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Braun CA, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Tellura(benzo)bithiophenes: Synthesis, Oligomerization, and Phosphorescence. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2672-2679. [PMID: 33481578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of planar π-extended Te-containing heteroacenes, termed tellura(benzo)bithiophenes, were synthesized. This new structural class of heterocycle features a tellurophene ring fused to a benzobithiophene unit with aromatic side groups (either -C6H4iPr or -C6H4OCH3) positioned at the 2- and 5-positions of the tellurophene moiety. Although attempts to enhance molecular rigidity and extend ring-framework π-delocalization in a cumenyl (-C6H4iPr)-capped tellura(benzo)bithiophene led to oxidation (and Te-C bond scission) to form a diene-one, the formation of an oligomeric tellura(benzo)bithiophene was possible via Kumada catalyst-transfer polycondensation (KCTP). Furthermore, one tellura(benzo)bithiophene derivative exhibits orange-red phosphorescence at room temperature in air when incorporated into a poly(methyl methacrylate) host; accompanying TD-DFT computations provided insight into a potential mechanism for the observed phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Braun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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2
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Ji JM, Kim CK, Kim HK. Well-dispersed Te-doped mesoporous carbons as Pt-free counter electrodes for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9399-9409. [PMID: 34223586 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04372a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A tellurium-doped carbon nanomaterial (Te-MC(P)) was newly developed by the soft-templated carbonization of the PAN-b-PBA copolymer with poly(3-hexyltellurophene). Te-MC(P) was characterized with various characterization methods, including the nitrogen sorption isotherm measurement (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which reveal that the Te atoms are homogeneously dispersed in the three-dimensional hierarchical, graphite-like mesoporous carbon matrix with a Te doping level of 0.27 atom %. Based on the characterization results, the electrocatalytic ability of Te-MC(P) was evaluated by using a symmetrical dummy cell test with both Co(bpy)32+/3+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and I-/I3- redox electrolytes as counter electrodes (CEs). The Te-MC(P) CEs showed remarkably lower charge-transfer resistance (Rct) values by approximately 10 times in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement, compared to the counterpart platinum (Pt) and the tellurium-based material (Te-MC(A)), prepared with a telluric acid precursor that has a lower Te doping level of 0.15 at%. As a result, the excellent electrocatalytic ability of Te-MC(P) resulted in the improvement of photovoltaic performance. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of Te-MC(P)-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were 12.69% for the Co(bpy)32+/3+ redox electrolyte with the SGT-021 porphyrin dye and 9.73% for the I-/I3- redox electrolyte with the N719 ruthenium dye. Furthermore, Te- MC(P) CEs exhibited remarkable electrochemical stability in the two redox electrolytes. These results could suggest that the Te-MC(P) CE is one of the best promising alternatives to Pt CEs as a low-cost, highly stable and efficient electrocatalytic CE for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Ji
- Global GET-Future Laboratory & Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea.
| | - Chang Ki Kim
- Global GET-Future Laboratory & Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea.
| | - Hwan Kyu Kim
- Global GET-Future Laboratory & Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea.
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3
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Wu X, Lv L, Hu L, Shi Q, Peng A, Huang H. The Synthesis and Optoelectronic Applications for Tellurophene-Based Small Molecules and Polymers. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2600-2607. [PMID: 31179624 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tellurophene-based small molecules and polymers have received great attentions owing to their applications in thin-film transistors, solar cells, and sensors. This article reviews the current progress of the synthesis and applications of tellurophene-based small molecules and polymers. The physicochemical properties and optoelectronic applications of tellurophene-based materials are summarized and discussed. In the end, the challenges and outlook of tellurophene-based materials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Wu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby. Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.Sino-Danish center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Lv
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lifang Hu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Shi
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Aidong Peng
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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4
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Braun CA, Martinek N, Zhou Y, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Using boryl-substitution and improved Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling to access new phosphorescent tellurophenes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10210-10219. [PMID: 31192334 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02095k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new di(isopropoxy)boryl -B(OiPr)2 tellurophene precursor is described, from which several previously inaccessible phosphorescent borylated tellurophenes are formed via exchange of the -OiPr groups. One such tellurophene Mes(iPrO)B-Te-6-B(OiPr)Mes, bearing a sterically encumbered mesityl (Mes) substituent at each boron center, exhibits bright yellow-orange phosphorescence in the solid state at room temperature and in the presence of the known quencher O2. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling between the newly prepared borylated tellurophenes and the test substrate 2-bromothiophene was examined with the pre-catalyst Cl(XPhos)Pd(aminobiphenyl). While more electron deficient boryl groups such as catecholatoboryl (-Bcat) yield significant protodeboronation in place of productive C-C bond formation, efficient formation of the desired thiophene-capped tellurophene thienyl-Te-6-thienyl was noted from tellurophenes bearing the readily accessible pinacolatoboryl (-Bpin) and 1,8-naphthalenediaminatoboryl (-Bdan) functional groups. These findings open the door for the efficient synthesis of aryl tellurophenes and polytellurophenes via the ubiquitous Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of borylated tellurophenes, which was previously hampered by protodeboronation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Braun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Nicole Martinek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
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5
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Manion JG, Panchuk JR, Seferos DS. Applying Heteroatom Substitution in Organic Photovoltaics. CHEM REC 2019; 19:1113-1122. [PMID: 30793821 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3-alkylthiophene) (P3AT) has been a central focus of research on organic photovoltaics (OPVs) for well over a decade. Due to their controlled synthesis P3ATs have proven to be a vital model system for developing an understanding of the effects of polymer structure on optoelectronic properties and blend morphology in bulk heterojunction OPVs. Similar to their thiophene counterparts, selenophene and tellurophene can be polymerized in a controlled manner. As single atom substitution results in significant differences in absorption, charge transport and self-assembly these model systems provide a unique opportunity to probe fundamental structure-property relationships. In this account, we provide an overview of our work on copolymers of thiophene and selenophene and examine how the optoelectronic and morphological behavior of these materials can be strategically adjusted through polymer design. We also highlight recent developments on poly(3-alkyltellurophene) and comment on its future in fundamental and applied studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Manion
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, CAN M5S 3H6
| | - Jenny R Panchuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, CAN M5S 3H6
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, CAN M5S 3H6
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, CAN M5S 3E5
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Carrera EI, Seferos DS. Ring Opening of π-Delocalized 2,5-Diphenyltellurophene by Chemical or Self-Sensitized Aerobic Photooxidation. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa I. Carrera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Cao H, Brettell-Adams IA, Qu F, Rupar PA. Bridged Difurans: Stabilizing Furan with p-Block Elements. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Cao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0036, United States
| | - Ian A. Brettell-Adams
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0036, United States
| | - Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0036, United States
| | - Paul A. Rupar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0036, United States
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Carrera EI, Lanterna AE, Lough AJ, Scaiano JC, Seferos DS. A Mechanistic Study of Halogen Addition and Photoelimination from π-Conjugated Tellurophenes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2678-89. [PMID: 26853739 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to drive reactivity using visible light is of importance for many disciplines of chemistry and has significant implications for sustainable chemistry. Identifying photochemically active compounds and understanding photochemical mechanisms is important for the development of useful materials for synthesis and catalysis. Here we report a series of photoactive diphenyltellurophene compounds bearing electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents synthesized by alkyne coupling/ring closing or palladium-catalyzed ipso-arylation chemistry. The redox chemistry of these compounds was studied with respect to oxidative addition and photoelimination of bromine, which is of importance for energy storage reactions involving X2. The oxidative addition reaction mechanism was studied using density functional theory, the results of which support a three-step mechanism involving the formation of an initial η(1) association complex, a monobrominated intermediate, and finally the dibrominated product. All of the tellurophene derivatives undergo photoreduction using 430, 447, or 617 nm light depending on the absorption properties of the compound. Compounds bearing electron-withdrawing substituents have the highest photochemical quantum efficiencies in the presence of an alkene trap, with efficiencies of up to 42.4% for a pentafluorophenyl-functionalized tellurophene. The photoelimination reaction was studied in detail through bromine trapping experiments and laser flash photolysis, and a mechanism is proposed. The photoreaction, which occurs by release of bromine radicals, is competitive with intersystem crossing to the triplet state of the brominated species, as evidenced by the formation of singlet oxygen. These findings should be useful for the design of new photochemically active compounds supported by main-group elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa I Carrera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Anabel E Lanterna
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Juan C Scaiano
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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9
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Ye S, Steube M, Carrera EI, Seferos DS. What Limits the Molecular Weight and Controlled Synthesis of Poly(3-alkyltellurophene)s? Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Ye
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Marvin Steube
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 10-14 Duesbergweg, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisa I. Carrera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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10
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Al-Hashimi M, Han Y, Smith J, Bazzi HS, Alqaradawi SYA, Watkins SE, Anthopoulos TD, Heeney M. Influence of the heteroatom on the optoelectronic properties and transistor performance of soluble thiophene-, selenophene- and tellurophene-vinylene copolymers. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1093-1099. [PMID: 29896373 PMCID: PMC5954972 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first soluble poly(3-dodecyl tellurophenylene-vinylene) polymer (P3TeV) by Stille copolymerization and compare its properties to the analogous thiophene and selenophene containing polymers. The optical band gap of the polymers is shown to systematically decrease as the size of the heteroatom is increased, mainly as a result of a stabilization of the LUMO energy, resulting in a small band gap of 1.4 eV for P3TeV. Field effect transistors measurements in variety of architectures demonstrate that the selenophene polymer exhibits the highest mobility, highlighting that increasing the size of the heteroatom is not always beneficial for charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Hashimi
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Dept. Chemistry , Texas A&M University at Qatar , P.O. Box 23874 , Doha , Qatar .
| | - Yang Han
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Dept. Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Jeremy Smith
- Dept. Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Hassan S Bazzi
- Dept. Chemistry , Texas A&M University at Qatar , P.O. Box 23874 , Doha , Qatar .
| | | | - Scott E Watkins
- CSIRO , Molecular and Health Technologies , VIC 3169 , Australia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Dept. Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
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Abstract
A survey of the state-of-the-art in the development of synthetic methods to incorporate p-block elements into polymers is given. The incorporation of main group elements (groups 13-16) into long chains provides access to materials with fascinating chemical and physical properties imparted by the presence of inorganic groups. Perhaps the greatest impedance to the widespread academic and commercial use of p-block element-containing macromolecules is the synthetic challenge associated with linking inorganic elements into long chains. In recent years, creative methodologies have been developed to incorporate heteroatoms into polymeric structures, with perhaps the greatest advances occurring with hybrid organic-inorganic polymers composed of boron, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur. With these developments, materials are currently being realized that possess exciting chemical, photophysical and thermal properties that are not possible for conventional organic polymers. This review focuses on highlighting the most significant recent advances whilst giving an appropriate background for the general reader. Of particular focus will be advances made over the last two decades, with emphasis on the novel synthetic methodologies employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Priegert
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouer, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z1.
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Maluenda I, Navarro O. Recent developments in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction: 2010-2014. Molecules 2015; 20:7528-57. [PMID: 25919276 PMCID: PMC6272665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20057528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Suzuki-Miyaura reaction (SMR), involving the coupling of an organoboron reagent and an organic halide or pseudo-halide in the presence of a palladium or nickel catalyst and a base, has arguably become one of most utilized tools for the construction of a C-C bond. This review intends to be general account of all types of catalytic systems, new coupling partners and applications, including the literature between September 2010 and December 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maluenda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Oscar Navarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
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Carrera EI, Seferos DS. Semiconducting Polymers Containing Tellurium: Perspectives Toward Obtaining High-Performance Materials. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502307b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa I. Carrera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Jeffries-EL M, Kobilka BM, Hale BJ. Optimizing the Performance of Conjugated Polymers in Organic Photovoltaic Cells by Traversing Group 16. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501236v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malika Jeffries-EL
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Brandon M. Kobilka
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Hale
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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