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Abstract
Reaction mechanisms and synthetic methods used for the preparation of homo- and copolylactides based on tin(ii) and tin(iv) catalysts are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans R. Kricheldorf
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Bundesstr. 45, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen M. Weidner
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung – BAM, Richard Willstätter Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Singha Roy S, Sarkar S, Chakraborty D. Determination of Polylactide Microstructure by Homonuclear Decoupled 1 H NMR Spectroscopy. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1968-1984. [PMID: 34327819 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide (the dilactone of lactic acid) produces poly(lactide) commonly referred to as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The monomer lactide, has two stereogenic centers and thus, three stereoisomers are possible, namely: D-(R,R), L-(S,S) and meso-lactide. The rac-lactide is an equimolar mixture of D- and L-enantiomers. Depending upon the relative configuration of the stereogenic centers in the polymeric chain, different tacticities (isotactic, syndiotactic, heterotactic and atactic) arise in the PLA chains. The study of the tacticity of a polymer is fundamental since it plays a crucial role in determining the physical properties of the polymer. NMR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique for the determination of the tacticity of PLA. This article describes in details the tacticity assignment for PLA derived from ROP of rac-lactide and meso-lactide, using homonuclear proton-decoupled 1 H NMR. The detailed tetrad level assignment pertinent to the methine hydrogen signal is the key for the determination of tacticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Singha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Sriparna Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Debashis Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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3
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Gazzotti S, Ortenzi MA, Farina H, Disimino M, Silvani A. Carvacrol- and Cardanol-Containing 1,3-Dioxolan-4-ones as Comonomers for the Synthesis of Functional Polylactide-Based Materials. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gazzotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Hermes Farina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mariapina Disimino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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4
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Suganuma K, Asakura T, Oshimura M, Hirano T, Ute K, Cheng HN. NMR Analysis of Poly(Lactic Acid) via Statistical Models. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040725. [PMID: 31010265 PMCID: PMC6523427 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) are influenced by its stereoregularity and stereosequence distribution, and its polymer stereochemistry can be effectively studied by NMR spectroscopy. In previously published NMR studies of PLA tacticity, the NMR data were fitted to pair-addition Bernoullian models. In this work, we prepared several PLA samples with a tin catalyst at different L,L-lactide and D,D-lactide ratios. Upon analysis of the tetrad intensities with the pair-addition Bernoullian model, we found substantial deviations between observed and calculated intensities due to the presence of transesterification and racemization during the polymerization processes. We formulated a two-state (pair-addition Bernoullian and single-addition Bernoullian) model, and it gave a better fit to the observed data. The use of the two-state model provides a quantitative measure of the extent of transesterification and racemization, and potentially yields useful information on the polymerization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koto Suganuma
- Material Analysis Research Center, Teijin Ltd, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Asakura
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Oshimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Hirano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Koichi Ute
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - H N Cheng
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Benicewicz
- Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, Lukens Corporation Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Phillip K. Hopper
- Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, Lukens Corporation Albuquerque, New Mexico
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6
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Kim YS, Snively CM, Liu Y, Rabolt JF, Chase DB. Real-time imaging of crystallization in polylactide enantiomeric monolayers at the air-water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:10791-10796. [PMID: 18781784 DOI: 10.1021/la801747k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed planar array infrared reflection-absorption spectrograph (PA-IRRAS) offers significant advantages over conventional approaches including fast acquisition speed, excellent compensation for water vapor, and an excellent capacity for large infrared accessories, e.g., a water trough. In this study, the origin of stereocomplexation in a polylactide enantiomeric monolayer at the air-water interface was investigated using PA-IRRAS. PA-IRRAS was used as a probe to follow the real-time conformational changes associated with intermolecular interactions of polymer chains during the compression of the monolayers. It was found that a mixture of poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) (D/L) formed a stereocomplex when the two-dimensional monolayer developed at the air-water interface before film compression, indicating that there is no direct correlation between film compression and stereocomplexation. PA-IRRAS spectra of the stereocomplex exhibited distinct band shifts in crystalline sensitive components, e.g., the vas(C-O-C, h) mode, as well as amorphous-dependent components, e.g., the vs(C-O-C) mode, when compared with the spectra of PLLA alone. On the other hand, time-resolved PA-IRRAS spectra, which were obtained as the films were being compressed, revealed that both monolayers of PLLA and mixed PLLA/PDLA stereocomplex were crystallized into a 10(3)-helix and a 3(1)-helix, respectively, with a distinct band shift in crystalline sensitive components only. Fourier self-deconvolution of the spectra demonstrated that the band shift in crystalline sensitive components is correlated with the intermolecular interaction of polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Vert M, Chabot F, Leray J, Christel P. Stereoregular bioresorbable polyesters for orthopaedic surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.1981.020051981103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Gao Q, Lan P, Shao H, Hu X. Direct Synthesis with Melt Polycondensation and Microstructure Analysis of Poly(L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid). Polym J 2002. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.34.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zell MT, Padden BE, Paterick AJ, Thakur KAM, Kean RT, Hillmyer MA, Munson EJ. Unambiguous Determination of the 13C and 1H NMR Stereosequence Assignments of Polylactide Using High-Resolution Solution NMR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0204148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark T. Zell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Central Research, Cargill Incorporated, P.O. Box 5699, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
| | - Brian E. Padden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Central Research, Cargill Incorporated, P.O. Box 5699, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
| | - Amanda J. Paterick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Central Research, Cargill Incorporated, P.O. Box 5699, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
| | - Khalid A. M. Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Central Research, Cargill Incorporated, P.O. Box 5699, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
| | - Robert T. Kean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Central Research, Cargill Incorporated, P.O. Box 5699, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Central Research, Cargill Incorporated, P.O. Box 5699, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
| | - Eric J. Munson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Central Research, Cargill Incorporated, P.O. Box 5699, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
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Chisholm MH, Iyer SS, McCollum DG, Pagel M, Werner-Zwanziger U. Microstructure of Poly(lactide). Phase-Sensitive HETCOR Spectra of Poly(meso-lactide), Poly(rac-lactide), and Atactic Poly(lactide). Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9806864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm H. Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry and Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Suri S. Iyer
- Department of Chemistry and Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - David G. McCollum
- Department of Chemistry and Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Martin Pagel
- Department of Chemistry and Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Ulrike Werner-Zwanziger
- Department of Chemistry and Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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Thakur KAM, Kean RT, Hall ES, Kolstad JJ, Munson EJ. 1H NMR Spectroscopy in the Analysis and Characterization of Poly(lactide). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/10236669808009724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Akutsu F, Inoki M, Uei H, Sueyoshi M, Kasashima Y, Naruchi K, Yamaguchi Y, Sunahara M. Synthesis of Poly(lactic acid) by Direct Polycondensation of Lactic Acid Using 1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole, N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylchloroformamidinium Chloride, and N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as Condensing Agents. Polym J 1998. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.30.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Thakur KAM, Kean RT, Hall ES, Kolstad JJ, Munson EJ. Stereochemical Aspects of Lactide Stereo-Copolymerization Investigated by1H NMR: A Case of Changing Stereospecificity. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971536g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Kister G, Cassanas G, Vert M. Effects of morphology, conformation and configuration on the IR and Raman spectra of various poly(lactic acid)s. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Thakur KAM, Kean RT, Hall ES, Kolstad JJ, Lindgren TA, Doscotch MA, Siepmann JI, Munson EJ. High-Resolution 13C and 1H Solution NMR Study of Poly(lactide). Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9615967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Thakur KAM, Kean RT, Zupfer JM, Buehler NU, Doscotch MA, Munson EJ. Solid State 13C CP-MAS NMR Studies of the Crystallinity and Morphology of Poly(l-lactide). Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960828z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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MacDonald RT, McCarthy SP, Gross RA. Enzymatic Degradability of Poly(lactide): Effects of Chain Stereochemistry and Material Crystallinity. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960513j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Vert M, Schwarch G, Coudane J. Present and Future of PLA Polymers. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329508010289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
The degradation of aliphatic polyesters derived from lactic and glycolic acids (PLA/GA) depends on many factors. It has been found recently that the interior of large size devices degrades faster than the outer zone. A qualitative model has been proposed to account for this heterogeneous degradation. It is based on diffusion-reaction phenomena combined with the well-known autocatalytic effect of carboxylic chain ends. This contribution recalls the present understanding of the hydrolytic degradation of PLA/GA polymers and emphasizes its complexity on the basis of the influence of secondary factors such as the presence of a basic load, namely, gentamycin, in poly(lactic acid) matrices, and the presence of long stereoregular sequences in poly(DL-lactic acid) macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vert
- Centre de Recherche sur les Biopolymères Artificiels, URA CNRS 1465 Université Montpellier 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, France
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Polylactones: 23. Polymerization of racemic and mesod,l-lactide with various organotin catalysts—stereochemical aspects. POLYMER 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(92)90459-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chabot F, Vert M, Chapelle S, Granger P. Configurational structures of lactic acid stereocopolymers as determined by 13C{1H} n.m.r. POLYMER 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(83)90080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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