1
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McGraw M, Addison B, Clarke RW, Allen RD, Rorrer NA. Synergistic Dual-Cure Reactions for the Fabrication of Thermosets by Chemical Heating. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:11913-11927. [PMID: 39148515 PMCID: PMC11323266 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Large composite structures, such as those used in wind energy applications, rely on the bulk polymerization of thermosets on an impressively large scale. To accomplish this, traditional thermoset polymerizations require both elevated temperatures (>100 °C) and extended cure durations (>5 h) for complete conversion, necessitating the use of oversize ovens or heated molds. In turn, these requirements lead to energy-intensive polymerizations, incurring high manufacturing costs and process emissions. In this study, we develop thermoset polymerizations that can be initiated at room temperature through a transformative "chemical heating" concept, in which the exothermic energy of a secondary reaction is used to facilitate the heating of a primary thermoset polymerization. By leveraging a redox-initiated methacrylate free radical polymerization as a source of exothermic chemical energy, we can achieve peak reaction temperatures >140 °C to initiate the polymerization of epoxy-anhydride thermosets without external heating. Furthermore, by employing Trojan horse methacrylate monomers to induce mixing between methacrylate and epoxy-anhydride domains, we achieve the synthesis of homogeneous hybrid polymeric materials with competitive thermomechanical properties and tunability. Herein, we establish a proof-of-concept for our innovative chemical heating method and advocate for its industrial integration for more energy-efficient and streamlined manufacturing of wind blades and large composite parts more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
L. McGraw
- Renewable Resources and Enabling
Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Bennett Addison
- Renewable Resources and Enabling
Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ryan W. Clarke
- Renewable Resources and Enabling
Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Robert D. Allen
- Renewable Resources and Enabling
Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Rorrer
- Renewable Resources and Enabling
Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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2
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Moraru D, Cortés A, Martinez-Diaz D, Prolongo SG, Jiménez-Suárez A, Sangermano M. Sustainable Electrically Conductive Bio-Based Composites via Radical-Induced Cationic Frontal Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2159. [PMID: 39125185 PMCID: PMC11314415 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diglycidylether of vanillyl alcohol (DGEVA), in combination with mechanically recycled carbon fibers (RCFs), was used to make, via Radical-Induced Cationic Frontal Photopolymerization (RICFP), fully sustainable and bio-based conductive composites with good electrical conductivity and consequent Joule effect proprieties. Three different fiber lengths, using three different sieve sizes during the mechanical recycling process (0.2, 0.5, and 2.0 mm), were used in five different amounts (ranging from 1 to 25 phr). The samples were first characterized by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), followed byelectrical conductivity and Joule heating tests. More specifically, the mechanical properties of the composites increased when increasing fiber content. Furthermore, the composites obtained with the longest fibers showed the highest electrical conductivity, reaching a maximum of 11 S/m, due to their higher aspect ratio. In this context, the temperature reached by Joule effect was directly related to the electrical conductivity, and was able to reach an average and maximum temperatures of 80 °C and 120 °C, respectively, just by applying 6 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Moraru
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Alejandro Cortés
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (D.M.-D.); (S.G.P.); (A.J.-S.)
| | - David Martinez-Diaz
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (D.M.-D.); (S.G.P.); (A.J.-S.)
| | - Silvia G. Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (D.M.-D.); (S.G.P.); (A.J.-S.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías para la Sostenibilidad, University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Suárez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (D.M.-D.); (S.G.P.); (A.J.-S.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
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3
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Xu Z, Chua L, Singhal A, Krishnan P, Lessard JJ, Suslick BA, Chen V, Sottos NR, Gomez-Bombarelli R, Moore JS. Reactive Processing of Furan-Based Monomers via Frontal Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization for High Performance Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405736. [PMID: 39036822 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) presents an energy-efficient approach to produce high-performance polymers, typically utilizing norbornene derivatives from Diels-Alder reactions. This study broadens the monomer repertoire for FROMP, incorporating the cycloaddition product of biosourced furan compounds and benzyne, namely 1,4-dihydro-1,4-epoxynaphthalene (HEN) derivatives. A computational screening of Diels-Alder products is conducted, selecting products with resistance to retro-Diels-Alder but also sufficient ring strain to facilitate FROMP. The experiments reveal that varying substituents both modulate the FROMP kinetics and enable the creation of thermoplastic materials characterized by different thermomechanical properties. Moreover, HEN-based crosslinkers are designed to enhance the resulting thermomechanical properties at high temperatures (>200 °C). The versatility of such materials is demonstrated through direct ink writing (DIW) to rapidly produce 3D structures without the need for printed supports. This research significantly extends the range of monomers suitable for FROMP, furthering efficient production of high-performance polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchuang Xu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Lauren Chua
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Avni Singhal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Pranav Krishnan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jacob J Lessard
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Valerie Chen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rafael Gomez-Bombarelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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4
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Cook A, Dearborn MA, Anderberg TM, Vaidya K, Jureller JE, Esser-Kahn AP, Squires AH. Polymer Patterning by Laser-Induced Multipoint Initiation of Frontal Polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17973-17980. [PMID: 38418392 PMCID: PMC11009908 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Frontal polymerization (FP) is an approach for thermosetting plastics at a lower energy cost than an autoclave. The potential to generate simultaneous propagation of multiple polymerization fronts has been discussed as an exciting possibility. However, FP initiated at more than two points simultaneously has not been demonstrated. Multipoint initiation could enable both large-scale material fabrication and unique pattern generation. Here, the authors present laser-patterned photothermal heating as a method for simultaneous initiation of FP at multiple locations in a 2-D sample. Carbon black particles are mixed into liquid resin (dicyclopentadiene) to enhance absorption of light from a Ti:sapphire laser (800 nm) focused on a sample. The laser is time-shared by rapid steering among initiation points, generating polymerization using up to seven simultaneous points of initiation. This process results in the formation of both symmetric and asymmetric seam patterns resulting from the collision of fronts. The authors also present and validate a theoretical framework for predicting the seam patterns formed by front collisions. This framework allows the design of novel patterns via an inverse solution for determining the initiation points required to form a desired pattern. Future applications of this approach could enable rapid, energy-efficient manufacturing of novel composite-like patterned materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés
L. Cook
- Department
of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mason A. Dearborn
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Trevor M. Anderberg
- Department
of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kavya Vaidya
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Justin E. Jureller
- James
Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute
for Biophysical Dynamics, University of
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Allison H. Squires
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute
for Biophysical Dynamics, University of
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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5
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Yi X, Li S, Wen P, Yan S. Numerical Simulation of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Prepared via Thermally Initiated Frontal Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:873. [PMID: 38611131 PMCID: PMC11013634 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional polymer curing techniques present challenges such as a slow processing speed, high energy consumption, and considerable initial investment. Frontal polymerization (FP), a novel approach, transforms monomers into fully cured polymers through a self-sustaining exothermic reaction, which enhances speed, efficiency, and safety. This study focuses on acrylamide hydrogels, synthesized via FP, which hold significant potential for biomedical applications and 3D printing. Heat conduction is critical in FP, particularly due to its influence on the temperature distribution and reaction rate mechanisms, which affect the final properties of polymers. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of heat conduction and chemical reactions during FP is presented through the establishment of mathematical models and numerical methods. Existing research on FP hydrogel synthesis primarily explores chemical modifications, with limited studies on numerical modeling. By utilizing Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) data on the curing kinetics of polymerizable deep eutectic solvents (DES), this paper employs Malek's model selection method to establish an autocatalytic reaction model for FP synthesis. In addition, the finite element method is used to solve the reaction-diffusion model, examining the temperature evolution and curing degree during synthesis. The results affirm the nth-order autocatalytic model's accuracy in studying acrylamide monomer curing kinetics. Additionally, factors such as trigger temperature and solution initial temperature were found to influence the FP reaction's frontal propagation speed. The model's predictions on acrylamide hydrogel synthesis align with experimental data, filling the gap in numerical modeling for hydrogel FP synthesis and offering insights for future research on numerical models and temperature control in the FP synthesis of high-performance hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Y.)
| | - Shengfang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Pin Wen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Y.)
| | - Shilin Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Y.)
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6
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Groce B, Aucoin AV, Ullah MA, DiCesare J, Wingfield C, Sardin J, Harris JT, Nguyen JC, Raley P, Stanley SS, Palardy G, Pojman JA. Free-Standing 3D Printing of Epoxy-Vinyl Ether Structures Using Radical-Induced Cationic Frontal Polymerization. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:572-582. [PMID: 38230368 PMCID: PMC10788858 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The application of frontal polymerization to additive manufacturing has advantages in energy consumption and speed of printing. Additionally, with frontal polymerization, it is possible to print free-standing structures that require no supports. A resin was developed using a mixture of epoxies and vinyl ether with an iodonium salt and peroxide initiating system that frontally polymerizes through radical-induced cationic frontal polymerization. The formulation, which was optimized for reactivity, physical properties, and rheology, allowed the printing of free-standing structures. Increasing ratios of vinyl ether and reactive cycloaliphatic epoxide were found to increase the front velocity. Addition of carbon nanofibers increased the front velocity more than the addition of milled carbon fibers. The resin filled with carbon nanofibers and fumed silica exhibited shear-thinning behavior and was suitable for extrusion-based printing at a weight fraction of 4 wt %. A desktop 3D printer was modified to control resin extrusion and deposition with a digital syringe dispenser. Flexural properties of molded and 3D-printed specimens showed that specimens printed in the transverse direction exhibited the lowest strength, likely due to the presence of voids, adhesion issues between filaments, and preferential carbon nanofiber alignment along the filaments. Finally, free-standing printing of single, angled filaments and helical geometries was successfully demonstrated by coordinating ultraviolet-based reaction initiation, low air pressure for resin extrusion, and printing speed to match front velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecklyn
R. Groce
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Alexandra V. Aucoin
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Md Asmat Ullah
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jake DiCesare
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Claire Wingfield
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jonathan Sardin
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jackson T. Harris
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John C. Nguyen
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Patrick Raley
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Svetlana S. Stanley
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Genevieve Palardy
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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7
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Luo T, Ma Y, Cui X. Review on Frontal Polymerization Behavior for Thermosetting Resins: Materials, Modeling and Application. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:185. [PMID: 38256983 PMCID: PMC10818476 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The traditional curing methods for thermosetting resins are energy-inefficient and environmentally unfriendly. Frontal polymerization (FP) is a self-sustaining process relying on the exothermic heat of polymerization. During FP, the external energy input (such as UV light input or heating) is only required at the initial stage to trigger a localized reaction front. FP is regarded as the rapid and energy-efficient manufacturing of polymers. The precise control of FP is essential for several manufacturing technologies, such as 3D printing, depending on the materials and the coupling of thermal transfer and polymerization. In this review, recent progress on the materials, modeling, and application of FP for thermosetting resins are presented. First, the effects of resin formulations and mixed fillers on FP behavior are discussed. Then, the basic mathematical model and reaction-thermal transfer model of FP are introduced. After that, recent developments in FP-based manufacturing applications are introduced in detail. Finally, this review outlines a roadmap for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoyu Cui
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (T.L.); (Y.M.)
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8
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Mariani A, Malucelli G. Polymer Hydrogels and Frontal Polymerization: A Winning Coupling. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4242. [PMID: 37959922 PMCID: PMC10647350 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer hydrogels are 3D networks consisting of hydrophilic crosslinked macromolecular chains, allowing them to swell and retain water. Since their invention in the 1960s, they have become an outstanding pillar in the design, development, and application of engineered polymer systems suitable for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications (such as drug or cell delivery, the regeneration of hard and soft tissues, wound healing, and bleeding prevention, among others). Despite several well-established synthetic routes for developing polymer hydrogels based on batch polymerization techniques, about fifteen years ago, researchers started to look for alternative methods involving simpler reaction paths, shorter reaction times, and lower energy consumption. In this context, frontal polymerization (FP) has undoubtedly become an alternative and efficient reaction model that allows for the conversion of monomers into polymers via a localized and propagating reaction-by means of exploiting the formation and propagation of a "hot" polymerization front-able to self-sustain and propagate throughout the monomeric mixture. Therefore, the present work aims to summarize the main research outcomes achieved during the last few years concerning the design, preparation, and application of FP-derived polymeric hydrogels, demonstrating the feasibility of this technique for the obtainment of functional 3D networks and providing the reader with some perspectives for the forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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9
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Groce B, Lane EE, Gary DP, Ngo DT, Ngo DT, Shaon F, Belgodere JA, Pojman JA. Kinetic and Chemical Effects of Clays and Other Fillers in the Preparation of Epoxy-Vinyl Ether Composites Using Radical-Induced Cationic Frontal Polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19403-19413. [PMID: 37027250 PMCID: PMC10119861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Addition of fillers to formulations can generate composites with improved mechanical properties and lower the overall cost through a reduction of chemicals needed. In this study, fillers were added to resin systems consisting of epoxies and vinyl ethers that frontally polymerized through a radical-induced cationic frontal polymerization (RICFP) mechanism. Different clays, along with inert fumed silica, were added to increase the viscosity and reduce the convection, results of which did not follow many trends present in free-radical frontal polymerization. The clays were found to reduce the front velocity of RICFP systems overall compared to systems with only fumed silica. It is hypothesized that chemical effects and water content produce this reduction when clays are added to the cationic system. Mechanical and thermal properties of composites were studied, along with filler dispersion in the cured material. Drying the clays in an oven increased the front velocity. Comparing thermally insulating wood flour to thermally conducting carbon fibers, we observed that the carbon fibers resulted in an increase in front velocity, while the wood flour reduced the front velocity. Finally, it was shown that acid-treated montmorillonite K10 polymerizes RICFP systems containing vinyl ether even in the absence of an initiator, resulting in a short pot life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecklyn
R. Groce
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Emma E. Lane
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Daniel P. Gary
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Douglas T. Ngo
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Dylan T. Ngo
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Fahima Shaon
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jorge A. Belgodere
- Department
of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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10
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Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR, Stawiasz KJ, Geubelle PH, Malucelli G, Mariani A, Moore JS, Pojman JA, Sottos NR. Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3237-3298. [PMID: 36827528 PMCID: PMC10037337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brecklyn R Groce
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Katherine J Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Ma Y, Liu Z, Qian X, Zhao Y, Li M, Li P. Effect of Excessive Iodonium Salts on the Properties of Radical-Induced Cationic Frontal Polymerization (RICFP) of Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinming Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pengliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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12
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Sustainable Bio-Based UV-Cured Epoxy Vitrimer from Castor Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041024. [PMID: 36850307 PMCID: PMC9963144 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitrimers brought new properties in thermosets by allowing their reshaping, self-healing, reprocessing, and network rearrangement without changing structural integrity. In this study, epoxidized castor oil (ECO) was successfully used for the straightforward synthesis of a bio-based solvent-free vitrimer. The synthesis was based on a UV-curing process, which proceeded at low temperatures in the absence of any solvents, and within a short time. Real time Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and photo-DSC were exploited to monitor the cationic photocurable process. The UV-cured polymer networks were able to efficiently undergo thermo-activated bond exchange reactions due to the presence of dibutyl phosphate as a transesterification catalyst. Mechanical properties, thermal resistance, glass transition temperature, and stress relaxation were investigated as a function of the amount of transesterification catalyst. Mechanical properties were determined by both DMTA and tensile tests. Glass transition temperature (Tg) was evaluated by DMTA. Thermal stability was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis, whilst vitrimeric properties were studied by stress relaxation experiments. Overall, the ECO-based vitrimer showed high thermal resistance (up to 200 °C) and good mechanical properties (elastic modulus of about 10 MPa) and can therefore be considered as a promising starting point for obtaining more sustainable vitrimers.
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13
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Gary DP, Ngo D, Bui A, Pojman JA. Charge transfer complexes as dual thermal/photo initiators for
free‐radical
frontal polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Gary
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Douglas Ngo
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Amber Bui
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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14
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Gao Y, Li S, Kim JY, Hoffman I, Vyas SK, Pojman JA, Geubelle PH. Anisotropic frontal polymerization in a model resin-copper composite. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2022; 32:013109. [PMID: 35105137 DOI: 10.1063/5.0077552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates experimentally and numerically frontal polymerization in a thermally anisotropic system with parallel copper strips embedded in 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate resin. Both experiments and multiphysics finite element analyses reveal that the front propagation in the thermally anisotropic system is orientation-dependent, leading to variations in the front shape and the front velocity due to the different front-metal strip interaction mechanisms along and across the metal strips. The parameters entering the cure kinetics model used in this work are chosen to capture the key characteristics of the polymerization front, i.e., the front temperature and velocity. Numerical parametric analyses demonstrate that the front velocity in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the metal strips increases as the system size decreases and approaches the analytical prediction for homogenized systems. A two-dimensional homogenized model for anisotropic frontal polymerization in the metal-resin system is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Sarah Li
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Imogen Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Sagar K Vyas
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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15
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Gao Y, Dearborn MA, Hemmer J, Wang Z, Esser-Kahn AP, Geubelle PH. Controllable Frontal Polymerization and Spontaneous Patterning Enabled by Phase-Changing Particles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102217. [PMID: 34528371 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Frontal polymerization provides a rapid, economic, and environmentally friendly methodology to manufacture thermoset polymers and composites. Despite its efficiency and reduced environmental impact, the manufacturing method is underutilized due to the limited fundamental understanding of its dynamic control. This work reports the control and patterning of the front propagation in a dicyclopentadiene resin by immersion of phase-changing polycaprolactone particles. Predictive and designed patterning is enabled by multiphysical numerical analyses, which reveal that the interplay between endothermic phase transition, exothermic chemical reaction, and heat exchange govern the temperature, velocity, and propagation path of the front via two different interaction regimes. To pattern the front, one can vary the size and spacing between the particles and increase the number of propagating fronts, resulting in tunable physical patterns formed due to front separation and merging near the particles. Both single- and double-frontal polymerization experiments in an open mold are performed. The results confirm the front-particle interaction mechanisms and the shapes of the patterns explored numerically. The present study offers a fundamental understanding of frontal polymerization in the presence of heat-absorbing second-phase materials and proposes a potential one-step manufacturing method for precisely patterned polymeric and composite materials without masks, molds, or printers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mason A Dearborn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zhao Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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16
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Taschner R, Knaack P, Liska R. Bismuthonium‐ and pyrylium‐based radical induced cationic frontal polymerization of epoxides. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Taschner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9 Vienna Austria
| | - Patrick Knaack
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9 Vienna Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9 Vienna Austria
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17
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Photoinduced Processes as a Way to Sustainable Polymers and Innovation in Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142293. [PMID: 34301050 PMCID: PMC8309236 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced processes have gained considerable attention in polymer science and have greatly implemented the technological developments of new products. Therefore, a large amount of research work is currently developed in this area: in this paper we illustrate the advantages of a chemistry driven by light, the present perspectives of the technology, and summarize some of our recent research works, honoring the memory of Prof. Aldo Priola who passed away in March 2021 and was one of the first scientists in Italy to contribute to the field.
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18
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Gao Y, Dearborn MA, Vyas S, Kumar A, Hemmer J, Wang Z, Wu Q, Alshangiti O, Moore JS, Esser-Kahn AP, Geubelle PH. Manipulating Frontal Polymerization and Instabilities with Phase-Changing Microparticles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7537-7545. [PMID: 34228929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently presented as a rapid and eco-friendly manufacturing method for thermoset polymers and composites, frontal polymerization (FP) experiences thermo-chemical instabilities under certain conditions, leading to visible patterns and spatially dependent material properties. Through numerical analyses and experiments, we demonstrate how the front velocity, temperature, and instability in the frontal polymerization of cyclooctadiene are affected by the presence of poly(caprolactone) microparticles homogeneously mixed with the resin. The phase transformation associated with the melting of the microparticles absorbs some of the exothermic reaction energy generated by the FP, reduces the amplitude and order of the thermal instabilities, and suppresses the front velocity and temperatures. Experimental measurements validate predictions of the dependence of the front velocity and temperature on the microparticle volume fraction provided by the proposed homogenized reaction-diffusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mason A Dearborn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sagar Vyas
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zhao Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Qiong Wu
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Omar Alshangiti
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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19
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Gao Y, Shaon F, Kumar A, Bynum S, Gary D, Sharp D, Pojman JA, Geubelle PH. Rapid frontal polymerization achieved with thermally conductive metal strips. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2021; 31:073113. [PMID: 34340327 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Frontal polymerization, which involves a self-propagating polymerizing reaction front, has been considered as a rapid, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly methodology to manufacture lightweight, high-performance thermoset polymers, and composites. Previous work has reported that the introduction of thermally conductive elements can enhance the front velocity. As follow-up research, the present work investigates this problem more systemically using both numerical and experimental approaches by investigating the front shape, front width, and heat exchange when aluminum and cooper metal strips are embedded in the resin. The study reveals that the enhancement in the front velocity is mainly due to a preheating effect associated with the conductive element. Moreover, the numerical parametric study for the system size shows that the front speed increases as the system size decreases, ultimately approaching a prediction provided by a homogenized model for polymer-metal composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Fahima Shaon
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Samuel Bynum
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Daniel Gary
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - David Sharp
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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20
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Groce BR, Gary DP, Cantrell JK, Pojman JA. Front velocity dependence on vinyl ether and initiator concentration in
radical‐induced
cationic frontal polymerization of epoxies. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brecklyn R. Groce
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Daniel P. Gary
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Joseph K. Cantrell
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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21
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Radical-induced cationic frontal polymerisation for prepreg technology. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, a new type of prepreg technology has been established using a dual curing system consisting of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and frontally polymerisable components based on the epoxide resin. The study of the polymerisation of HDDA revealed (tert-butylcyclohexyl)peroxydicarbonate (BCPC) as the most suitable radical thermal initiator. The presence of BCPC resulted in a fast radical polymerisation of HDDA and no cationic ring-opening reaction of the epoxy, which was observed by monitoring the double bond and epoxy group conversion in real time-NIR rheology measurement. The formed prepreg can subsequently be cured by radical-induced cationic frontal polymerisation of the epoxy resin. Effects of HDDA amount on the radical polymerisation, stiffness of the gel, frontal parameters and thermal mechanical properties of final polymers were investigated. With 10 wt% HDDA, the formed prepreg has very good storage stability, which was proved by monitoring the epoxy group conversion during 4 months of storage at 50 °C while still a stable front can be obtained. Furthermore, the RICFP-prepregs with different fibre contents were prepared and polymerised by RICFP. Then, a snowflake composite was successfully produced using RICFP-prepreg.
Graphic abstract
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22
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Petko F, Świeży A, Ortyl J. Photoinitiating systems and kinetics of frontal photopolymerization processes – the prospects for efficient preparation of composites and thick 3D structures. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00596k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The frontal photopolymerisation combining a versatile interest in many applications and economic efficiency is destined to occupy a growing polymer economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Petko
- Photo HiTech Ltd, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Świeży
- Photo HiTech Ltd, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Photo HiTech Ltd, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Kraków, Poland
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23
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Synthesis and evaluation of UV cross-linked Poly (acrylamide) loaded thymol nanogel for antifungal application in oral candidiasis. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Allonas X, Lecompère M, Gachet B, Criqui A, Maréchal D, Croutxé-Barghorn C. Pyridines as retarding agents in photoinduced thermal frontal cationic polymerization of epoxydes. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01332g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced thermal frontal polymerization of epoxide in the presence of pyridines as retarding agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - M. Lecompère
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - B. Gachet
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - A. Criqui
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - D. Maréchal
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - C. Croutxé-Barghorn
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
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25
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Maugeri D, Sangermano M, Leterrier Y. Radical photoinduced cationic frontal polymerization in porous media. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Maugeri
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT) Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT) Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Yves Leterrier
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
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26
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Stawiasz KJ, Paul JE, Schwarz KJ, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Photoexcitation of Grubbs' Second-Generation Catalyst Initiates Frontal Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1563-1568. [PMID: 35617057 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a simple method is reported for control over initiation in frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP). This noncontact approach uses 375 nm light to excite Grubbs' second-generation catalyst in the presence of a phosphite inhibitor. Photoinitiated FROMP of dicylcopentadiene (DCPD) displays a similar cure profile to that of its thermally initiated counterpart, yielding a robust polymer with high glass transition temperature. Furthermore, this system is applied to enhance reaction rates in conventional ring-closing metathesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Stawiasz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Justine E Paul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kevin J Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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27
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Gachet B, Lecompère M, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Burr D, L'Hostis G, Allonas X. Highly reactive photothermal initiating system based on sulfonium salts for the photoinduced thermal frontal cationic polymerization of epoxides: a way to create carbon-fiber reinforced polymers. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41915-41920. [PMID: 35516561 PMCID: PMC9057885 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07561b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new combination of sulfonium salts has been investigated to cure opaque and thick carbon composite materials through photoinduced thermal frontal polymerization reaction. The photopolymerization occurs at the surface of the cycloaliphatic epoxide through the excitation of a triarylsulfonium salt and releases enough heat to decompose an alkyl-based sulfonium salt acting as a latent thermal initiator. Thus, a thermal front propagates into the medium leading to the polymerization of the whole sample. Thermal properties and optimal parameters are investigated to obtain frontal polymerization in the depth of the material. Front velocities were as high as 12.9 cm min−1 and were found to increase with an increasing concentration of thermal sulfonium salt. The effect of an addition of carbon filler is investigated with a concentration of up to 50 wt%, which allows the formation of a composite material with a high content of carbon without the need for thermal post curing. Photoinduced thermal frontal polymerization of epoxides made possible by use of a dual-cure initiating system based on sulfonium salts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Gachet
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires, Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Maxime Lecompère
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires, Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Céline Croutxé-Barghorn
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires, Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Dominique Burr
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires, Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Gildas L'Hostis
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique Textiles (LPMT), Université de Haute Alsace 11 rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires, Université de Haute Alsace 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
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28
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Ivanoff DG, Sung J, Butikofer SM, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Cross-Linking Agents for Enhanced Performance of Thermosets Prepared via Frontal Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Malik MS, Schlögl S, Wolfahrt M, Sangermano M. Review on UV-Induced Cationic Frontal Polymerization of Epoxy Monomers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092146. [PMID: 32962306 PMCID: PMC7570253 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-induced cationic frontal polymerization has emerged as a novel technique that allows rapid curing of various epoxy monomers upon UV irradiation within a few seconds. In the presence of a diaryliodonium salt photoinitiator together with a thermal radical initiator, the cationic ring opening polymerization of an epoxide monomer is auto-accelerated in the form of a self-propagating front upon UV irradiation. This hot propagating front generates the required enthalpy to sustain curing reaction throughout the resin formulation without further need for UV irradiation. This unique reaction pathway makes the cationic frontal polymerization a promising route towards the efficient curing of epoxy-based thermosetting resins and related composite structures. This review represents a comprehensive overview of the mechanism and progress of UV-induced cationic frontal polymerization of epoxy monomers that have been reported so far in literature. At the same time, this review covers important aspects on the frontal polymerization of various epoxide monomers involving the chemistry of the initiators, the effect of appropriate sensitizers, diluents and fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Malik
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Rossegerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.M.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Rossegerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.M.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Markus Wolfahrt
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Rossegerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.M.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Dean LM, Wu Q, Alshangiti O, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Rapid Synthesis of Elastomers and Thermosets with Tunable Thermomechanical Properties. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:819-824. [PMID: 35648532 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, solvent-free synthesis of poly(1,4-butadiene) in ambient conditions is demonstrated by frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) of 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD). Furthermore, cross-linked copolymers with a wide range of tunable properties are readily prepared by FROMP of mixtures of COD and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD). Specifically, glass transition temperature and tensile modulus are varied from -90 to 114 °C and 3.1 MPa to 1.9 GPa, respectively, by controlling the comonomer ratio. Copolymers with subambient glass transition temperature exhibit robust elastomeric behavior, with the ability to repeatedly recover from large elastic deformations. As a demonstration of the capability of this manufacturing strategy, gradient materials are fabricated in less than a minute with spatially controlled properties for multistage shape memory actuation. This simple yet powerful manufacturing strategy enables rapid synthesis of copolymers ranging from elastomers to thermosets with precise control over thermomechanical properties.
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31
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Bansal K, Pojman JA, Webster D, Quadir M. Frontal Polymerization of a Thin Film on a Wood Substrate. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:169-173. [PMID: 35638678 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Frontal polymerization has been explored as a technique to form two-dimensional thin films (<0.5 mm) on wood. We used trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a thermal free-radical initiator. The viscosity of the resin was adjusted by incorporating fumed silica within the formulation. As filler materials, either calcium carbonate or graphene nanoplatelets was used to evaluate the effect of filler type and content on front propagation. We observed that resin viscosity and film thickness critically affected the qualitative and quantitative propagation of the thermal front resulting in the formation of the coating. A workable coating was formed at a viscosity of 0.6 Pa·s, which was obtained when 3 phr (parts per hundred resin) of fumed silica was used in the resin formulation. Wet film thickness for this resin system was also found to have a limiting value, and full propagation of the front to result in a conformal coating required at least 15 mil (1 mil = 25 μm) of wet film thickness. Filler materials affected film propagation as a function of particle size and thermal properties. While 15 phr calcium carbonate could be incorporated with the resin, only 5 phr graphene nanoplatelets could be loaded within the matrix to ensure complete propagation of the front. Interestingly, for graphene fronts, velocity and temperature reduced systematically as a function of filler content. Filler type and content affected porosity and roughness of the coating, which was quantified by computerized tomography to understand the relationship between porosity and adhesion of the coated film with the wood substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Bansal
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Dean Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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Švajdlenková H, Kleinová A, Šauša O, Rusnák J, Dung TA, Koch T, Knaack P. Microstructural study of epoxy-based thermosets prepared by “classical” and cationic frontal polymerization. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41098-41109. [PMID: 35519196 PMCID: PMC9057714 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A microstructural study of bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), prepared via both “classical” and novel photo- and thermally-induced cationic frontal polymerization, can help to understand the relationships between the microstructure of epoxides and their material properties, as well as the propagation of frontal polymerization waves. Microstructural PALS characteristics, such as the ortho-positronium lifetime (τo-Ps), lifetime distribution, and void fraction, were investigated in relation to the extension of H bonds obtained from ATR/FTIR and the bulk density. The thermal profiles of differently-induced RICFP revealed that photo-triggered propagation is twice as fast as thermally-induced RICFP, with a comparable maximal reaction temperature (∼283 °C) and heat conductivity. Both RICFP-based samples, induced by UV light and heat, showed a lower τo-Ps, narrower lifetime distributions, and a reduced void fraction, in comparison to the “classical” cured anhydride-based epoxy sample. These may be the main factors which result in better material properties. In addition, both their radial and angular profiles of free volume fraction confirmed experimentally the rotational movement of the propagating frontal waves and their influence on the microstructural inhomogeneities, and the final material properties. Epoxides prepared by cationic frontal polymerization have a greater reduced void fraction than “classically” cured samples revealing free-volume consequences of waves.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Švajdlenková
- Department of Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers
- Polymer Institute of SAS
- Bratislava 845 41
- Slovakia
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
| | - Angela Kleinová
- Department of Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers
- Polymer Institute of SAS
- Bratislava 845 41
- Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Šauša
- Department of Nuclear Physics
- Institute of Physics of SAS
- Bratislava 845 11
- Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Rusnák
- Department of Metal Physics
- Institute of Physics of SAS
- Bratislava 845 11
- Slovakia
| | - Tran Anh Dung
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Patrick Knaack
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
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33
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Sangermano M, Antonazzo I, Sisca L, Carello M. Photoinduced cationic frontal polymerization of epoxy–carbon fibre composites. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e TecnologiaPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Ippazio Antonazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e TecnologiaPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sisca
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e AerospazialePolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Massimiliana Carello
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e AerospazialePolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
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Bynum S, Tullier M, Morejon‐Garcia C, Guidry J, Runnoe E, Pojman JA. The effect of acrylate functionality on frontal polymerization velocity and temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bynum
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Michael Tullier
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Catherine Morejon‐Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Jesse Guidry
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Emma Runnoe
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
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Sangermano M, Rodriguez D, Gonzalez MC, Laurenti E, Yagci Y. Visible Light Induced Cationic Polymerization of Epoxides by Using Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800250. [PMID: 29806180 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The visible light induced cationic polymerization of epoxides can be achieved by means of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which act as visible light photoinitiators via a radical-induced cationic photopolymerization process. When MWCNTs are irradiated with longer wavelengths (above 400 nm), they generate carbon radicals, by means of hydrogen abstraction from the epoxy monomer; these radicals are oxidized in the presence of iodonium salt to a carbocation that is sufficiently reactive to start the cationic ring-opening polymerization of an epoxy monomer. These mechanisms have been supported by electron paramagnetic resonance analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sangermano
- Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Damian Rodriguez
- Departamento de Quimica INIFTA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 7, 776, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Monica C Gonzalez
- Departamento de Quimica INIFTA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 7, 776, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Enzo Laurenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
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36
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Goli E, Robertson ID, Geubelle PH, Moore JS. Frontal Polymerization of Dicyclopentadiene: A Numerical Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:4583-4591. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elyas Goli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ian D. Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H. Geubelle
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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37
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Free-radical polymerizations of and in deep eutectic solvents: Green synthesis of functional materials. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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New Horizons in Cationic Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10020136. [PMID: 30966172 PMCID: PMC6414887 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we report some recent advances and new horizons in UV-induced cationic photopolymerization. In particular, after a brief introduction on the discovery and affirmation of the cationic photopolymerization process, new efforts in the synthesis of cationic photoinitiators are reported. Subsequently, an interesting and absolutely new application is reported, related to the combination of Radical-Induced Cationic Photopolymerization with Frontal Polymerization, achieving the cross-linking of epoxy composites.
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39
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Fazende KF, Phachansitthi M, Mota-Morales JD, Pojman JA. Frontal Polymerization of Deep Eutectic Solvents Composed of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kylee F. Fazende
- Department of Chemistry; 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Manysa Phachansitthi
- Department of Chemistry; 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Josué D. Mota-Morales
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001; Querétaro QRO 76230 México
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry; 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
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40
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Klikovits N, Liska R, D'Anna A, Sangermano M. Successful UV-Induced RICFP of Epoxy-Composites. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Klikovits
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9 Vienna A-1040 Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9 Vienna A-1040 Austria
| | - Alessandra D'Anna
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia; Politecnico di Torino; C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino I-10129 Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia; Politecnico di Torino; C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino I-10129 Italy
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41
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Lecompère M, Allonas X, Maréchal D, Criqui A. Versatility of Pyrylium Salt/Vinyl Ether Initiating System for Epoxide Dual-Cure Polymerization: Kick-Starting Effect of the Coinitiator. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 28117522 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pyrylium salts combined with vinyl ethers are shown to act as new versatile dual-cure initiating systems for both photochemical and thermal initiation of oxirane monomers. The combination of both possibilities allows the curing of thick samples through photoinduced frontal polymerization. On the basis of quantum calculations and photochemical experiments, some clues are given about the reaction mechanisms involved. Interestingly, a sequential kick-starting effect is observed in the presence of vinyl ether enabling the curing of oxetane monomers. Thereby, this communication presents a short overview of potential of pyrylium salts in cationic polymerization of oxiranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lecompère
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093, Mulhouse, France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093, Mulhouse, France
| | - David Maréchal
- Mäder Research, 130 rue de la Mer Rouge, 68200, Mulhouse, France
| | - Adrien Criqui
- Mäder Research, 130 rue de la Mer Rouge, 68200, Mulhouse, France
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42
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Lecompère M, Allonas X, Maréchal D, Criqui A. Mechanistic approach to a photochemical/thermal dual-cure initiating system based on pyrylium salt–hydroperoxide for epoxide cationic polymerization. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01741j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An initiating system based on pyrylium salts and the hydroperoxide group is a promising method to perform a dual-cure of epoxides via cationic polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lecompère
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering
- University of Haute Alsace
- 68093 Mulhouse
- France
| | - X. Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering
- University of Haute Alsace
- 68093 Mulhouse
- France
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43
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Lecompere M, Allonas X, Marechal D, Criqui A. Dual-cure Photo-thermal Initiating System for Cationic Polymerization of Epoxy under LED Visible Light. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2017. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.30.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lecompere
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace
- Mader
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace
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44
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Nuvoli L, Sanna D, Alzari V, Nuvoli D, Sanna V, Malfatti L, Mariani A. Double responsive copolymer hydrogels prepared by frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Davide Sanna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Valeria Alzari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Daniele Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Vanna Sanna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Luca Malfatti
- DADU, Lab Sci Mat & Nanotecnol, Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; Piazza Duomo 6 Alghero Sassari 07041 Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari, and local INSTM Unit; via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
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45
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Maréchal D, Allonas X, Lecompère M, Criqui A. Novel Dual-Cure Initiating System for Cationic Polymerization of Epoxides. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Maréchal
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace; 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace; 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Maxime Lecompère
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace; 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Adrien Criqui
- Mäder; 130 rue de la Mer Rouge 68200 Mulhouse France
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46
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Liu R, Chen H, Li Z, Shi F, Liu X. Extremely deep photopolymerization using upconversion particles as internal lamps. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00184j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
More than 10 centimeters of photopolymerization depth is obtained using upconversion nanoparticles as internal lamps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Hao Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Zhiquan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
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47
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McFarland B, Pojman JA. Effects of shell crosslinking on polyurea microcapsules containing a free-radical initiator. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian McFarland
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; Morningside College; Sioux City Iowa 51106
| | - John A. Pojman
- Louisiana State University Department of Chemistry; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
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48
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49
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Bomze D, Knaack P, Liska R. Successful radical induced cationic frontal polymerization of epoxy-based monomers by C–C labile compounds. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01451d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Successful radical induced cationic frontal polymerization of epoxy-based monomers by C–C labile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Bomze
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - P. Knaack
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - R. Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
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50
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Robertson ID, Hernandez HL, White SR, Moore JS. Rapid stiffening of a microfluidic endoskeleton via frontal polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18469-18474. [PMID: 25321345 DOI: 10.1021/am5061596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Materials capable of rapidly modifying their physical properties in response to stimuli are desirable for on-demand deployment and adaptive engineering structures. Frontal polymerization is a self-propagating reaction that can quickly transform liquid reactants into solid products. In this contribution, we demonstrate that frontal polymerization enables facile, rapid stiffening of a vascular network embedded in a flexible matrix. Systematic variation of the vascular architecture shows that polymerization fronts in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix are self-propagating in channels as small as 838 μm and even when curves, branch points and converging geometries are present. After polymerization the composite structure was dramatically stiffened (up to 18 times the original Young's modulus) based on tensile testing results. This work demonstrates the use of frontal polymerization as an efficient methodology for transforming flexible materials into functional supports or surfaces through endoskeletal stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Robertson
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Mechanical Science and Engineering, §Aerospace Engineering, and ⊥Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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