1
|
Hou X, Coker JF, Yan J, Shi X, Azzouzi M, Eisner FD, McGettrick JD, Tuladhar SM, Abrahams I, Frost JM, Li Z, Dennis TJS, Nelson J. Structure-Property Relationships for the Electronic Applications of Bis-Adduct Isomers of Phenyl-C 61 Butyric Acid Methyl Ester. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:425-438. [PMID: 38222935 PMCID: PMC10782444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Higher adducts of a fullerene, such as the bis-adduct of PCBM (bis-PCBM), can be used to achieve shallower molecular orbital energy levels than, for example, PCBM or C60. Substituting the bis-adduct for the parent fullerene is useful to increase the open-circuit voltage of organic solar cells or achieve better energy alignment as electron transport layers in, for example, perovskite solar cells. However, bis-PCBM is usually synthesized as a mixture of structural isomers, which can lead to both energetic and morphological disorder, negatively affecting device performance. Here, we present a comprehensive study on the molecular properties of 19 pure bis-isomers of PCBM using a variety of characterization methods, including ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, single crystal structure, and (time-dependent) density functional theory calculation. We find that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of such bis-isomers can be tuned to be up to 170 meV shallower than PCBM and up to 100 meV shallower than the mixture of unseparated isomers. The isolated bis-isomers also show an electron mobility in organic field-effect transistors of up to 4.5 × 10-2 cm2/(V s), which is an order of magnitude higher than that of the mixture of bis-isomers. These properties enable the fabrication of the highest performing bis-PCBM organic solar cell to date, with the best device showing a power conversion efficiency of 7.2%. Interestingly, we find that the crystallinity of bis-isomers correlates negatively with electron mobility and organic solar cell device performance, which we relate to their molecular symmetry, with a lower symmetry leading to more amorphous bis-isomers, less energetic disorder, and higher dimensional electron transport. This work demonstrates the potential of side chain engineering for optimizing the performance of fullerene-based organic electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Hou
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Jack F. Coker
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Jun Yan
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- School
of Science and Engineering, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, P. R. China
| | - Xingyuan Shi
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Mohammed Azzouzi
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Flurin D. Eisner
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | | | - Isaac Abrahams
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Jarvist M. Frost
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Zhe Li
- School
of Engineering and Materials Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - T. John S. Dennis
- Department
of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool
University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pham TTD, Jung SJ, Oh CM, Yang JK, Lee D, Kidanemariam A, Muhammad A, Kim S, Shin TJ, Park J, Hwang IW, Park J. Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles: Photothermal and Photodynamic Capabilities According to Molecular Ordering in Their Assembly Structures. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Thuy Duong Pham
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Mok Oh
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Yang
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabin Lee
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Alemayehu Kidanemariam
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Arbanah Muhammad
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHong Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Wook Hwang
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hidayat AT, Benten H, Ohta N, Na Y, Muraoka A, Kojima H, Jung MC, Nakamura M. Enhancement of Short-Range Ordering of Low-Bandgap Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymer in Polymer/Polymer Blend Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjar Taufik Hidayat
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Benten
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Noboru Ohta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yunju Na
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Azusa Muraoka
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kojima
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Min-Cherl Jung
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nakamura
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Canning G, Thomas AK, Dunlap DH, Grey JK. Morphological Contributions to Interfacial Charge Trapping and Nongeminate Recombination in Polymer Solar Cells Revealed by UV Light Soaking. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:19853-19862. [PMID: 29781277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nongeminate charge recombination occurs over a broad range of time scales in polymer solar cells and represents a serious loss channel for the performance and lifetime of devices. Multiple factors influence this process, including changes in morphology and formation of permanent defects, but individual contributions are often difficult to resolve from conventional experiments. We use intensity modulated photocurrent/photovoltage spectroscopy (IMPS/IMVS) to investigate nongeminate charge recombination in blends of poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4 H-cyclopenta [2,1- b;3,4- b']dithiophene)- alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) solar cells. PCPDTBT/PCBM devices are exposed to varying doses of UV light resonant with PCBM to induce small perturbations in the thin film morphology, namely local heating. IMPS/IMVS sweeps display signatures unique to degradation, that is, photocurrent and photovoltage leading the excitation light modulation appearing as positive phase shifts or 1st quadrant features in Bode and Nyquist representations, respectively. We assign this component to interface charging at purified PCPDTBT/PCBM phase boundaries that trap mobile charges and facilitate nongeminate recombination. Time- and frequency-domain drift-diffusion simulations are then used to model the perturbed photocurrent responses that show good agreement with experiments. Trap occupancies and their impact of photocurrent production are investigated using variable background (dc) excitation light intensities revealing increases of the 1st quadrant component in devices irradiated for longer times. No evidence of chemical degradation was observed from molecular spectroscopy and imaging experiments, and we conclude that morphological changes are chiefly responsible for larger nongeminate charge recombination yields as devices age. Lastly, we propose that the 1st quadrant IMPS/IMVS is a universal signature of morphology-related degradation, although its relative contribution may vary between material systems.
Collapse
|
6
|
Appropriate Donor-Acceptor Phase Separation Structure for the Enhancement of Charge Generation and Transport in Polymer Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030332. [PMID: 30966367 PMCID: PMC6414981 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology of active layer for polymer solar cells is critical to enhance the performance especially for fill factor of the devices. To investigate the relationship between active layer morphology and performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs), 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) additive, and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) electron acceptor were used to regulate the aggregation morphology of copolymer poly(thieno[3,4-b]-thiophene/benzodithiophene) (PTB7) electron donor from solution state to solid state. Atom force microscopy (AFM), steady-state absorption (UV-Vis), time-resolved absorption (TA), spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) and current-voltage (J-V) measurements were employed to characterize the morphology, optical and electrical characteristics of active layers and to reveal the relationship among the morphology, photophysical property, and performance of PTB7-based devices. The results show that DIO can refine the aggregation scale of PTB7 during the dissolution process, whereas both the aggregation scale and aggregation behaviors of PTB7 donor are affected by PC71BM acceptor molecules. Furthermore, the bulk heterojunction structure (BHJ) morphology of active layer can be optimized during the DIO evaporation process. TA kinetic data indicate that the population and lifetime of charged species are improved in the DIO-treated BHJ active layer. Moreover, the active layers with DIO treatment have a relative low highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, which makes hole transport more easily in PTB7 donor phase. As a result, the performance of PTB7-based PSCs is enhanced.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mulderig AJ, Jin Y, Yu F, Keum J, Hong K, Browning JF, Beaucage G, Smith GS, Kuppa VK. Determination of active layer morphology in all-polymer photovoltaic cells. J Appl Crystallogr 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717010457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the structure of films spin-coated from blends of the semiconducting polymers poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly{2,6-[4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene]-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)} (PCPDTBT). Such blends are of potential use in all-polymer solar cells in which both the acceptor and the donor material generate excitons to contribute to the photocurrent. Prompted by threefold performance gains seen in polymer/fullerene and polymer blend solar cells upon addition of pristine graphene, devices are prepared from P3HT/PCPDTBT blends both with and without graphene. This report focuses on the morphology of the active layer since this is of critical importance in determining performance. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is utilized to study this polymer blend with deuterated P3HT to provide contrast and permit the investigation of buried structure in neat and graphene-doped films. SANS reveals the presence of P3HT crystallites dispersed in an amorphous blend matrix of P3HT and PCPDTBT. The crystallites are approximately disc shaped and do not show any evidence of higher-order structure or aggregation. While the structure of the films does not change with the addition of graphene, there is a perceptible effect on the electronic properties and energy conversion efficiency in solar cells made from such films. Determination of the active layer morphology yields crucial insight into structure–property relationships in organic photovoltaic devices.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Parnell AJ, Pontecchiani F, Cooper JFK, Thompson RL, Jones RAL, King SM, Lidzey DG, Bernardo G. Understanding and controlling morphology evolution via DIO plasticization in PffBT4T-2OD/PC 71BM devices. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44269. [PMID: 28287164 PMCID: PMC5347161 DOI: 10.1038/srep44269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that the inclusion of a small amount of the co-solvent 1,8-diiodooctane in the preparation of a bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic device increases its power conversion efficiency by 20%, through a mechanism of transient plasticisation. We follow the removal of 1,8-diiodooctane directly after spin-coating using ellipsometry and ion beam analysis, while using small angle neutron scattering to characterise the morphological nanostructure evolution of the film. In PffBT4T-2OD/PC71BM devices, the power conversion efficiency increases from 7.2% to above 8.7% as a result of the coarsening of the phase domains. This coarsening process is assisted by thermal annealing and the slow evaporation of 1,8-diiodooctane, which we suggest, acts as a plasticiser to promote molecular mobility. Our results show that 1,8-diiodooctane can be completely removed from the film by a thermal annealing process at temperatures ≤100 °C and that there is an interplay between the evaporation rate of 1,8-diiodooctane and the rate of domain coarsening in the plasticized film which helps elucidate the mechanism by which additives improve device efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Andrew J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Fabio Pontecchiani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Joshaniel F K Cooper
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | | | - Richard A L Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Stephen M King
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Gabriel Bernardo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schulz GL, Fischer FSU, Trefz D, Melnyk A, Hamidi-Sakr A, Brinkmann M, Andrienko D, Ludwigs S. The PCPDTBT Family: Correlations between Chemical Structure, Polymorphism, and Device Performance. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Schulz
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F. S. U. Fischer
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D. Trefz
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A. Melnyk
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School
Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger
Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A. Hamidi-Sakr
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - M. Brinkmann
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - D. Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
van den Berg M, Back J, Horneber A, Meixner M, Swider K, Ludwigs S, Zhang D. Determination of the Local Morphology within Individual Polymer Domains. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius van den Berg
- Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Justus Back
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anke Horneber
- Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Meixner
- Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Swider
- Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schaffer CJ, Wang C, Hexemer A, Müller-Buschbaum P. Grazing incidence resonant soft X-ray scattering for analysis of multi-component polymer-fullerene blend thin films. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Ge W, Li NK, McCormick RD, Lichtenberg E, Yingling YG, Stiff-Roberts AD. Emulsion-Based RIR-MAPLE Deposition of Conjugated Polymers: Primary Solvent Effect and Its Implications on Organic Solar Cell Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:19494-19506. [PMID: 27414167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion-based, resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE) has been demonstrated as an alternative technique to deposit conjugated polymer films for photovoltaic applications; yet, a fundamental understanding of how the emulsion target characteristics translate into film properties and solar cell performance is unclear. Such understanding is crucial to enable the rational improvement of organic solar cell (OSC) efficiency and to realize the expected advantages of emulsion-based RIR-MAPLE for OSC fabrication. In this paper, the effect of the primary solvent used in the emulsion target is studied, both experimentally and theoretically, and it is found to determine the conjugated polymer cluster size in the emulsion as well as surface roughness and internal morphology of resulting polymer films. By using a primary solvent with low solubility-in-water and low vapor pressure, the surface roughness of deposited P3HT and PCPDTBT polymer films was reduced to 10 nm, and the efficiency of P3HT:PC61BM OSCs was increased to 3.2% (∼100 times higher compared to the first MAPLE OSC demonstration [ Caricato , A. P. ; Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012 , 100 , 073306 ]). This work unveils the mechanism of polymer film formation using emulsion-based RIR-MAPLE and provides insight and direction to determine the best ways to take advantage of the emulsion target approach to control film properties for different applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangyao Ge
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nan K Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ryan D McCormick
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Eli Lichtenberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Adrienne D Stiff-Roberts
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Buss F, Schmidt-Hansberg B, Sanyal M, Munuera C, Scharfer P, Schabel W, Barrena E. Gaining Further Insight into the Solvent Additive-Driven Crystallization of Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells by in Situ X-ray Scattering and Optical Reflectometry. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Buss
- Institute
of Thermal Process Engineering, Thin Film Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schmidt-Hansberg
- Institute
of Thermal Process Engineering, Thin Film Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Monamie Sanyal
- Department
of Metastable and Low-Dimensional Materials, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carmen Munuera
- Instituto de Ciencia
de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Philip Scharfer
- Institute
of Thermal Process Engineering, Thin Film Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schabel
- Institute
of Thermal Process Engineering, Thin Film Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Esther Barrena
- Instituto de Ciencia
de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Scharsich C, Fischer FSU, Wilma K, Hildner R, Ludwigs S, Köhler A. Revealing structure formation in PCPDTBT by optical spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Scharsich
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | | | - Kevin Wilma
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Experimental Physics IV, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Experimental Physics IV, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fischer FSU, Kayunkid N, Trefz D, Ludwigs S, Brinkmann M. Structural Models of Poly(cyclopentadithiophene-alt-benzothiadiazole) with Branched Side Chains: Impact of a Single Fluorine Atom on the Crystal Structure and Polymorphism of a Conjugated Polymer. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian S. U. Fischer
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Navaphun Kayunkid
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS – University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Trefz
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS – University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Di Nuzzo D, Viola D, Fischer FSU, Cerullo G, Ludwigs S, Da Como E. Enhanced Photogeneration of Polaron Pairs in Neat Semicrystalline Donor-Acceptor Copolymer Films via Direct Excitation of Interchain Aggregates. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1196-1203. [PMID: 26262971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the photogeneration of polaron pairs (PPs) in neat films of the semicrystalline donor-acceptor semiconducting copolymer PCPDTBT. Carefully selecting the solution-processing procedures, we obtain films with different amounts of crystallinity and interchain aggregation. We compare the photogeneration of PPs between the films by monitoring their photoinduced absorption in ultrafast pump-probe experiments, selectively exciting nonaggregated or aggregated polymer chains. The direct photoexcitation of interchain π-aggregates results in prompt (<100 fs) charge generation. Compared to the case where nonaggregated chains are excited, we find an 8-fold increase in the prompt PP to singlet-exciton ratio. We also show that highly crystalline lamellar nanostructures not containing π-stacked or any light-absorbing aggregates do not improve the efficiency of PP photogeneration. Our results show that light absorption from interchain aggregates is highly beneficial for charge photogeneration in semiconducting polymers and should be taken into account when optimizing film morphologies for photovoltaic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Di Nuzzo
- †Department of Physics, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Viola
- ‡Dipartimento di Fisica, IFN-CNR, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Florian S U Fischer
- §IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- ‡Dipartimento di Fisica, IFN-CNR, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- §IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Enrico Da Como
- †Department of Physics, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fischer FSU, Trefz D, Back J, Kayunkid N, Tornow B, Albrecht S, Yager KG, Singh G, Karim A, Neher D, Brinkmann M, Ludwigs S. Highly crystalline films of PCPDTBT with branched side chains by solvent vapor crystallization: influence on opto-electronic properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:1223-1228. [PMID: 25482608 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PCPDTBT, a marginally crystallizable polymer, is crystallized into a new crystal structure using solvent-vapor annealing. Highly ordered areas with three different polymer-chain orientations are identified using TEM/ED, GIWAXS, and polarized Raman spectroscopy. The optical and structural properties differ significantly from films prepared by standard device preparation protocols. Bilayer solar cells, however, show similar performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian S U Fischer
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Machui F, Maisch P, Burgués-Ceballos I, Langner S, Krantz J, Ameri T, Brabec CJ. Classification of Additives for Organic Photovoltaic Devices. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1275-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
19
|
Tamai Y, Tsuda K, Ohkita H, Benten H, Ito S. Charge-carrier generation in organic solar cells using crystalline donor polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20338-46. [PMID: 24980903 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01820f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Charge generation and recombination dynamics in a blend film of a crystalline low-bandgap polymer, poly[(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4,7-bis(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] (PSBTBT), and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. Upon photoexcitation of the PSBTBT absorption band at 800 nm, singlet excitons were promptly generated, and then rapidly converted into polarons in a few picoseconds. We found that there are two different polarons in PSBTBT: one is ascribed to polarons generated in the disorder phase and the other is ascribed to polarons in the crystalline phase. On a time scale of nanoseconds, ∼50% of polarons in the disorder phase recombined geminately to the ground state. On the other hand, such geminate recombination was negligible for polarons in the crystalline phase. As a result, the overall charge dissociation efficiency is as high as ∼75% for PSBTBT/PCBM blend films. On the basis of these analyses, we discuss the role of polymer crystallinity in the charge-carrier generation in organic solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Tamai
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chow PCY, Gélinas S, Rao A, Friend RH. Quantitative Bimolecular Recombination in Organic Photovoltaics through Triplet Exciton Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3424-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja410092n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Y. Chow
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gélinas
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Richard H. Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schmidt K, Tassone CJ, Niskala JR, Yiu AT, Lee OP, Weiss TM, Wang C, Fréchet JMJ, Beaujuge PM, Toney MF. A mechanistic understanding of processing additive-induced efficiency enhancement in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:300-305. [PMID: 24174401 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The addition of processing additives is a widely used approach to increase power conversion efficiencies for many organic solar cells. We present how additives change the polymer conformation in the casting solution leading to a more intermixed phase-segregated network structure of the active layer which in turn results in a 5-fold enhancement in efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schmidt
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Deng Z, Chen L, Chen Y. Novel phenanthrocarbazole based donor-acceptor random and alternating copolymers for photovoltaics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Deng
- Institute of Polymers/Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University; 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Lie Chen
- Institute of Polymers/Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University; 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Chemistry; Nanchang University; 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- Institute of Polymers/Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University; 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Chemistry; Nanchang University; 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gemünden P, Poelking C, Kremer K, Andrienko D, Daoulas KC. Nematic Ordering, Conjugation, and Density of States of Soluble Polymeric Semiconductors. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400646a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gemünden
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carl Poelking
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kurt Kremer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kostas Ch. Daoulas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fischer FSU, Tremel K, Saur AK, Link S, Kayunkid N, Brinkmann M, Herrero-Carvajal D, Navarrete JTL, Delgado MCR, Ludwigs S. Influence of Processing Solvents on Optical Properties and Morphology of a Semicrystalline Low Bandgap Polymer in the Neutral and Charged States. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400939z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. S. U. Fischer
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K. Tremel
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A.-K. Saur
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S. Link
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - N. Kayunkid
- Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22), CNRS 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - M. Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22), CNRS 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - D. Herrero-Carvajal
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n,
Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - J. T. López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n,
Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - M. C. Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n,
Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - S. Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Guerrero A, Dörling B, Ripolles-Sanchis T, Aghamohammadi M, Barrena E, Campoy-Quiles M, Garcia-Belmonte G. Interplay between fullerene surface coverage and contact selectivity of cathode interfaces in organic solar cells. ACS NANO 2013; 7:4637-46. [PMID: 23611512 DOI: 10.1021/nn4014593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces play a determining role in establishing the degree of carrier selectivity at outer contacts in organic solar cells. Considering that the bulk heterojunction consists of a blend of electron donor and acceptor materials, the specific relative surface coverage at the electrode interfaces has an impact on the carrier selectivity. This work unravels how fullerene surface coverage at cathode contacts lies behind the carrier selectivity of the electrodes. A variety of techniques such as variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and capacitance-voltage measurements have been used to determine the degree of fullerene surface coverage in a set of PCPDTBT-based solar cells processed with different additives. A full screening from highly fullerene-rich to polymer-rich phases attaching the cathode interface has enabled the overall correlation between surface morphology (relative coverage) and device performance (operating parameters). The general validity of the measurements is further discussed in three additional donor/acceptor systems: PCPDTBT, P3HT, PCDTBT, and PTB7 blended with fullerene derivatives. It is demonstrated that a fullerene-rich interface at the cathode is a prerequisite to enhance contact selectivity and consequently power conversion efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Guerrero
- Photovoltaic and Optoelectronic Devices Group, Departament de Física, Universitat Jaume I, ES-12071 Castelló, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Klein MFG, Pasker FM, Kowarik S, Landerer D, Pfaff M, Isen M, Gerthsen D, Lemmer U, Höger S, Colsmann A. Carbazole–Phenylbenzotriazole Copolymers as Absorber Material in Organic Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400440q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. G. Klein
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),
Engesserstraße 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix M. Pasker
- Kekulé-Institut für
Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kowarik
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Landerer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),
Engesserstraße 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marina Pfaff
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße
12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße
1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matthias Isen
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),
Engesserstraße 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße
12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße
1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),
Engesserstraße 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße
1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für
Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Colsmann
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),
Engesserstraße 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße
1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
MORPHOLOGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS USING LOW POLYMERIZATION DEGREE ALTERNATING COPOLYMER. ACTA POLYM SIN 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2013.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Dibb GFA, Jamieson FC, Maurano A, Nelson J, Durrant JR. Limits on the Fill Factor in Organic Photovoltaics: Distinguishing Nongeminate and Geminate Recombination Mechanisms. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:803-808. [PMID: 26281936 DOI: 10.1021/jz400140p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present transient optoelectronic experimental studies of the recombination processes limiting the fill factor (FF) in three conjugated polymer:fullerene systems, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and two lower-band-gap polymers that exhibit lower FFs poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) (PCPDTBT) and poly(2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)) (APFO-3). Using transient absorption spectroscopy, charge extraction, and transient photovoltage experiments, we show that the lower FF observed for the PCPDTBT-based device results from enhanced nongeminate recombination even at short circuit, In contrast, we show that for APFO-3 devices, the FF is primarily limited by a voltage-dependent free charge generation, which we assign to a geminate recombination process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George F A Dibb
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona C Jamieson
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Maurano
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James R Durrant
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jasieniak JJ, Hsu BBY, Takacs CJ, Welch GC, Bazan GC, Moses D, Heeger AJ. Insights into π-conjugated small molecule neat films and blends as determined through photoconductivity. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8735-8745. [PMID: 22973859 DOI: 10.1021/nn303724m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally dependent steady-state photoconductivity is a convenient method to gain insight into the charge generation and transport processes within a given material. In this work, we report on the photoconductive response of solution-processed neat films and blends of the fullerene, PC(71)BM, and the donor-acceptor small-molecule, p-DTS(PTTh(2))(2), as function of the processing additive, diiodooctance (DIO). The results, when considered in the context of their structural, optical, and electronic properties give insight into the dominant carrier generation and charge transport mechanisms in each of these molecular systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek J Jasieniak
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Albrecht S, Janietz S, Schindler W, Frisch J, Kurpiers J, Kniepert J, Inal S, Pingel P, Fostiropoulos K, Koch N, Neher D. Fluorinated Copolymer PCPDTBT with Enhanced Open-Circuit Voltage and Reduced Recombination for Highly Efficient Polymer Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14932-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Albrecht
- Institut für
Physik und
Astronomie, Universität Potsdam,
Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Silvia Janietz
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstrasse
69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfram Schindler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Institut für
Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse
6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jona Kurpiers
- Institut für
Physik und
Astronomie, Universität Potsdam,
Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Juliane Kniepert
- Institut für
Physik und
Astronomie, Universität Potsdam,
Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sahika Inal
- Institut für
Physik und
Astronomie, Universität Potsdam,
Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Patrick Pingel
- Institut für
Physik und
Astronomie, Universität Potsdam,
Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin,
Germany
- Institut für
Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse
6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institut für
Physik und
Astronomie, Universität Potsdam,
Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Huang Y, Guo X, Liu F, Huo L, Chen Y, Russell TP, Han CC, Li Y, Hou J. Improving the ordering and photovoltaic properties by extending π-conjugated area of electron-donating units in polymers with D-A structure. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:3383-3389. [PMID: 22648980 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A systematic molecular design process from PBDTTT-S to PBDTDTTT-S-T, a high-performance semiconducting polymer for organic photovoltaics, has been achieved by enhancing structural order, self-assembly and carrier mobility. Solar cells made from PBDTDTTT-S-T blended with PC(70) BM show a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.81%, which is 25% higher than that of the parent PBDTTT-S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Etzold F, Howard IA, Forler N, Cho DM, Meister M, Mangold H, Shu J, Hansen MR, Müllen K, Laquai F. The Effect of Solvent Additives on Morphology and Excited-State Dynamics in PCPDTBT:PCBM Photovoltaic Blends. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10569-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Etzold
- Max
Planck Research Group for Organic Optoelectronics, §Polymer Spectroscopy Group, and ‡Synthetic Chemistry
Group, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ian A. Howard
- Max
Planck Research Group for Organic Optoelectronics, §Polymer Spectroscopy Group, and ‡Synthetic Chemistry
Group, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nina Forler
- Max
Planck Research Group for Organic Optoelectronics, §Polymer Spectroscopy Group, and ‡Synthetic Chemistry
Group, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Don M. Cho
- Max
Planck Research Group for Organic Optoelectronics, §Polymer Spectroscopy Group, and ‡Synthetic Chemistry
Group, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Meister
- Max
Planck Research Group for Organic Optoelectronics, §Polymer Spectroscopy Group, and ‡Synthetic Chemistry
Group, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hannah Mangold
- Max
Planck Research Group for Organic Optoelectronics, §Polymer Spectroscopy Group, and ‡Synthetic Chemistry
Group, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jie Shu
- Max
Planck Research Group for Organic Optoelectronics, §Polymer Spectroscopy Group, and ‡Synthetic Chemistry
Group, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max
Planck Research Group for Organic Optoelectronics, §Polymer Spectroscopy Group, and ‡Synthetic Chemistry
Group, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Planck Research Group for Organic Optoelectronics, §Polymer Spectroscopy Group, and ‡Synthetic Chemistry
Group, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- Max
Planck Research Group for Organic Optoelectronics, §Polymer Spectroscopy Group, and ‡Synthetic Chemistry
Group, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu F, Gu Y, Jung JW, Jo WH, Russell TP. On the morphology of polymer-based photovoltaics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
35
|
Albrecht S, Schindler W, Kurpiers J, Kniepert J, Blakesley JC, Dumsch I, Allard S, Fostiropoulos K, Scherf U, Neher D. On the Field Dependence of Free Charge Carrier Generation and Recombination in Blends of PCPDTBT/PC70BM: Influence of Solvent Additives. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:640-645. [PMID: 26286160 DOI: 10.1021/jz3000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have applied time-delayed collection field (TDCF) and charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV) to investigate the photogeneration, transport, and recombination of charge carriers in blends composed of PCPDTBT/PC70BM processed with and without the solvent additive diiodooctane. The results suggest that the solvent additive has severe impacts on the elementary processes involved in the photon to collected electron conversion in these blends. First, a pronounced field dependence of the free carrier generation is found for both blends, where the field dependence is stronger without the additive. Second, the fate of charge carriers in both blends can be described with a rather high bimolecular recombination coefficients, which increase with decreasing internal field. Third, the mobility is three to four times higher with the additive. Both blends show a negative field dependence of mobility, which we suggest to cause bias-dependent recombination coefficients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Albrecht
- †Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter Physics, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfram Schindler
- ‡Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jona Kurpiers
- †Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter Physics, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Juliane Kniepert
- †Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter Physics, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - James C Blakesley
- †Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter Physics, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ines Dumsch
- §Macromolecular Chemistry and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- §Macromolecular Chemistry and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Ullrich Scherf
- §Macromolecular Chemistry and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- †Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter Physics, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mozer AJ, Clarke TM. Reduced Bimolecular Recombination in Conjugated Polymer Donor/Fullerene Acceptor Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We show significantly reduced bimolecular recombination in a novel silole-based copolymer (KP115):fullerene blend, which allows the fabrication of polymer solar cells with relatively thick active layers. This leads to improved device efficiencies and makes roll-to-roll printing much easier. The origin of the reduced recombination, however, is not known. Our recent data suggest that published models are inadequate to explain this phenomenon.
Collapse
|