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Kobayashi Y, Ishigami A, Ito H. Relating Amorphous Structure to the Tear Strength of Polylactic Acid Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101965. [PMID: 35631847 PMCID: PMC9145306 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with polyolefins that are used as single-use plastics, polylactic acid (PLA) has a lower tear strength in films. The relationship between the tear strength and the higher-order structure of films was investigated using PLA films that absorbed moisture at 30 °C and 95% relative humidity (RH) or that had been annealed under reduced pressure conditions. Although the mobile amorphous (MAm) amount did not change under high humidity, the film became brittle due to enthalpy relaxation. The crystallization by annealing also caused embrittlement, and the MAm amount decreased to 10%. The displacement until tearing is lowered from 2.5 to 0.5 mm in both cases. However, in situ retardation measurements revealed that there was a significant difference in the fracture morphology of the torn tip. When crystallized, the molecular chains and crystals are oriented in the tensile direction of the film, and a fragmented structure is observed in the ligament. Embrittlement due to enthalpy relaxation caused a weak orientation perpendicular to the tensile direction of the film, and cracks occurs along with this orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kobayashi
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing (GMAP), 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (H.I.); Tel.: +81-(238)-263430 (Y.K.); +81-(238)-263081 (H.I.)
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing (GMAP), 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan;
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing (GMAP), 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan;
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (H.I.); Tel.: +81-(238)-263430 (Y.K.); +81-(238)-263081 (H.I.)
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2
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Macromolecular Insights into the Altered Mechanical Deformation Mechanisms of Non-Polyolefin Contaminated Polyolefins. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020239. [PMID: 35054644 PMCID: PMC8779932 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current recycling technologies rarely achieve 100% pure plastic fractions from a single polymer type. Often, sorted bales marked as containing a single polymer type in fact contain small amounts of other polymers as contaminants. Inevitably, this will affect the properties of the recycled plastic. This work focuses on understanding the changes in tensile deformation mechanism and the related mechanical properties of the four dominant types of polyolefin (PO) (linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP)), contaminated with three different non-polyolefin (NPO) polymers (polyamide-6 (PA-6), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polystyrene (PS)). Under the locally elevated stress state induced by the NPO phase, the weak interfacial adhesion typically provokes decohesion. The resulting microvoids, in turn, initiate shear yielding of the PO matrix. LLDPE, due to the linear structure and intercrystalline links, is well able to maintain high ductility when contaminated. LDPE shows deformation similar to the pure material, but with decreasing ductility as the amount of NPO increases. Addition of 20 wt% PA-6, PET, and PS causes a drop in strain at break of 79%, 63%, and 84%, respectively. The typical ductile necking of the high-crystalline HDPE and PP is strongly disturbed by the NPO phase, with a transition even to full brittle failure at high NPO concentration.
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3
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Hu X, Shi Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Ren Y, Wang Y. Crystallization, structure, morphology, and properties of linear
low‐density
polyethylene blends made with different comonomers. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Hu
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
| | - Ying Shi
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Science Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Li‐Zhi Liu
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
| | - Yi Ren
- School of Science Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang China
| | - Yuanxia Wang
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
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4
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Seguela R. Overview and critical survey of polyamide6 structural habits: Misconceptions and controversies. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Seguela
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique MATEIS, INSA de Lyon, CNRS ‐ UMR 5510, Université de Lyon, Campus LyonTech La Doua Villeurbanne France
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5
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Wang R, Ren D, Sun X, Liang W, Wang K. Structure variation and puncture resistance of stretched crosslinked polyethylene film: Effects of stretching temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon-Energy; Beijing, 102211 China
| | - Dongxue Ren
- National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon-Energy; Beijing, 102211 China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon-Energy; Beijing, 102211 China
| | - Wenbin Liang
- National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon-Energy; Beijing, 102211 China
| | - Ke Wang
- National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon-Energy; Beijing, 102211 China
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6
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Different Dependence of Tear Strength on Film Orientation of LLDPE Made with Different Co-Monomer. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030434. [PMID: 30960417 PMCID: PMC6473321 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal orientations, tear strength and shrinkage of Linear Low-Density PolyEthylene (LLDPE) films made with different processes (compressed, cast and blown) were investigated. The films were made with three different LLDPE resins, respectively, which have similar density and molecular weight but are made with different comonomers (1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene), in order to investigate if tear strength in Machine Direction (MD) of the LLDPE films made with different comonomer has similar dependence on crystal orientation. Our study indicates that the films made of 1-hexene and 1-octene based LLDPE resins have significantly higher intrinsic tear strength and less decrease in MD tear strength for a given film orientation. That is, for a given orientation in MD, the MD tear drops dramatically for films made with butene-based resin but much less decrease for the films made with hexene and octene-based resins. The shrinkage property at high temperature shows a good correlation with crystal orientation and the fraction of the crystals melted at this temperature.
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Du W, Ren Y, Tang Y, Shi Y, Yao X, Zheng C, Zhang X, Guo M, Zhang S, Liu LZ. Different structure transitions and tensile property of LLDPE film deformed at slow and very fast speeds. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Choi P, Wang Q, Vignola E. Molecular dynamics study of the conformation and dynamics of precisely branched polyethylene. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Choi BH, Patel R, deGroot AW, Demirors M, Liu L, Anderson K, Na S. Observation and understanding of the tear mechanism of polyethylene blown films at variable loading angles. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Ho Choi
- Korea University; 1 5-ga Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku Seoul 136-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Rajen Patel
- The Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | | | | | - Lizhi Liu
- The Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | | | - Sungsoo Na
- Korea University; 1 5-ga Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku Seoul 136-701 Republic of Korea
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Carotenuto G, De Nicola S, Palomba M, Pullini D, Horsewell A, Hansen TW, Nicolais L. Mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene filled by graphite nanoplatelets. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:485705. [PMID: 23128320 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/48/485705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of GNP/LDPE nanocomposites (graphite nanoplatelets/low density polyethylene) have been investigated, in order to establish the effect of nanoscale reinforcement within the polymer matrix. Results show that the presence of the filler does not involve a change in the microscopic structure of the polymer. However, on a macroscopic scale, GNPs limit the mobility of the polymer chains, resulting in an increase in stiffness for the final composite. Orientation of GNPs within the LDPE matrix is also an important issue that affects mechanical properties and it has been evaluated by testing nanocomposites made by different manufacturing techniques (compression moulding and blown extrusion). The comparison between the experimental data and the Halpin-Tsai model shows that the orientation of GNPs due to the extrusion process leads to values of tensile modulus higher than that obtained with the randomly oriented disposition resulting from the compression moulding technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carotenuto
- Institute for Composites and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
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11
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Luchnikov V, Anokhin D, Cheng SZD, Wang CL, Bar G, Ivanov DA. Theory of X-ray reflection broadening for textures with double-axis averaging: from semicrystalline polymers exhibiting twisted lamellar growth to discotic liquid crystals. J Appl Crystallogr 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889811014208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is shown that textures with double-axis averaging similar to thea-texture, or Keller–Machin Type I texture, are not specific to semicrystalline polymers exhibiting twisted lamellar growth. In this work, such texture is observed in extruded fibers of a typical discotic molecule,trans-diC60-Zn porphyrin. Experimentally, these textures can be detected from the characteristic `comma'-like azimuthal profiles of the non-equatorial diffraction peaks in two-dimensional X-ray patterns. Analytical expressions for the azimuthal intensity distribution are developed, which are in good agreement with the experiment. In the proposed generalized coordinates, the diffraction peak shape becomes universal. This provides a simple means of checking the closeness of the sample morphology to thea-texture from just one two-dimensional pattern, without constructing the whole X-ray pole figure.
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Frederix C, Lefebvre J, Rochas C, Séguéla R, Stoclet G. Binary blends of linear ethylene copolymers over a wide crystallinity range: Rheology, crystallization, melting and structure properties. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Nase M, Funari SS, Michler GH, Langer B, Grellmann W, Androsch R. Structure of blown films of polyethylene/polybutene-1 blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Li C, Choi P. Molecular Dynamics Study of the Solid-State Structures of Linear-Low-Density Polyethylenes with Blocky Branches. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8011015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G6
| | - Phillip Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G6
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15
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Chen HY, Bishop MT, Landes BG, Chum SP. Orientation and property correlations for LLDPE blown films. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Assumption H, Vermeulen J, Jarrett W, Mathias L, van Reenen A. High resolution solution and solid state NMR characterization of ethylene/1-butene and ethylene/1-hexene copolymers fractionated by preparative temperature rising elution fractionation. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Lee LBW, Register RA, Dean DM. Tear anisotropy in films blown from polyethylenes of different macromolecular architectures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Seguela R. Critical review of the molecular topology of semicrystalline polymers: The origin and assessment of intercrystalline tie molecules and chain entanglements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Origin of directional tear in blown films of ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymers and ionomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Drozdov AD, Agarwal S, Gupta RK. The effect of temperature on the viscoelastic response of semicrystalline polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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