous cells, however, statherin labeling was absent in secretory granules and restricted to small cytoplasmic vesicles near or partially fused with granules. Vesicle labeling could be related to the occurrence of an alternative secretory pathway for statherin in buccal and labial glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Isola
- Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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40
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Manconi B, Cabras T, Vitali A, Fanali C, Fiorita A, Inzitari R, Castagnola M, Messana I, Sanna MT. Expression, purification, phosphorylation and characterization of recombinant human statherin. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 69:219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cabras T, Pisano E, Boi R, Olianas A, Manconi B, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Giardina B, Castagnola M, Messana I. Age-Dependent Modifications of the Human Salivary Secretory Protein Complex. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4126-34. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900212u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Sezione di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy, Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy, and Istituto Scientifico Internazionale “Paolo VI”, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pisano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Sezione di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy, Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy, and Istituto Scientifico Internazionale “Paolo VI”, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Boi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Sezione di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy, Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy, and Istituto Scientifico Internazionale “Paolo VI”, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Sezione di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy, Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy, and Istituto Scientifico Internazionale “Paolo VI”, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Sezione di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy, Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy, and Istituto Scientifico Internazionale “Paolo VI”, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Inzitari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Sezione di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy, Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy, and Istituto Scientifico Internazionale “Paolo VI”, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Sezione di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy, Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy, and Istituto Scientifico Internazionale “Paolo VI”, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Giardina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Sezione di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy, Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy, and Istituto Scientifico Internazionale “Paolo VI”, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Sezione di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy, Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy, and Istituto Scientifico Internazionale “Paolo VI”, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Sezione di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy, Istituto per la Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy, and Istituto Scientifico Internazionale “Paolo VI”, Rome, Italy
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Castagnola M, Messana I, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Cabras T, Morelli A, Pecoraro AM, Neri G, Torrioli MG, Gurrieri F. Hypo-phosphorylation of salivary peptidome as a clue to the molecular pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. J Proteome Res 2009; 7:5327-32. [PMID: 19367726 DOI: 10.1021/pr8004088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RP-HPLC-ESI-MS profile of naturally occurring salivary peptides of subjects with autistic spectrum disorder [ASD; N = 27:12 with diagnosis of autism, 1 with diagnosis of Asperger, 14 with diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)] was compared to that of age-matched controls with the goal of identifying differences that could turn out to become hallmarks of at least a subgroup of ASD individuals. Phosphorylation level of four specific salivary phospho-peptides, namely statherin, histatin 1 (both, p < 0.0001) and acidic proline-rich proteins (both entire and truncated isoforms) (p < 0.005) was found significantly lower in autistic patients, with hypo-phosphorylation of at least one peptide observed in 18 ASD subjects (66%). Developmental scale assessment (Griffith or WISC-R) carried out on 14 ASD subjects highlighted a normal to borderline cognitive development in 10 of them, all included in the hypo-phosphorylated group. Phosphorylation of salivary peptides involves a Golgi casein kinase common to many organs and tissues, CNS included, whose expression seems to be synchronized during fetal development. Hypo-phosphorylation of salivary peptides suggests potential asynchronies in the phosphorylation of other secretory proteins, which could be relevant in CNS development either during embryonic development or in early infancy. These results suggest that analysis of salivary phospho-peptides might help to discriminate a considerable subgroup of ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy.
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Vitorino R, Barros A, Caseiro A, Domingues P, Duarte J, Amado F. Towards defining the whole salivary peptidome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Messana I, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Cabras T, Castagnola M. Facts and artifacts in proteomics of body fluids. What proteomics of saliva is telling us? J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1948-63. [PMID: 18491358 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review briefly depicts several salient points of the current status of knowledge on salivary peptidoma. It outlines the intrinsic difficulties in its characterization connected to different factors of variability, such as: i) the high genetic polymorphisms, complicated by individual insertions/deletions and alternative splicing; ii) complex post-translational maturations comprehending different proteolytic cleavages, glycosylation, phosphorylation and sulfation processes; iii) physiological variations and different contributions to the whole. Moreover, several technological and analytical problems and pitfalls that had to be surmounted during our studies focussed on the extensive qualitative and quantitative characterization of salivary peptidoma and mainly based on LC-MS analyses of intact naturally occurring peptides are here described. The hope is that the information provided might be helpful to other groups engaged on the analysis of saliva or other body fluids for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Messana
- Department of Sciences Applied to Biosystems, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
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Carbachol-induced in vitro secretion of certain human submandibular proteins investigated by mass-spectrometry. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:1077-83. [PMID: 18617156 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate protein content of saliva produced in vitro by samples of human submandibular gland following stimulation with the muscarinic agent carbachol. DESIGN Tissue samples, obtained at surgery from seven patients and showing normal morphological appearance, were tested for 30 min: in absence of carbachol and atropine; in presence of carbachol (10 microM); in presence of carbachol (10 microM) and atropine (20 microM); or in presence of just atropine (20 microM). Medium was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass-spectrometry. Neither before nor during surgery were the patients exposed to drug treatments that were likely to influence the in vitro secretion. RESULTS Proline-rich proteins (PRP)-1 and -3, peptide PC and PB, statherin, cystatins SN, S1 and S2 were invariably found in control gland tissue medium. Mean concentrations of these proteins/peptides in the medium were non-proportionally elevated following carbachol exposure to the gland tissues. Difference between basal release and carbachol-induced secretion achieved statistical significance as to all the proteins/peptides under study but for statherin. Atropine alone or atropine plus carbachol caused no significant changes compared to the basal release of proteins/peptides. CONCLUSIONS In vitro studies on salivary glands make it possible to study protein secretion from individual glands and thus, to reveal the contribution of the various types of gland to protein/peptide content of whole saliva. The disproportional responses to carbachol may imply that the proteins/peptides are not confined to the same cells or to the same intracellular locations and are therefore not secreted as packages at parasympathetic cholinergic activity.
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Helmerhorst EJ, Sun X, Salih E, Oppenheim FG. Identification of Lys-Pro-Gln as a novel cleavage site specificity of saliva-associated proteases. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:19957-66. [PMID: 18463091 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708282200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonsterile environment of the oral cavity facilitates substantial proteolytic processing, not only of resident salivary proteins but also of dietary proteins. To gain insight into whole saliva enzymatic processes, the in vivo generated peptides in this oral fluid were subjected to nano-flow liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The 182 peptides identified were predominantly derived from acidic and basic proline-rich proteins, statherin, and histatins. The proteolytic cleavages in the basic proline-rich proteins occurred preferentially after a Gln residue with predominant specificity for the tripeptide Xaa-Pro-Gln, where Xaa in the P(3) position was mostly represented by Lys. Using the synthetic substrates Lys-Pro-Gln-pNA and Gly-Gly-Gln-pNA, the overall K(m) values were determined to be 97 +/- 7.7 and 611 +/- 28 microm, respectively, confirming glutamine endoprotease activity in whole saliva and the influence of the amino acids in positions P(2) and P(3) on protease recognition. The pH optimum of Lys-Pro-Gln-pNA hydrolysis was 7.0, and the activity was most effectively inhibited by antipain and 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride, was metal ion-dependent, and not inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitors. A systematic evaluation of enzyme activities in various exocrine and nonexocrine contributors to whole saliva revealed that the glutamine endoprotease is derived from dental plaque and likely microbial in origin. The P(1) site being occupied by a Gln residue is a nonarchetype with respect to known proteases and indicates the presence of novel glutamine-specific endoprotease(s) in oral fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Helmerhorst
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Messana I, Cabras T, Pisano E, Sanna MT, Olianas A, Manconi B, Pellegrini M, Paludetti G, Scarano E, Fiorita A, Agostino S, Contucci AM, Calò L, Picciotti PM, Manni A, Bennick A, Vitali A, Fanali C, Inzitari R, Castagnola M. Trafficking and Postsecretory Events Responsible for the Formation of Secreted Human Salivary Peptides. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:911-26. [DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700501-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Isola M, Cabras T, Inzitari R, Lantini MS, Proto E, Cossu M, Riva A. Electron microscopic detection of statherin in secretory granules of human major salivary glands. J Anat 2008; 212:664-8. [PMID: 18397241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to increase current knowledge regarding statherin secretion into the oral cavity, ultrastructural localization of this peptide was investigated in human salivary glands by using a post-embedding immunogold staining technique. Statherin reactivity was found inside the granules of serous cells of parotid and submandibular glands. In parotid granules immunostaining was preferentially present in the less electron-dense region, whereas in submandibular serous granules the reactivity was uniform and the dense core always stained. By contrast, none or weak reactivity was observed in serous cells of major sublingual glands. These findings reveal for the first time the subcellular localization of statherin by electron transmission microscopy and confirm that of the three major types of salivary glands, the parotid and submandibular glands are the greatest source of salivary statherin. Moreover, they suggest that more than one packaging mechanism may be involved in the storage of statherin within serous granules of salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isola
- Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
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Hu S, Yen Y, Ann D, Wong DT. Implications of salivary proteomics in drug discovery and development: a focus on cancer drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12:911-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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50
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A Review of the Salivary Proteome and Peptidome and Saliva-derived Peptide Therapeutics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-007-9109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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