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Silica-Supported Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene Pickering Emulsion Polymerization: Tuning Surface Charge and Hydrophobicity by pH and Co-Aid Adsorption. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, polymerizations of styrene (St) in the presence of divinylbenzene (DVB) as a crosslinking agent and sodium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate (VBS) have been performed in Pickering emulsions, using silica nanoparticles (SNps) as stabilizing agents and ammonium persulfate as a hydrophilic initiator. In oil-in-water Pickering emulsions with alkaline continuous phase (pH = 9) at 1, 2, and 3 wt% DVB (relative to St), polydisperse spheroid copolymer submicronic nanoparticles were obtained. Comparatively, polymerizations performed in Pickering emulsions with acidic continuous phase (pH = 5) allowed preparing St-co-DVB microspheres with core–shell structures at 1 wt% DVB and St-co-DVB hybrid monoliths with bi-continuous morphologies at 2 and 3 wt% DVB. It is noteworthy that this work reports Pickering emulsion polymerization as a new strategy for preparing hybrid percolated scaffolds with bi-continuous porosity. The proposed mechanisms originated by pH, DVB, and VBS and the drastic impact caused on the final morphology obtained, either hybrid particles or monoliths, are discussed herein.
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H. AEW, Abd El-Monem F, M.A. N, A.I. H, Nashy ESH, L. L. Novel tanning agent based on silica-nanocomposite emulsion polymers. PIGMENT & RESIN TECHNOLOGY 2020; 49:283-294. [DOI: 10.1108/prt-12-2019-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is devoted to application of the emulsion polymer of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) prepared with in situ nano-silica as a novel tanning agent of hide to partly or totally replace chrome salt and to improve physical, thermal and mechanical properties of the tanned leather and to reduce the environmental impact of chrome tanning effluent.
Design/methodology/approach
Polymer/nano-silica hybrid emulsions were prepared via in situ seed emulsion polymerisation. The prepared polymers were characterised for solid content, molecular weight, viscosity, drying time, minimum film-forming temperature (MFFT) and microstructures (via transmission electron microscopy). The mechanical, thermal and surface morphological (by scanning electron microscope) properties of the treated samples were also investigated. The influences of the increase in the content of organic nano-silica on the properties of the tanned leather are discussed.
Findings
It was found that the viscosity, the particle size and the solid content of the prepared polymers increased as the content of the nano-silica increased while gloss and drying time of the resulting polymer film decreased. Tanning buffalo hide by Polymer F (containing a high content of nano-silica) gave desirable properties in terms of tensile strength, thermal stability and shrinkage temperature.
Research limitations/implications
This paper discusses the preparation and the characterisation of emulsion polymers with in situ nano-silica and their application in tanning process to enhance and improve the leather quality, as well as reduce the use of chrome tanning materials and consequently chrome tanning waste.
Practical implications
The tanned leather showed an improvement of physico-mechanical properties and enhancement of thermal stability. Furthermore, the tanned leather has uniform colour, softness and firmness of grain. All these promising results provide evidence to support the applicability of the prepared co-polymer/nano-silica emulsions as an efficient tanning agent that also provides lubricating properties for leather.
Originality/value
Since May 2015, REACH Annex XVII restricts Cr(VI) in leather articles or leather parts of articles that come into contact with skin to a concentration of less than 3 mg/kg. Cases of discovery of Cr(VI) in leather papers have been reported by the European rapid alert system on dangerous consumer products (RAPEX). The emulsion poly (methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) with in situ nano-silica that has been developed via the study reported in this paper is one of the better technologies for the reduction of chromium ratio used in tanning industry.
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Liao W, Huang X, Ye L, Lan S, Fan H, Qu J. Film-formation of polyacrylate/silica composite latexes by sol-gel process. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Liao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Dong Guan University of Technology; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Xiangxuan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Dong Guan University of Technology; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Lingyun Ye
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Dong Guan University of Technology; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Shanhong Lan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Dong Guan University of Technology; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Hongbo Fan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Dong Guan University of Technology; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Jinqing Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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Luo Q, Shen Y, Li P, Wang C, Zhao Z. Synthesis and characterization of crosslinking waterborne fluorinated polyurethane-acrylate with core-shell structure. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Luo
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology; Xi'an 710021 People'ans Republic China
| | - Yiding Shen
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology; Xi'an 710021 People'ans Republic China
| | - Peizhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology; Xi'an 710021 People'ans Republic China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology; Xi'an 710021 People'ans Republic China
| | - Zhifang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology; Xi'an 710021 People'ans Republic China
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Zou H, Wu S, Shen J. Polymer/Silica Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2008; 108:3893-957. [DOI: 10.1021/cr068035q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1706] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China, and College of Chemistry and Environment Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Shishan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China, and College of Chemistry and Environment Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Jian Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China, and College of Chemistry and Environment Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
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Cao ZH, Shan GR, Fevotte G, Sheibat-Othman N, Bourgeat-Lami E. Miniemulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and γ-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: Kinetics and Mechanism. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800326x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. H. Cao
- Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés, C2P2/LCPP-UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69616 Villeurbanne, France; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China; LAGEP, CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât 308G, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, 138 cours Fauriel, 42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - G. R. Shan
- Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés, C2P2/LCPP-UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69616 Villeurbanne, France; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China; LAGEP, CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât 308G, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, 138 cours Fauriel, 42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - G. Fevotte
- Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés, C2P2/LCPP-UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69616 Villeurbanne, France; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China; LAGEP, CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât 308G, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, 138 cours Fauriel, 42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - N. Sheibat-Othman
- Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés, C2P2/LCPP-UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69616 Villeurbanne, France; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China; LAGEP, CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât 308G, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, 138 cours Fauriel, 42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - E. Bourgeat-Lami
- Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés, C2P2/LCPP-UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69616 Villeurbanne, France; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China; LAGEP, CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât 308G, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, 138 cours Fauriel, 42000 Saint Etienne, France
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