1
|
Wei W, Wu X, Blahut-Beatty L, Simmonds DH, Clough SJ. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Molecular Players in Early Soybean- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Interaction. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1739-1752. [PMID: 35778800 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0329-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes Sclerotinia stem rot on soybean. Using RNA sequencing, the transcriptomes of the soybean host and the S. sclerotiorum pathogen were simultaneously determined at 4 and 8 h postinoculation (hpi). Two soybean genotypes were involved: a resistant oxalate oxidase (OxO)-transgenic line and its susceptible parent, AC Colibri (AC). Of the 594 genes that were significantly induced by S. sclerotiorum, both hosts expressed genes related to jasmonic acid, ethylene, oxidative burst, and phenylpropanoids. In all, 36% of the differentially expressed genes encoded genes associated with transcription factors, ubiquitination, or general signaling transduction such as receptor-like kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases, and hormones. No significant differentially expressed genes were identified between genotypes, suggesting that oxalic acid (OA) did not play a differential role in early disease development or primary lesion formation under the conditions used. Looking at pathogen behavior through its gene expression during infection, thousands of genes in S. sclerotiorum were induced at 8 hpi, compared with expression in culture. Many plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), sugar transport genes, and genes involved in secondary metabolism were upregulated and could contribute to early pathogenesis. When infecting the OxO plants, there was a higher induction of genes encoding OA, botcinic acid, PCWDEs, proteases, and potential effectors, revealing the wealth of virulence factors available to this pathogen as it attempts to colonize a host. Data presented identify hundreds of genes associated with the very early stages of infection for both the host and pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Laureen Blahut-Beatty
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Daina H Simmonds
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Steven J Clough
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tian J, Chen C, Sun H, Wang Z, Steinkellner S, Feng J, Liang Y. Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Importance of Exudates on Sclerotial Development in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1430-1440. [PMID: 33481591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a ubiquitous necrotrophic pathogenic fungus causing significant losses in a broad range of plant species. Sclerotia formed by S. sclerotiorum play important roles in both the fungal life cycle and the disease development cycle. Sclerotial exudation during sclerotial development is a characteristic feature of this fungus. In this study, a proteome-level investigation of proteins present in sclerotial exudates was conducted by high-throughput LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 258 proteins were identified, in which 193 were annotated by GO annotation and 54 were classified by KEGG analysis. Four proteins related to plant cell wall degradation were further validated by measuring the corresponding enzymatic activity of the sclerotial exudates and/or by assessing the gene expression during sclerotial development. Results indicated that the proteins identified in sclerotial exudates help in the development of sclerotia and contribute to host cell necrosis caused by S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, we proposed that sclerotial exudates can degrade plant cell walls to release carbohydrates that provide nutrition for fungal growth and possibly facilitate fungal cell wall assembly in developing sclerotia. This study also provides new insights on the morphogenesis and pathogenicity of other sclerotia-forming fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Caixia Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Huiying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Zehao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Siegrid Steinkellner
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Jie Feng
- Alberta Plant Health Lab, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta T5Y 6H3, Canada
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xia Z, Wang Z, Kav NNV, Ding C, Liang Y. Characterization of microRNA-like RNAs associated with sclerotial development in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103471. [PMID: 32971275 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a model necrotrophic pathogen causing great economic losses worldwide. Sclerotia are dormant structures that play significant biological and ecological roles in the life and disease cycles of S. sclerotiorum and other species of sclerotia-forming fungi. microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) as non-coding small RNAs play regulatory roles in fungal development and pathogenicity. Therefore, milRNAs associated with sclerotial development in S. sclerotiorum were investigated in this study. A total of 275 milRNAs with induced expression during sclerotia development were identified, in which 51 were differentially expressed. The target genes of all milRNAs were predicted. The putative functions of the targets regulated by milRNAs were annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. The expression levels of six selected milRNAs that coordinated with their corresponding targets were validated by qRT-PCR. Among these six milRNAs, Ssc-milR-240 was potentially associated with sclerotial development by epigenetic regulation of its target histone acetyltransferase. This study will facilitate the better understanding of the milRNA regulation associated with sclerotial development in S. sclerotiorum and even other sclerotia-forming fungi. This work will provide novel insights into the molecular regulations of fungal morphogenesis and the candidate targets of milRNAs used for the sustainable management of plant diseases caused by S. sclerotiorum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zehao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Nat N V Kav
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2P5, Canada
| | - Chengsong Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun H, Kav NNV, Liang Y, Sun L, Chen W. Proteome of the fungus Phoma macdonaldii, the causal agent of black stem of sunflower. J Proteomics 2020; 225:103878. [PMID: 32535146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phoma macdonaldii causes black stem of sunflower, which severely affects sunflower yield and quality. There is currently little molecular information available for this pathogenic fungus. In this study, a global proteomic analysis of P. macdonaldii was performed to determine the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of this pathogen. A total of 1498 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS in all biological replicates. Among the identified proteins, 1420 proteins were classified into the three main GO categories (biological process, cellular component, and molecular function) while 806 proteins were annotated into the five major KEGG database (metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, cellular processes, and organismal systems). The regulated expression levels of eight genes encoding selected identified proteins were investigated to assess their potential effects on fungal development and pathogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the proteome of the necrotrophic fungus P. macdonaldii. The presented results provide novel insights into the development and pathogenesis of P. macdonaldii and possibly other Phoma species. SIGNIFICANCE: Black stem of sunflower is a devastating disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Phoma macdonaldii. Relatively little is known regarding the molecular characteristics of this pathogen, and no proteomic investigation has been reported. Thus, we conducted a global proteomic analysis of P. macdonaldii. Many proteins were found to be differentially regulated during fungal development and pathogenesis, suggesting they may be important for these two processes. This is the first proteomic study of P. macdonaldii, and the data presented herein will be useful for elucidating the molecular characteristics of this fungus as well as other Phoma species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Nat N V Kav
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2P5, Canada
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Lin Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Weimin Chen
- Xinjiang Yili Vocational Technical College, Yining 835000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Otun S, Ntushelo K. Proteomic analysis of the phytogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1144:122053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Rodríguez-Pires S, Melgarejo P, De Cal A, Espeso EA. Proteomic Studies to Understand the Mechanisms of Peach Tissue Degradation by Monilinia laxa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1286. [PMID: 32973845 PMCID: PMC7468393 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Monilinia laxa is a necrotrophic plant pathogen able to infect and produce substantial losses on stone fruit. Three different isolates of M. laxa were characterized according to their aggressiveness on nectarines. M. laxa 8L isolate was the most aggressive on fruit, 33L isolate displayed intermediated virulence level, and 5L was classified as a weak aggressive isolate. Nectarine colonization process by the weak isolate 5L was strongly delayed. nLC-MS/MS proteomic studies using in vitro peach cultures provided data on exoproteomes of the three isolates at equivalent stages of brown rot colonization; 3 days for 8L and 33L, and 7 days for 5L. A total of 181 proteins were identified from 8L exoproteome and 289 proteins from 33L at 3 dpi, and 206 proteins were identified in 5L exoproteome at 7 dpi. Although an elevated number of proteins lacked a predicted function, the vast majority of proteins belong to OG group "metabolism", composed of categories such as "carbohydrate transport and metabolism" in 5L, and "energy production and conversion" most represented in 8L and 33L. Among identified proteins, 157 that carried a signal peptide were further examined and classified. Carbohydrate-active enzymes and peptidases were the main groups revealing different protein alternatives with the same function among isolates. Our data suggested a subset of secreted proteins as possible markers of differential virulence in more aggressive isolates, MlPG1 MlPME3, NEP-like, or endoglucanase proteins. A core-exoproteome among isolates independently of their virulence but time-dependent was also described. This core included several well-known virulence factors involved in host-tissue factors like cutinase, pectin lyases, and acid proteases. The secretion patterns supported the assumption that M. laxa deploys an extensive repertoire of proteins to facilitate the host infection and colonization and provided information for further characterization of M. laxa pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodríguez-Pires
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Melgarejo
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonieta De Cal
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antonieta De Cal,
| | - Eduardo A. Espeso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB)-Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Manikandan R, Harish S, Karthikeyan G, Raguchander T. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Different Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici to Exploit the Differentially Expressed Proteins Responsible for Virulence on Tomato Plants. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:420. [PMID: 29559969 PMCID: PMC5845644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici is an important soil borne pathogen causes severe yield loss. The molecular characterization and their interaction with its host is necessary to develop a protection strategy. 20 isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) were isolated from wilt infected tomato plants across Tamil Nadu. They were subjected to cultural, morphological, molecular and virulence studies. The results revealed that all the isolates produced both micro and macro conidia with different size, number of cells. The colors of the culture and growth pattern were also varied. In addition, chlamydospores were observed terminally and intercalary. The PCR analysis with F. oxysporum species-specific primer significantly amplified an amplicon of 600 bp fragment in all the isolates. Based on the above characters and pathogenicity, isolate FOL-8 was considered as virulent and FOL-20 was considered as least virulent. Proteomics strategy was adopted to determine the virulence factors between the isolates of FOL-8 and FOL-20. The 2D analyses have showed the differential expression of 17 different proteins. Among them, three proteins were down regulated and 14 proteins were significantly up regulated in FOL-8 than FOL-20 isolate. Among the 17 proteins, 10 distinct spots were analyzed by MALDI-TOF. The functions of the analyzed proteins, suggested that they were involved in pathogenicity, symptom expression and disease development, sporulation, growth, and higher penetration rate on tomato root tissue. Overall, these experiments proves the role of proteome in pathogenicity of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in tomato and unravels the mechanism behinds the virulence of the pathogen in causing wilt disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Manikandan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sankarasubramanian Harish
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Gandhi Karthikeyan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Thiruvengadam Raguchander
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Peng Q, Xie Q, Chen F, Zhou X, Zhang W, Zhang J, Pu H, Ruan Y, Liu C, Chen S. Transcriptome Analysis of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at Different Infection Stages on Brassica napus. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:1237-1245. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
9
|
Seifbarghi S, Borhan MH, Wei Y, Coutu C, Robinson SJ, Hegedus DD. Changes in the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum transcriptome during infection of Brassica napus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:266. [PMID: 28356071 PMCID: PMC5372324 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes stem rot in Brassica napus, which leads to lodging and severe yield losses. Although recent studies have explored significant progress in the characterization of individual S. sclerotiorum pathogenicity factors, a gap exists in profiling gene expression throughout the course of S. sclerotiorum infection on a host plant. In this study, RNA-Seq analysis was performed with focus on the events occurring through the early (1 h) to the middle (48 h) stages of infection. Results Transcript analysis revealed the temporal pattern and amplitude of the deployment of genes associated with aspects of pathogenicity or virulence during the course of S. sclerotiorum infection on Brassica napus. These genes were categorized into eight functional groups: hydrolytic enzymes, secondary metabolites, detoxification, signaling, development, secreted effectors, oxalic acid and reactive oxygen species production. The induction patterns of nearly all of these genes agreed with their predicted functions. Principal component analysis delineated gene expression patterns that signified transitions between pathogenic phases, namely host penetration, ramification and necrotic stages, and provided evidence for the occurrence of a brief biotrophic phase soon after host penetration. Conclusions The current observations support the notion that S. sclerotiorum deploys an array of factors and complex strategies to facilitate host colonization and mitigate host defenses. This investigation provides a broad overview of the sequential expression of virulence/pathogenicity-associated genes during infection of B. napus by S. sclerotiorum and provides information for further characterization of genes involved in the S. sclerotiorum-host plant interactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3642-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Seifbarghi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - M Hossein Borhan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Stephen J Robinson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada. .,Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang YL, Li ZF, Feng ZL, Feng HJ, Shi YQ, Zhao LH, Zhang XL, Zhu HQ. Functional Analysis of the Pathogenicity-Related Gene VdPR1 in the Vascular Wilt Fungus Verticillium dahliae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166000. [PMID: 27846253 PMCID: PMC5112940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae Kleb., the causal agent of vascular wilt, can seriously diminish the yield and quality of many crops, including cotton. The pathogenic mechanism to cotton is complicated and unclear now. To screen pathogencity related genes and identify their function is the reliable way to explain the mechanism. In this study, we obtained a low-pathogenicity mutant vdpr1 from a T-DNA insertional library of the highly virulent isolate of V. dahliae Vd080, isolated from cotton. The tagged gene was named pathogenicity-related gene (VdPR1). The deletion mutant ΔVdPR1 did not form microsclerotia and showed a drastic reduction in spore yield and mycelial growth, compared to wild type. Also, ΔVdPR1 showed significantly lower protease and cellulase activities than those of wild type. Complementation of the mutant strain with VdPR1 (strain ΔVdPR1-C) almost completely rescued the attributes described above to wild-type levels. The knockout mutant ΔVdPR1 showed delayed infection, caused mild disease symptoms, formed a smaller biomass in roots of the host, and showed compromised systemic invasive growth in the xylem. These results suggest that VdPR1 is a multifaceted gene involved in regulating the growth development, early infection and pathogenicity of V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Zi-Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Hong-Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Li-Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Xi-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
- * E-mail: (XLZ); (HQZ)
| | - He-Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
- * E-mail: (XLZ); (HQZ)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Comparative Secretome Analysis Reveals Perturbation of Host Secretion Pathways by a Hypovirus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34308. [PMID: 27698384 PMCID: PMC5048421 DOI: 10.1038/srep34308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the impact of a hypovirus infection on the secretome of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, a phytopathogenic filamentous fungus, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology were employed to identify and quantify the secreted proteins. A total of 403 unique proteins were identified from the secretome of the wild type virus-free strain EP155. Of these proteins, 329 were predicted to be involved in known secretory pathways and they are primarily composed of metabolic enzymes, biological regulators, responders to stimulus and components involved in plant-pathogen interactions. When infected with the hypovirus CHV1-EP713, 99 proteins were found to be differentially expressed as compared to the wild type strain EP155. These proteins were mainly related to plant cell wall degradation, response to host defense, fungal virulence and intracellular structure. The effects of CHV1 on secreted proteins may reveal a relationship between physiological pathways and hypovirulence.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mamidi S, Miklas PN, Trapp J, Felicetti E, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Lee R, McClean PE. Sequence-Based Introgression Mapping Identifies Candidate White Mold Tolerance Genes in Common Bean. THE PLANT GENOME 2016; 9. [PMID: 27898809 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2015.09.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
White mold, caused by the necrotrophic fungus (Lib.) de Bary, is a major disease of common bean ( L.). WM7.1 and WM8.3 are two quantitative trait loci (QTL) with major effects on tolerance to the pathogen. Advanced backcross populations segregating individually for either of the two QTL, and a recombinant inbred (RI) population segregating for both QTL were used to fine map and confirm the genetic location of the QTL. The QTL intervals were physically mapped using the reference common bean genome sequence, and the physical intervals for each QTL were further confirmed by sequence-based introgression mapping. Using whole-genome sequence data from susceptible and tolerant DNA pools, introgressed regions were identified as those with significantly higher numbers of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) relative to the whole genome. By combining the QTL and SNP data, WM7.1 was located to a 660-kb region that contained 41 gene models on the proximal end of chromosome Pv07, while the WM8.3 introgression was narrowed to a 1.36-Mb region containing 70 gene models. The most polymorphic candidate gene in the WM7.1 region encodes a BEACH-domain protein associated with apoptosis. Within the WM8.3 interval, a receptor-like protein with the potential to recognize pathogen effectors was the most polymorphic gene. The use of gene and sequence-based mapping identified two candidate genes whose putative functions are consistent with the current model of pathogenicity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Quecine MC, Leite TF, Bini AP, Regiani T, Franceschini LM, Budzinski IGF, Marques FG, Labate MTV, Guidetti-Gonzalez S, Moon DH, Labate CA. Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Puccinia psidii Uredospores Reveals Differences of Fungal Populations Infecting Eucalyptus and Guava. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145343. [PMID: 26731728 PMCID: PMC4701387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Puccinia psidii sensu lato (s.l.) is the causal agent of eucalyptus and guava rust, but it also attacks a wide range of plant species from the myrtle family, resulting in a significant genetic and physiological variability among populations accessed from different hosts. The uredospores are crucial to P. psidii dissemination in the field. Although they are important for the fungal pathogenesis, their molecular characterization has been poorly studied. In this work, we report the first in-depth proteomic analysis of P. psidii s.l. uredospores from two contrasting populations: guava fruits (PpGuava) and eucalyptus leaves (PpEucalyptus). NanoUPLC-MSE was used to generate peptide spectra that were matched to the UniProt Puccinia genera sequences (UniProt database) resulting in the first proteomic analysis of the phytopathogenic fungus P. psidii. Three hundred and fourty proteins were detected and quantified using Label free proteomics. A significant number of unique proteins were found for each sample, others were significantly more or less abundant, according to the fungal populations. In PpGuava population, many proteins correlated with fungal virulence, such as malate dehydrogenase, proteossomes subunits, enolases and others were increased. On the other hand, PpEucalyptus proteins involved in biogenesis, protein folding and translocation were increased, supporting the physiological variability of the fungal populations according to their protein reservoirs and specific host interaction strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Quecine
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Falda Leite
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Andressa Peres Bini
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Regiani
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia Maria Franceschini
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Garbelini Marques
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Teresa Veneziano Labate
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Guidetti-Gonzalez
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - David Henry Moon
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oliveira MB, de Andrade RV, Grossi-de-Sá MF, Petrofeza S. Analysis of genes that are differentially expressed during the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-Phaseolus vulgaris interaction. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1162. [PMID: 26579080 PMCID: PMC4620421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, one of the most important plant pathogens, causes white mold on a wide range of crops. Crop yield can be dramatically decreased due to this disease, depending on the plant cultivar and environmental conditions. In this study, a suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA library approach was used for the identification of pathogen and plant genes that were differentially expressed during infection of the susceptible cultivar BRS Pérola of Phaseolus vulgaris L. A total of 979 unigenes (430 contigs and 549 singletons) were obtained and classified according to their functional categories. The transcriptional profile of 11 fungal genes related to pathogenicity and virulence were evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Additionally, the temporal expression profile obtained by RT-qPCR was evaluated for the following categories of plant defense-related genes: pathogenesis-related genes (PvPR1, PvPR2, and PvPR3), phenylpropanoid pathway genes (PvIsof, PvFPS1, and 4CL), and genes involved in defense and stress-related categories (PvLox, PvHiprp, PvGST, PvPod, and PvDox). Data obtained in this study provide a starting point for achieving a better understanding of the pathosystem S. sclerotiorum-P. vulgaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marília B. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Rosângela V. de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
| | - Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-PragaBrasília, Brazil
| | - Silvana Petrofeza
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li E, Ling J, Wang G, Xiao J, Yang Y, Mao Z, Wang X, Xie B. Comparative Proteomics Analyses of Two Races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans that Differ in Pathogenicity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13663. [PMID: 26333982 PMCID: PMC4642580 DOI: 10.1038/srep13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a soil-inhabiting fungus that induces vascular wilt and root rot in a variety of plants. F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Foc), which comprises two races, can cause wilt disease in cabbage. Compared with race 1 (52557(-TM), R1), race 2 (58385(-TM), R2) exhibits much stronger pathogenicity. Here, we provide the first proteome reference maps for Foc mycelium and conidia and identify 145 proteins with different abundances among the two races. Of these proteins, most of the high-abundance proteins in the R2 mycelium and conidia are involved in carbohydrate, amino acid and ion metabolism, which indicates that these proteins may play important roles in isolate R2's stronger pathogenicity. The expression levels of 20 typical genes demonstrate similarly altered patterns compared to the proteomic analysis. The protein glucanosyltransferase, which is involved in carbohydrate metabolism, was selected for research. We knocked out the corresponding gene (gas1) and found that Foc-∆gas1 significantly reduced growth rate and virulence compared with wild type isolates. These results deepened our understanding of the proteins related to F. oxysporum pathogenicity in cabbage Fusarium wilt and provided new opportunities to control this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erfeng Li
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian Ling
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gang Wang
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiling Xiao
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuchu Wang
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou Hainan 571101, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Heard S, Brown NA, Hammond-Kosack K. An Interspecies Comparative Analysis of the Predicted Secretomes of the Necrotrophic Plant Pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130534. [PMID: 26107498 PMCID: PMC4480369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi form intimate associations with host plant species and cause disease. To be successful, fungal pathogens communicate with a susceptible host through the secretion of proteinaceous effectors, hydrolytic enzymes and metabolites. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are economically important necrotrophic fungal pathogens that cause disease on numerous crop species. Here, a powerful bioinformatics pipeline was used to predict the refined S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea secretomes, identifying 432 and 499 proteins respectively. Analyses focusing on S. sclerotiorum revealed that 16% of the secretome encoding genes resided in small, sequence heterogeneous, gene clusters that were distributed over 13 of the 16 predicted chromosomes. Functional analyses highlighted the importance of plant cell hydrolysis, oxidation-reduction processes and the redox state to the S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea secretomes and potentially host infection. Only 8% of the predicted proteins were distinct between the two secretomes. In contrast to S. sclerotiorum, the B. cinerea secretome lacked CFEM- or LysM-containing proteins. The 115 fungal and oomycete genome comparison identified 30 proteins specific to S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, plus 11 proteins specific to S. sclerotiorum and 32 proteins specific to B. cinerea. Expressed sequence tag (EST) and proteomic analyses showed that 246 S. sclerotiorum secretome encoding genes had EST support, including 101 which were only expressed in vitro and 49 which were only expressed in planta, whilst 42 predicted proteins were experimentally proven to be secreted. These detailed in silico analyses of two important necrotrophic pathogens will permit informed choices to be made when candidate effector proteins are selected for function analyses in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steph Heard
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. Brown
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Hammond-Kosack
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thekkiniath J, Zabet-Moghaddam M, Kottapalli KR, Pasham MR, San Francisco S, San Francisco M. Quantitative Proteomics of an Amphibian Pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, following Exposure to Thyroid Hormone. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123637. [PMID: 26046527 PMCID: PMC4457425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a chytrid fungus, has increasingly been implicated as a major factor in the worldwide decline of amphibian populations. The fungus causes chytridiomycosis in susceptible species leading to massive die-offs of adult amphibians. Although Bd infects the keratinized mouthparts of tadpoles and negatively affects foraging behavior, these infections are non-lethal. An important morphogen controlling amphibian metamorphosis is thyroid hormone (T3). Tadpoles may be infected with Bd and the fungus may be exposed to T3 during metamorphosis. We hypothesize that exposure of Bd to T3 may induce the expression of factors associated with host colonization and pathogenicity. We utilized a proteomics approach to better understand the dynamics of the Bd-T3 interaction. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we generated a data set of a large number of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins following exposure of Bd to T3. From these data, we identified a total of 263 proteins whose expression was significantly changed following T3 exposure. We provide evidence for expression of an array of proteins that may play key roles in both genomic and non-genomic actions of T3 in Bd. Additionally, our proteomics study shows an increase in several proteins including proteases and a class of uncommon crinkler and crinkler-like effector proteins suggesting their importance in Bd pathogenicity as well as those involved in metabolism and energy transfer, protein fate, transport and stress responses. This approach provides insights into the mechanistic basis of the Bd-amphibian interaction following T3 exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Thekkiniath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Masoud Zabet-Moghaddam
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79402–3132, United States of America
| | - Kameswara Rao Kottapalli
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79402–3132, United States of America
| | - Mithun R. Pasham
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
| | - Susan San Francisco
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79402–3132, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409–3131, United States of America
| | - Michael San Francisco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409–3131, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mandelc S, Javornik B. The secretome of vascular wilt pathogen Verticillium albo-atrum
in simulated xylem fluid. Proteomics 2015; 15:787-97. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Branka Javornik
- Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fernandes I, Alves A, Correia A, Devreese B, Esteves AC. Secretome analysis identifies potential virulence factors of Diplodia corticola, a fungal pathogen involved in cork oak (Quercus suber) decline. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:516-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
20
|
Stoll DA, Link S, Kulling S, Geisen R, Schmidt-Heydt M. Comparative proteome analysis of Penicillium verrucosum grown under light of short wavelength shows an induction of stress-related proteins associated with modified mycotoxin biosynthesis. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 175:20-9. [PMID: 24508532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study the differentially expressed protein population of Penicillium verrucosum grown either in the dark or under light with a wavelength of 450nm has been analyzed. Light of short wavelength led to oxidative stress in the fungal cell; under this condition the mycotoxin biosynthesis revealed a mutual shift from ochratoxin A to citrinin. Using a proteomic approach combining an optimized protein extraction method with 2-dimensional SDS-PAGE followed by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS/MS mass spectrometric analysis, initially 56 significantly differential proteins (light vs. dark) were detected comprising proteins of a broad range of isoelectric points and molecular masses. In total, 46 proteins could be identified further by database query, most of these proteins are assumed to be involved in response to stress (e.g. antioxidative proteins, heat shock proteins) and general metabolic processes (e.g. glycolysis, ATP supply). Proteome analyses are necessary to unravel the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis at a translational level. This may enable identification of proteins which are involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis, adaption processes or even stress compensation mechanisms. This study depicts the first proteome analysis of P. verrucosum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Stoll
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-str. 09, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian Link
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-str. 09, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine Kulling
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-str. 09, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rolf Geisen
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-str. 09, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Schmidt-Heydt
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-str. 09, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mandujano-González V, Arana-Cuenca A, Anducho-Reyes MÁ, Téllez-Jurado A, González-Becerra AE, Mercado-Flores Y. Biochemical study of the extracellular aspartyl protease Eap1 from the phytopathogen fungus Sporisorium reilianum. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:214-22. [PMID: 24128693 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the extracellular protease Eap1 from Sporisorium reilianum was characterized in solid and liquid cultures using different culture media. The results showed that Eap1 was produced in all media and under all culture conditions, with the most activity in solid culture at an acidic pH of 3-5. Following purification, the 41 kDa protease demonstrated aspartyl protease activity. The enzyme was stable at a wide range of temperatures and pH values, but 45°C and pH 3 were optimal. The K(m) and V(max( values obtained were 0.69 mg/mL and 0.66 μmol/min, respectively, with albumin as the substrate. Eap1 degraded hemoglobin as well as proteins obtained from corn germ, roots, stems and slides at pH 3 and also had milk-clotting activity. Sequencing analysis showed that this protein has 100% similarity to the peptide sequence theoretically obtained from the sr11394 gene, which encodes an aspartyl protease secreted by S. reilianum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mandujano-González
- Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún, Km 20, Rancho Luna, Ex-Hacienda de Sta. Bárbara, Municipio de Zempoala, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu SY, Chen JY, Wang JL, Li L, Xiao HL, Adam SM, Dai XF. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a specific secreted protein from highly virulent defoliating Verticillium dahliae. Gene 2013; 529:307-16. [PMID: 23891822 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes wilt diseases in hundreds of dicotyledonous plant species. Previous research has demonstrated that the secretome plays an important role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. In this study, the specific secreted protein gene (VdSSP1) in highly virulent defoliating V. dahliae strain VDG1 was cloned, and considered to be a secreted protein by signal peptide activity assay. VdSSP1 deletion mutants in VDG1 significantly compromised virulence, and the fungal growth decreased in media with pectin and starch as carbon sources. Pathogenicity and carbon utilization were restored upon complementation of the VdSSP1 deletion strains or low virulence non-defoliating strain VDG2, which lacks VdSSP1. It is indicated that the virulence role of VdSSP1 is associated with plant cell wall degradation. In conclusion, our data suggested that VdSSP1 is a secreted protein that is engaged in the pathogenicity of the highly virulent defoliating V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yan Liu
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Garg H, Li H, Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ. Differentially expressed proteins and associated histological and disease progression changes in cotyledon tissue of a resistant and susceptible genotype of brassica napus infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65205. [PMID: 23776450 PMCID: PMC3679123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most serious diseases of oilseed rape. To understand the resistance mechanisms in the Brassica napus to S. sclerotiorum, comparative disease progression, histological and proteomic studies were conducted of two B. napus genotypes (resistant cv. Charlton, susceptible cv. RQ001-02M2). At 72 and 96 h post inoculation (hpi), lesion size on cotyledons was significantly (P≤0.001) smaller in the resistant Charlton. Anatomical investigations revealed impeded fungal growth (at 24 hpi and onwards) and hyphal disintegration only on resistant Charlton. Temporal changes (12, 24, 48 and 72 hpi) in protein profile showed certain enzymes up-regulated only in resistant Charlton, such as those related to primary metabolic pathways, antioxidant defence, ethylene biosynthesis, pathogenesis related proteins, protein synthesis and protein folding, play a role in mediating defence responses against S. sclerotiorum. Similarly a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A enzyme with increased abundance in susceptible RQ001-02M2 and decreased levels in resistant Charlton has a role in increased susceptibility to this pathogen. This is the first time that the expression of these enzymes has been shown to be associated with mediating the defence response against S. sclerotinia in cotyledon tissue of a resistant cultivar of B. napus at a proteomics level. This study not only provides important new insights into the resistance mechanisms within B. napus against S. sclerotiorum, but opens the way for novel engineering of new B. napus varieties that over-express these key enzymes as a strategy to enhance resistance and better manage this devastating pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Garg
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin J. Barbetti
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- The University of Western Australia Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ambrosio AB, do Nascimento LC, Oliveira BV, Teixeira PJPL, Tiburcio RA, Toledo Thomazella DP, Leme AFP, Carazzolle MF, Vidal RO, Mieczkowski P, Meinhardt LW, Pereira GAG, Cabrera OG. Global analyses of Ceratocystis cacaofunesta mitochondria: from genome to proteome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:91. [PMID: 23394930 PMCID: PMC3605234 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ascomycete fungus Ceratocystis cacaofunesta is the causal agent of wilt disease in cacao, which results in significant economic losses in the affected producing areas. Despite the economic importance of the Ceratocystis complex of species, no genomic data are available for any of its members. Given that mitochondria play important roles in fungal virulence and the susceptibility/resistance of fungi to fungicides, we performed the first functional analysis of this organelle in Ceratocystis using integrated “omics” approaches. Results The C. cacaofunesta mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) consists of a single, 103,147-bp circular molecule, making this the second largest mtDNA among the Sordariomycetes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of 15 conserved genes and 37 intronic open reading frames in C. cacaofunesta mtDNA. Here, we predicted the mitochondrial proteome (mtProt) of C. cacaofunesta, which is comprised of 1,124 polypeptides - 52 proteins that are mitochondrially encoded and 1,072 that are nuclearly encoded. Transcriptome analysis revealed 33 probable novel genes. Comparisons among the Gene Ontology results of the predicted mtProt of C. cacaofunesta, Neurospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed no significant differences. Moreover, C. cacaofunesta mitochondria were isolated, and the mtProt was subjected to mass spectrometric analysis. The experimental proteome validated 27% of the predicted mtProt. Our results confirmed the existence of 110 hypothetical proteins and 7 novel proteins of which 83 and 1, respectively, had putative mitochondrial localization. Conclusions The present study provides the first partial genomic analysis of a species of the Ceratocystis genus and the first predicted mitochondrial protein inventory of a phytopathogenic fungus. In addition to the known mitochondrial role in pathogenicity, our results demonstrated that the global function analysis of this organelle is similar in pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, suggesting that its relevance in the lifestyle of these organisms should be based on a small number of specific proteins and/or with respect to differential gene regulation. In this regard, particular interest should be directed towards mitochondrial proteins with unknown function and the novel protein that might be specific to this species. Further functional characterization of these proteins could enhance our understanding of the role of mitochondria in phytopathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alinne Batista Ambrosio
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP: 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
El Hadrami A, El-Bebany AF, Yao Z, Adam LR, El Hadrami I, Daayf F. Plants versus fungi and oomycetes: pathogenesis, defense and counter-defense in the proteomics era. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:7237-7259. [PMID: 22837691 PMCID: PMC3397523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13067237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-fungi and plant-oomycete interactions have been studied at the proteomic level for many decades. However, it is only in the last few years, with the development of new approaches, combined with bioinformatics data mining tools, gel staining, and analytical instruments, such as 2D-PAGE/nanoflow-LC-MS/MS, that proteomic approaches thrived. They allow screening and analysis, at the sub-cellular level, of peptides and proteins resulting from plants, pathogens, and their interactions. They also highlight post-translational modifications to proteins, e.g., glycosylation, phosphorylation or cleavage. However, many challenges are encountered during in planta studies aimed at stressing details of host defenses and fungal and oomycete pathogenicity determinants during interactions. Dissecting the mechanisms of such host-pathogen systems, including pathogen counter-defenses, will ensure a step ahead towards understanding current outcomes of interactions from a co-evolutionary point of view, and eventually move a step forward in building more durable strategies for management of diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes. Unraveling intricacies of more complex proteomic interactions that involve additional microbes, i.e., PGPRs and symbiotic fungi, which strengthen plant defenses will generate valuable information on how pathosystems actually function in nature, and thereby provide clues to solving disease problems that engender major losses in crops every year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbasset El Hadrami
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222, Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; E-Mails: (A.E.H.); (A.F.E.-B.); (Z.Y.); (L.R.A.)
- OMEX Agriculture Inc., P.O. Box 301, 290 Agri Park Road, Oak Bluff, Manitoba, R0G 1N0, Canada
| | - Ahmed F. El-Bebany
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222, Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; E-Mails: (A.E.H.); (A.F.E.-B.); (Z.Y.); (L.R.A.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatby, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
| | - Zhen Yao
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222, Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; E-Mails: (A.E.H.); (A.F.E.-B.); (Z.Y.); (L.R.A.)
| | - Lorne R. Adam
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222, Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; E-Mails: (A.E.H.); (A.F.E.-B.); (Z.Y.); (L.R.A.)
| | - Ismailx El Hadrami
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies, Protection et Valorisation des Ressources Végétales (Biotec-VRV), Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, B.P. 2390, Marrakech, 40 000, Morocco; E-Mail:
| | - Fouad Daayf
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222, Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; E-Mails: (A.E.H.); (A.F.E.-B.); (Z.Y.); (L.R.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vincent D, Tan KC, Cassidy L, Solomon PS, Oliver RP. Proteomic techniques for plant-fungal interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 835:75-96. [PMID: 22183648 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-501-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is a key technique that is helping elucidate many complex biological processes. The analysis of plant-pathogen interactions using proteomics is complicated by the presence of the proteomes of two species, but is benefiting from the developing maturity and power of these techniques. More and more pathogen genomes are being sequenced, so fungal proteomics is reaching its full potential and remains the chosen technology to unravel the molecular pathways of pathogenicity and resistance. In this chapter, we suggest proteomic strategies that have proved successful on various plant-interacting fungal species. Several protein extraction methods are described. For adequate quantitative analyses of protein abundances, we recommend either separation using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis or labelling with isobaric tags followed by two-dimensional HPLC separation. Proteins of interest are then identified using mass spectrometry. Identified proteins can assist in refining genome annotations, otherwise known as proteogenomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Vincent
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Plant Root Secretions and Their Interactions with Neighbors. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23047-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
28
|
Lee SJ, Rose JKC. A yeast secretion trap assay for identification of secreted proteins from eukaryotic phytopathogens and their plant hosts. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 835:519-30. [PMID: 22183675 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-501-5_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Secreted proteins from plants and phytopathogens play important roles in their interactions and contribute to elaborate mechanisms of attack, defense, and counter-defense, as well as surveillance and signaling. There is therefore considerable interest in developing techniques to characterize "secretomes." Here, we describe the use of the yeast secretion trap (YST) functional screen to isolate and identify secreted proteins that are accumulated and detected in the extracellular matrix of eukaryotes. This method involves fusing cDNAs generated or derived from plants, pathogens, or infected tissue to a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) invertase (suc2) reporter gene lacking its signal peptide, transforming the resulting fusion library into an invertase-deficient yeast strain, and plating the transformants on a sucrose selection medium. A yeast transformant containing a cDNA that encodes a secreted protein can rescue the mutant and the plasmid DNA can then be sequenced to identify the secreted protein. The YST screen can be a very powerful tool in the study of dynamics of plant host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jik Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gonzalez-Fernandez R, Jorrin-Novo JV. Contribution of Proteomics to the Study of Plant Pathogenic Fungi. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:3-16. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200873p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jesus V. Jorrin-Novo
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Identification and characterization of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum NADPH oxidases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7721-9. [PMID: 21890677 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05472-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown both the detrimental and beneficial effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animals, plants, and fungi. These organisms utilize controlled generation of ROS for signaling, pathogenicity, and development. Here, we show that ROS are essential for the pathogenic development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, an economically important fungal pathogen with a broad host range. Based on the organism's completed genome sequence, we identified two S. sclerotiorum NADPH oxidases (SsNox1 and SsNox2), which presumably are involved in ROS generation. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to examine the function of SsNox1 and SsNox2. Silencing of SsNox1 expression indicated a central role for this enzyme in both virulence and pathogenic (sclerotial) development, while inactivation of the SsNox2 gene resulted in limited sclerotial development, but the organism remained fully pathogenic. ΔSsnox1 strains had reduced ROS levels, were unable to develop sclerotia, and unexpectedly correlated with significantly reduced oxalate production. These results are in accordance with previous observations indicating that fungal NADPH oxidases are required for pathogenic development and are consistent with the importance of ROS regulation in the successful pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum.
Collapse
|
31
|
Lum G, Min XJ. FunSecKB: the Fungal Secretome KnowledgeBase. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2011; 2011:bar001. [PMID: 21300622 PMCID: PMC3263735 DOI: 10.1093/database/bar001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Fungal Secretome KnowledgeBase (FunSecKB) provides a resource of secreted fungal proteins, i.e. secretomes, identified from all available fungal protein data in the NCBI RefSeq database. The secreted proteins were identified using a well evaluated computational protocol which includes SignalP, WolfPsort and Phobius for signal peptide or subcellular location prediction, TMHMM for identifying membrane proteins, and PS-Scan for identifying endoplasmic reticulum (ER) target proteins. The entries were mapped to the UniProt database and any annotations of subcellular locations that were either manually curated or computationally predicted were included in FunSecKB. Using a web-based user interface, the database is searchable, browsable and downloadable by using NCBI’s RefSeq accession or gi number, UniProt accession number, keyword or by species. A BLAST utility was integrated to allow users to query the database by sequence similarity. A user submission tool was implemented to support community annotation of subcellular locations of fungal proteins. With the complete fungal data from RefSeq and associated web-based tools, FunSecKB will be a valuable resource for exploring the potential applications of fungal secreted proteins. Database URL:http://proteomics.ysu.edu/secretomes/fungi.php
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gengkon Lum
- Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Center for Applied Chemical Biology, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Acero FJF, Carbú M, El-Akhal MR, Garrido C, González-Rodríguez VE, Cantoral JM. Development of proteomics-based fungicides: new strategies for environmentally friendly control of fungal plant diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:795-816. [PMID: 21340014 PMCID: PMC3039980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics has become one of the most relevant high-throughput technologies. Several approaches have been used for studying, for example, tumor development, biomarker discovery, or microbiology. In this "post-genomic" era, the relevance of these studies has been highlighted as the phenotypes determined by the proteins and not by the genotypes encoding them that is responsible for the final phenotypes. One of the most interesting outcomes of these technologies is the design of new drugs, due to the discovery of new disease factors that may be candidates for new therapeutic targets. To our knowledge, no commercial fungicides have been developed from targeted molecular research, this review will shed some light on future prospects. We will summarize previous research efforts and discuss future innovations, focused on the fight against one of the main agents causing a devastating crops disease, fungal phytopathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Fernández Acero
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Pol. Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - María Carbú
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Pol. Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Mohamed Rabie El-Akhal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Pol. Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Carlos Garrido
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Pol. Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Victoria E. González-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Pol. Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Cantoral
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Pol. Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Espino JJ, Gutiérrez-Sánchez G, Brito N, Shah P, Orlando R, González C. The Botrytis cinerea early secretome. Proteomics 2010; 10:3020-34. [PMID: 20564262 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular proteome, or secretome, of phytopathogenic fungi is presumed to be a key element of their infection strategy. Especially interesting constituents of this set are those proteins secreted at the beginning of the infection, during the germination of conidia on the plant surfaces or wounds, since they may play essential roles in the establishment of a successful infection. We have germinated Botrytis cinerea conidia in conditions that resemble the plant environment, a synthetic medium enriched with low molecular weight plant compounds, and we have collected the proteins secreted during the first 16 h by a double precipitation protocol. 2-D electrophoresis of the precipitated secretome showed a spot pattern similar for all conditions evaluated and for the control medium without plant extract. The proteins in 16 of these spots were identified by PMF and corresponded to 11 different polypeptides. Alternative determination of secretome composition by LC-MS/MS of tryptic fragments rendered a much larger number, 105 proteins, which included all previously identified by PMF. All proteins were functionally classified according to their putative function in the infection process. Key features of the early secretome include a large number of proteases, the abundance of proteins involved in the degradation of plant defensive barriers, and plenty of proteins with unknown function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José J Espino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cobos R, Barreiro C, Mateos RM, Coque JJR. Cytoplasmic- and extracellular-proteome analysis of Diplodia seriata: a phytopathogenic fungus involved in grapevine decline. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:46. [PMID: 20828386 PMCID: PMC2944164 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phytopathogenic fungus Diplodia seriata, whose genome remains unsequenced, produces severe infections in fruit trees (fruit blight) and grapevines. In this crop is recognized as one of the most prominent pathogens involved in grapevine trunk disease (or grapevine decline). This pathology can result in the death of adult plants and therefore it produces severe economical losses all around the world. To date no genes or proteins have been characterized in D. seriata that are involved in the pathogenicity process. In an effort to help identify potential gene products associated with pathogenicity and to gain a better understanding of the biology of D. seriata, we initiated a proteome-level study of the fungal mycelia and secretome. RESULTS Intracellular and secreted proteins from D. seriata collected from liquid cultures were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. About 550 cytoplasmic proteins were reproducibly present in 3 independent extractions, being 53 identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and tandem mass spectrometry. The secretome analysis showed 75 secreted proteins reproducibly present in 3 biological replicates, being 16 identified. Several of the proteins had been previously identified as virulence factors in other fungal strains, although their contribution to pathogenicity in D. seriata remained to be analyzed. When D. seriata was grown in a medium supplemented with carboxymethylcellulose, 3 proteins were up-regulated and 30 down-regulated. Within the up-regulated proteins, two were identified as alcohol dehydrogenase and mitochondrial peroxyrredoxin-1, suggesting that they could play a significant role in the pathogenicity process. As for the 30 down-regulated proteins, 9 were identified being several of them involved in carbohydrate metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first report on proteomics on D. seriata. The proteomic data obtained will be important to understand the pathogenicity process. In fact, several of the identified proteins have been reported as pathogenicity factors in other phytopathogenic fungi. Moreover, this proteomic analysis supposes a useful basis for deepening into D. seriata knowledge and will contribute to the development of the molecular biology of this fungal strain as it has been demonstrated by cloning the gene Prx1 encoding mitochondrial peroxiredoxin-1 of D. seriata (the first gene to be cloned in this microorganism; data not shown).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Cobos
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071-León, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24400-Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Carlos Barreiro
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Avenida Real 1, 24006-León, Spain
| | - Rosa María Mateos
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071-León, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24400-Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Juan-José R Coque
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071-León, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24400-Ponferrada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kim YM, Bouras N, Kav NNV, Strelkov SE. Inhibition of photosynthesis and modification of the wheat leaf proteome by Ptr ToxB: A host-specific toxin from the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Proteomics 2010; 10:2911-26. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
Proteomics of plant pathogenic fungi. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:932527. [PMID: 20589070 PMCID: PMC2878683 DOI: 10.1155/2010/932527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi cause important yield losses in crops. In order to develop efficient and environmental friendly crop protection strategies, molecular studies of the fungal biological cycle, virulence factors, and interaction with its host are necessary. For that reason, several approaches have been performed using both classical genetic, cell biology, and biochemistry and the modern, holistic, and high-throughput, omic techniques. This work briefly overviews the tools available for studying Plant Pathogenic Fungi and is amply focused on MS-based Proteomics analysis, based on original papers published up to December 2009. At a methodological level, different steps in a proteomic workflow experiment are discussed. Separate sections are devoted to fungal descriptive (intracellular, subcellular, extracellular) and differential expression proteomics and interactomics. From the work published we can conclude that Proteomics, in combination with other techniques, constitutes a powerful tool for providing important information about pathogenicity and virulence factors, thus opening up new possibilities for crop disease diagnosis and crop protection.
Collapse
|
37
|
Liang Y, Rahman MH, Strelkov SE, Kav NNV. Developmentally induced changes in the sclerotial proteome of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:619-27. [PMID: 20943173 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a necrotrophic fungal phytopathogen with a broad host range. The fungus produces sclerotia, long-term survival and dissemination structures that serve as the primary source of inoculum during seasonal crop infection cycles. Herein, we report the first proteomics-based analysis of sclerotial development. A total of 88 protein spots were observed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to exhibit significant temporal differences in abundance at three representative stages of sclerotial development, and the identities of these proteins were established using LC-MS/MS. The proteins were classified into several functional categories including metabolism, energy, transcription and protein fate, cell defense, differentiation, and proteins with as of yet unknown functions. In addition, proteins involved in the process of melanogenesis were found to be differentially abundant during sclerotial development, as was the development-specific protein, Ssp. This study provides a starting point towards achieving a comprehensive understanding of the proteins and molecular events associated with sclerotial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liang Y, Strelkov SE, Kav NNV. The Proteome of Liquid Sclerotial Exudates from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3290-8. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900942w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nat N. V. Kav
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fernández-Acero FJ, Colby T, Harzen A, Carbú M, Wieneke U, Cantoral JM, Schmidt J. 2-DE proteomic approach to the Botrytis cinerea secretome induced with different carbon sources and plant-based elicitors. Proteomics 2010; 10:2270-80. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
40
|
Rizwan M, Miller I, Tasneem F, Böhm J, Gemeiner M, Razzazi-Fazeli E. Proteome analysis of Aspergillus ochraceus. Mycotoxin Res 2010; 26:171-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-010-0051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
41
|
Quirino BF, Candido ES, Campos PF, Franco OL, Krüger RH. Proteomic approaches to study plant-pathogen interactions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:351-62. [PMID: 20005547 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of plant proteomes has drastically expanded in the last few years. Mass spectrometry technology, stains, software and progress in bioinformatics have made identification of proteins relatively easy. The assignment of proteins to particular organelles and the development of better algorithms to predict sub-cellular localization are examples of how proteomic studies are contributing to plant biology. Protein phosphorylation and degradation are also known to occur during plant defense signaling cascades. Despite the great potential to give contributions to the study of plant-pathogen interactions, only recently has the proteomic approach begun to be applied to this field. Biological variation and complexity in a situation involving two organisms in intimate contact are intrinsic challenges in this area, however, for proteomics studies yet, there is no substitute for in planta studies with pathogens, and ways to address these problems are discussed. Protein identification depends not only on mass spectrometry, but also on the existence of complete genome sequence databases for comparison. Although the number of completely sequenced genomes is constantly growing, only four plants have their genomes completely sequenced. Additionally, there are already a number of pathosystems where both partners in the interaction have genomes fully sequenced and where functional genomics tools are available. It is thus to be expected that great progress in understanding the biology of these pathosystems will be made over the next few years. Cheaper sequencing technologies should make protein identification in non-model species easier and the bottleneck in proteomic research should shift from unambiguous protein identification to determination of protein function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B F Quirino
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vincent D, Balesdent MH, Gibon J, Claverol S, Lapaillerie D, Lomenech AM, Blaise F, Rouxel T, Martin F, Bonneu M, Amselem J, Dominguez V, Howlett BJ, Wincker P, Joets J, Lebrun MH, Plomion C. Hunting down fungal secretomes using liquid-phase IEF prior to high resolution 2-DE. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:4118-36. [PMID: 19960477 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The secreted proteins (secretome) of fungi play a key role in interactions of pathogenic and symbiotic fungi with plants. Using the plant pathogenic fungus Leptosphaeria maculans and symbiont Laccaria bicolor grown in culture, we have established a proteomic protocol for extraction, concentration and resolution of the fungal secretome. As no proteomic data were available on mycelium tissues from both L. maculans and L. bicolor, mycelial proteins were studied; they also helped verifying the purity of secretome samples. The quality of protein extracts was initially assessed by both 1-DE and 2-DE using first a broad pH range for IEF, and then narrower acidic and basic pH ranges, prior to 2-DE. Compared with the previously published protocols for which only dozens of 2-D spots were recovered from fungal secretome samples, up to approximately 2000 2-D spots were resolved by our method. MS identification of proteins along several pH gradients confirmed this high resolution, as well as the presence of major secretome markers such as endopolygalacturonases, beta-glucanosyltransferases, pectate lyases and endoglucanases. Shotgun proteomic experiments evidenced the enrichment of secreted protein within the liquid medium. This is the first description of the proteome of L. maculans and L. bicolor, and the first application of liquid-phase IEF to any fungal extracts.
Collapse
|
43
|
Liang Y, Strelkov SE, Kav NNV. Oxalic acid-mediated stress responses in Brassica napus L. Proteomics 2009; 9:3156-73. [PMID: 19526549 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxalic acid (OA) occurs extensively in nature and plays diverse roles, especially in pathogenic processes involving various plant pathogens. However, proteome changes and modifications of signaling and oxidative network of plants in response to OA are not well understood. In order to investigate the responses of Brassica napus toward OA, a proteome analysis was conducted employing 2-DE with MS/MS. A total of 37 proteins were identified as responding to OA stress, of which 13 were up-regulated and 24 were down-regulated. These proteins were categorized into several functional groups including protein processing, RNA processing, photosynthesis, signal transduction, stress response, and redox homeostasis. Investigation of the effect of OA on phytohormone signaling and oxidative responses revealed that jasmonic acid-, ethylene-, and abscisic acid-mediated signaling pathways appear to increase at later time points, whereas those pathways mediated by salicylic acid appear to be suppressed. Moreover, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and oxalic acid oxidase, but not NADPH oxidase, were suppressed by OA stress. Our findings are discussed within the context of the proposed role(s) of OA during infection by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and subsequent disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tan KC, Ipcho SVS, Trengove RD, Oliver RP, Solomon PS. Assessing the impact of transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics on fungal phytopathology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:703-15. [PMID: 19694958 PMCID: PMC6640398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Peer-reviewed literature is today littered with exciting new tools and techniques that are being used in all areas of biology and medicine. Transcriptomics, proteomics and, more recently, metabolomics are three of these techniques that have impacted on fungal plant pathology. Used individually, each of these techniques can generate a plethora of data that could occupy a laboratory for years. When used in combination, they have the potential to comprehensively dissect a system at the transcriptional and translational level. Transcriptomics, or quantitative gene expression profiling, is arguably the most familiar to researchers in the field of fungal plant pathology. Microarrays have been the primary technique for the last decade, but others are now emerging. Proteomics has also been exploited by the fungal phytopathogen community, but perhaps not to its potential. A lack of genome sequence information has frustrated proteomics researchers and has largely contributed to this technique not fulfilling its potential. The coming of the genome sequencing era has partially alleviated this problem. Metabolomics is the most recent of these techniques to emerge and is concerned with the non-targeted profiling of all metabolites in a given system. Metabolomics studies on fungal plant pathogens are only just beginning to appear, although its potential to dissect many facets of the pathogen and disease will see its popularity increase quickly. This review assesses the impact of transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics on fungal plant pathology over the last decade and discusses their futures. Each of the techniques is described briefly with further reading recommended. Key examples highlighting the application of these technologies to fungal plant pathogens are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kar-Chun Tan
- Australian Centre for Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens, SABC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yajima W, Liang Y, Kav NNV. Gene disruption of an arabinofuranosidase/beta-xylosidase precursor decreases Sclerotinia sclerotiorum virulence on canola tissue. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:783-9. [PMID: 19522560 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-7-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary has been studied extensively, there are still aspects of this important phytopathogen's ability to cause disease in susceptible plants that remain unclear. A recent comprehensive proteome-level investigation of this fungus identified a number of proteins whose functions in disease initiation and progression have not been clearly established. Included among these proteins was an arabinofuranosidase/beta-xylosidase precursor whose role as a potential virulence factor had not been investigated previously. This article describes the generation of gene-disrupted mutant S. sclerotiorum unable to produce this arabinofuranosidase/beta-xylosidase precursor as well as the comparison of the virulence of this mutant with that of wild-type mycelia on susceptible canola leaves and stems. At all time points tested, the degree of necrosis was observed to be significantly greater on the plant tissue inoculated with wild-type mycelia. To our knowledge, this is the first report that clearly demonstrates that this arabinofuranosidase/beta-xylosidase precursor is a virulence factor for S. sclerotiorum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Yajima
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cao T, Kim YM, Kav NNV, Strelkov SE. A proteomic evaluation of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, causal agent of tan spot of wheat, reveals major differences between virulent and avirulent isolates. Proteomics 2009; 9:1177-96. [PMID: 19206107 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis causes tan spot, an important foliar disease of wheat. The fungus produces multiple host-specific toxins, including Ptr ToxB, a chlorosis-inducing protein encoded by the ToxB gene. A homolog of ToxB is also found in avirulent isolates of the fungus. In order to improve understanding of the role of this homolog and evaluate the general pathogenic ability of P. tritici-repentis, we compared the proteomes of avirulent race 4 and virulent race 5 isolates of the pathogen. Western blotting analysis revealed the presence of Ptr ToxB in spore germination and culture fluids of race 5 but not race 4. A comprehensive proteome-level comparison by 2-DE indicated 133 differentially abundant proteins in the secretome (29 proteins) and mycelium (104 proteins) of races 4 and 5, of which 63 were identified by MS/MS. A number of the proteins found to be up-regulated in race 5 have been implicated in microbial virulence in other pathosystems, and included the secreted enzymes alpha-mannosidase and exo-beta-1,3-glucanase, heat-shock and BiP proteins, and various metabolic enzymes. These proteome-level differences suggest a reduced general pathogenic ability in race 4 of P. tritici-repentis, irrespective of toxin production. Such differences may reflect an adaptation to a saprophytic habit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiesen Cao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fernández-Acero FJ, Colby T, Harzen A, Cantoral JM, Schmidt J. Proteomic analysis of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea
during cellulose degradation. Proteomics 2009; 9:2892-902. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
48
|
Yang B, Yajima W, Das D, Suresh MR, Kav NN. Isolation, expression and characterization of two single-chain variable fragment antibodies against an endo-polygalacturonase secreted by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 64:237-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
49
|
King BC, Donnelly MK, Bergstrom GC, Walker LP, Gibson DM. An optimized microplate assay system for quantitative evaluation of plant cell wall-degrading enzyme activity of fungal culture extracts. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1033-44. [PMID: 18973283 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Developing enzyme cocktails for cellulosic biomass hydrolysis complementary to current cellulase systems is a critical step needed for economically viable biofuels production. Recent genomic analysis indicates that some plant pathogenic fungi are likely a largely untapped resource in which to prospect for novel hydrolytic enzymes for biomass conversion. In order to develop high throughput screening assays for enzyme bioprospecting, a standardized microplate assay was developed for rapid analysis of polysaccharide hydrolysis by fungal extracts, incorporating biomass substrates. Fungi were grown for 10 days on cellulose- or switchgrass-containing media to produce enzyme extracts for analysis. Reducing sugar released from filter paper, Avicel, corn stalk, switchgrass, carboxymethylcellulose, and arabinoxylan was quantified using a miniaturized colorimetric assay based on 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid. Significant interactions were identified among fungal species, growth media composition, assay substrate, and temperature. Within a small sampling of plant pathogenic fungi, some extracts had crude activities comparable to or greater than T. reesei, particularly when assayed at lower temperatures and on biomass substrates. This microplate assay system should prove useful for high-throughput bioprospecting for new sources of novel enzymes for biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C King
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shah P, Atwood JA, Orlando R, El Mubarek H, Podila GK, Davis MR. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Botrytis cinerea Secretome. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1123-30. [DOI: 10.1021/pr8003002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Punit Shah
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and the Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899
| | - James A. Atwood
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and the Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899
| | - Ron Orlando
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and the Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899
| | - Hind El Mubarek
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and the Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899
| | - Gopi K. Podila
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and the Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899
| | - Maria R. Davis
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and the Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899
| |
Collapse
|