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Cerpentier RRJ, Boerakker MJ, Tervoort TA, Drongelen M, Govaert LE. Influence of electron‐beam irradiation on plasticity‐controlled and crack‐growth‐controlled failure in high‐density polyethylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin R. J. Cerpentier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Martin Drongelen
- Faculty of Engineering Technology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Leon E. Govaert
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
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Forster AL, Tsinas Z, Al-Sheikhly M. Effect of Irradiation and Detection of Long-Lived Polyenyl Radicals in Highly Crystalline Ultra-High Molar Mass Polyethylene (UHMMPE) Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050924. [PMID: 31137768 PMCID: PMC6571586 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve properties such as thermal conductivity, low temperature thermal strain, and creep resistance of ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMMPE) fibers, several researchers have previously undertaken efforts to crosslink these fibers using radiation. Ionizing radiation is commonly used to crosslink bulk UHMMPE in other applications, such as artificial joints. However, UHMMPE fibers differ from bulk UHMMPE in that they have a higher crystallinity (approximately 85% to 90%) and are very highly oriented during manufacturing in which the fibers are stretched 50 to 100 times their original length. Thus, the amorphous fraction of the UHMMPE fibers is also highly ordered. Several experiments were conducted to crosslink the UHMMPE fibers using both low dose rate (gamma) and high dose rate (electron beam) irradiation, all in the absence of oxygen. In all cases, the tensile strength of the fiber was greatly reduced by the irradiation. The oxidation index was also measured for the irradiated samples, and oxidation was not found to play a major role in the reduction of tensile strength in the fibers after irradiation. While this work did not achieve the desired result of improving the mechanical properties of the UHMMPE fiber, a significant result was found. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of the UHMMPE fibers was measured shortly after irradiation, and a mixture of allyl and alkyl radicals were detected. The irradiated samples were stored in dark ambient conditions for at least six years, then reexamined using EPR for free radical characterization. Surprisingly, the gamma-irradiated samples showed clear evidence of long-lived polyenyl radicals present in the material. Free radicals are very reactive species that will typically migrate to the surface of the crystalline domain and decay in a relatively short time through various reactions in the amorphous regions. It is hypothesized herein that due to the high crystallinity and large anisotropy of the highly drawn UHMMPE fiber, the polyenyl radicals were trapped in the crystal phase and were unable to migrate and decay. An experiment was performed to test this hypothesis, by which samples of the irradiated fibers were heated to temperatures above first the alpha relaxation and then melting point of polyethylene, and EPR measurements were taken. Results showed that the polyenyl radical signal persisted below the Tm, but was rapidly eliminated upon melting of the crystals. These experiments support the hypothesis that the long-lived polyenyl radicals are trapped in the crystalline region of the polyethylene fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Forster
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8300, USA.
| | - Zois Tsinas
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2115, USA.
| | - Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2115, USA.
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Blaško M, Mach P, Antušek A, Urban M. DFT Modeling of Cross-Linked Polyethylene: Role of Gold Atoms and Dispersion Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1496-1503. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Blaško
- Department
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Mach
- Department
of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics
and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Antušek
- Advanced
Technologies Research Institute, Faculty of Materials Science and
Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bottova 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Urban
- Department
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Typke D, Gilpin CJ, Downing KH, Glaeser RM. Stroboscopic image capture: Reducing the dose per frame by a factor of 30 does not prevent beam-induced specimen movement in paraffin. Ultramicroscopy 2007; 107:106-15. [PMID: 16905258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Beam-induced specimen movement may be the major factor that limits the quality of high-resolution images of organic specimens. One of the possible measures to improve the situation that was proposed by Henderson and Glaeser [Ultramicroscopy 16 (1985) 139-150], which we refer to here as "stroboscopic image capture", is to divide the normal exposure into many successive frames, thus reducing the amount of electron exposure--and possibly the amount of beam-induced movement--per frame. The frames would then be aligned and summed. We have performed preliminary experiments on stroboscopic imaging using a 200-kV electron microscope that was equipped with a high dynamic range Charge-coupled device (CCD) camera for image recording and a liquid N2-cooled cryoholder. Single-layer paraffin crystals on carbon film were used as a test specimen. The ratio F(g)/F(0) of paraffin reflections, calculated from the images, serves as our criterion for the image quality. In the series that were evaluated, no significant improvement of the F(image)(g)/F(image)(0) ratio was found, even though the electron exposure per frame was reduced by a factor of 30. A frame-to-frame analysis of image distortions showed that considerable beam-induced movement had still occurred during each frame. In addition, the paraffin crystal lattice was observed to move relative to the supporting carbon film, a fact that cannot be explained as being an electron-optical effect caused by specimen charging. We conclude that a significant further reduction of the dose per frame (than was possible with this CCD detector) will be needed in order to test whether the frame-to-frame changes ultimately become small enough for stroboscopic image capture to show its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Typke
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Bhateja SK. Radiation-induced crystallinity changes in pressure-crystallized ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348308215497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudershan K. Bhateja
- a The Dow Chemical Company , Midland, Michigan, 48640
- b 201-2E-08, 3M Center , Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55144
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Abstract
Substantially reducing the rate of generation of wear particles at the surfaces of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) orthopedic implant bearing components, in vivo, is widely regarded as one of the most formidable challenges in modern arthroplasty. In the light of this, much research attention has been paid to the myriad of endogenous and exogenous factors that have been postulated to affect this wear rate, one such factor being the polymer itself. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in crosslinking the polymer as a way of improving its properties that are considered relevant to its use for fabricating bearing components. Such properties include wear resistance, fatigue life, and fatigue crack propagation rate. Although a large volume of literature exists on the topic on the impact of crosslinking on the properties of UHMWPE, no critical appraisal of this literature has been published. This is one of the goals of the present article, which emphasizes three aspects. The first is the trade-off between improvement in wear resistance and depreciation in other mechanical and physical properties. The second aspect is the presentation of a method of estimating the optimal value of a crosslinking process variable (such as dose in radiation-induced crosslinking) that takes into account this trade-off. The third aspect is the description of a collection of under- and unexplored research areas in the field of crosslinked UHMWPE, such as the role of starting resin on the properties of the crosslinked polymer, and the in vitro evaluation of the wear rate of crosslinked tibial inserts and other bearing components that, in vivo, are subjected to nearly unidirectional motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lewis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Memphis, TN 38152-3180, USA.
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Jones RA, Cail JI, Stepto RFT, Ward IM. Atomistic and Flory−Stockmayer Analyses of Irradiated i-PP Gel Fractions and Comparison with Results from PE. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma000701g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Jones
- IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.; and Polymer Science and Technology Group, Manchester Materials Science Centre, University of Manchester and U.M.I.S.T., Grosvenor St., Manchester M1 7HS, U.K
| | - J. I. Cail
- IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.; and Polymer Science and Technology Group, Manchester Materials Science Centre, University of Manchester and U.M.I.S.T., Grosvenor St., Manchester M1 7HS, U.K
| | - R. F. T. Stepto
- IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.; and Polymer Science and Technology Group, Manchester Materials Science Centre, University of Manchester and U.M.I.S.T., Grosvenor St., Manchester M1 7HS, U.K
| | - I. M. Ward
- IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.; and Polymer Science and Technology Group, Manchester Materials Science Centre, University of Manchester and U.M.I.S.T., Grosvenor St., Manchester M1 7HS, U.K
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Suwanprateeb J, Tanner KE, Turner S, Bonfield W. Influence of sterilization by gamma irradiation and of thermal annealing on creep of hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene composites. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1998; 39:16-22. [PMID: 9429092 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199801)39:1<16::aid-jbm3>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sterilization of medical devices by gamma (gamma)-irradiation is common. The effect of irradiation on a bone replacement material, HAPEX (hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene composite), was investigated. Unfilled and hydroxyapatite-filled polyethylene at 0.20 and 0.40 filler volume fractions were gamma-irradiated at 2.5 Mrad, and the modified properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetery, isochronous experiments, and creep tests. The effect of thermal annealing of the samples from 140 degrees C also was examined. The results suggest that both irradiation and annealing increase creep resistance of the materials. These are associated with the formation of crosslinks and an increase in crystallinity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suwanprateeb
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, U.K
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Jones R. A note on H-atom transfer and alkyl radical migration in polyethylene crystallites: MNDO saddle-point energies in a model n-heptane crystal. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(97)00293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li B, Yu J, Zhang L. Radiation-induced crystallization of polyamide-1010 containing heterogeneous nuclei. Appl Radiat Isot 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8043(96)00176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Reactions of amorphous PE radical-pairs in vacuo and in acetylene: A comparison of gel fraction data with Flory-Stockmayer and atomistic modelling analyses. POLYMER 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)00167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shkrob IA, Trifunac AD. Pulse radiolysis of alkanes: a time-resolved EPR study—part I. Alkyl radicals. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0969-806x(94)00118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sakai Y, Umetsu K, Miyasaka K. Effect of electron beam irradiation on simultaneously biaxially drawn ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene dried gel films. POLYMER 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90461-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Albert CF, Ken Busfield W, Pomery PJ. The influence of the draw ratio of melt-spun polyethylene fibres on γ-irradiation induced effects as observed by ESR. POLYM INT 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4990270314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sawatari C, Ozaki F, Kimura M, Ogita T, Matsuo M. Crsslinking effect of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene-low molecular weight polyethylene blend films produced by gelation/crystallization from solutions. Colloid Polym Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00657446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Byershtein V, Sirota A, Yegorova L, Yegorov V. Changes in the structure of composites based on polyolefins induced by radiation-thermal exposures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3950(89)90008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Specimen movement in electron-irradiated paraffin crystals — A model for initial beam damage. Ultramicroscopy 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(87)90151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Mechanical relaxation of crystalline poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) and influence of electron beam irradiation. POLYMER 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(86)90288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Nishimoto S, Kagiya V. Flexible methylene chain length in crosslinked networks as a measure of the brittleness of γ-irradiated low density polyethylene sheet. Polym Degrad Stab 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-3910(86)90053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Dorset DL, Holland FM, Fryer JR. The "quasi-thermal" mechanism for electron beam damage of n-paraffins. Ultramicroscopy 1984; 13:305-10. [PMID: 6485130 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(84)90208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electron diffraction patterns from epitaxially grown microcrystals of n-hexatriacontane, which are slightly damaged by the electron beam, strongly resemble those from the same material when it is warmed just below the pre-melt hexagonal phase. The identity of these diffraction patterns, which display a marked attenuation of lamellar 001 reflections but much less alteration of the strongest reflections, implies that both processes occur via the induction of chain defects which, in turn, generate chain-end voids in the crystal packing. Such defects, however, need not be identical for the two events. With warming they are probably the gtg-1 kink and the gauche chain conformers identified by infrared spectroscopy. The creation of trans vinylene groups during radiation damage will also increase chain flexibility, and perhaps induce the production of gtg-1 kinks.
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Bhateja S, Andrews E. Effect of high-energy radiation on the uniaxial tensile creep behaviour of ultra-high molecular weight linear polyethylene. POLYMER 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(83)90127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ungar G, Keller A. Effect of radiation on the crystals of polyethylene and paraffins: 1. Formation of the hexagonal lattice and the destruction of crystallinity in polyethylene. POLYMER 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(80)90192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Perkins WG, Stannett VT, Porter RS. Effect of gamma radiation and annealing on ultra-oriented polyethylene. POLYM ENG SCI 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760180616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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comparison of irradiation crosslinking and chain scission in extended chain and bulk film samples of linear polyethylene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0146-5724(77)90159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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