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Maher TM, Brown KK, Cunningham S, DeBoer EM, Deterding R, Fiorino EK, Griese M, Schwerk N, Warburton D, Young LR, Gahlemann M, Voss F, Stock C. Estimating the effect of nintedanib on forced vital capacity in children and adolescents with fibrosing interstitial lung disease using a Bayesian dynamic borrowing approach. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024. [PMID: 38289091 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rarity of childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) makes it challenging to conduct powered trials. In the InPedILD trial, among 39 children and adolescents with fibrosing ILD, there was a numerical benefit of nintedanib versus placebo on change in forced vital capacity (FVC) over 24 weeks (difference in mean change in FVC % predicted of 1.21 [95% confidence interval: -3.40, 5.81]). Nintedanib has shown a consistent effect on FVC across populations of adults with different diagnoses of fibrosing ILD. METHODS In a Bayesian dynamic borrowing analysis, prespecified before data unblinding, we incorporated data on the effect of nintedanib in adults and the data from the InPedILD trial to estimate the effect of nintedanib on FVC in children and adolescents with fibrosing ILD. The data from adults were represented as a meta-analytic predictive (MAP) prior distribution with mean 1.69 (95% credible interval: 0.49, 3.08). The adult data were weighted according to expert judgment on their relevance to the efficacy of nintedanib in chILD, obtained in a formal elicitation exercise. RESULTS Combined data from the MAP prior and InPedILD trial analyzed within the Bayesian framework resulted in a median difference between nintedanib and placebo in change in FVC % predicted at Week 24 of 1.63 (95% credible interval: -0.69, 3.40). The posterior probability for superiority of nintedanib versus placebo was 95.5%, reaching the predefined success criterion of at least 90%. CONCLUSION These findings, together with the safety data from the InPedILD trial, support the use of nintedanib in children and adolescents with fibrosing ILDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby M Maher
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin K Brown
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven Cunningham
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emily M DeBoer
- Section of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
- The Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robin Deterding
- Section of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
- The Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Fiorino
- Departments of Science Education and Pediatrics, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Matthias Griese
- Hauner Children's Hospital, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Schwerk
- Clinic for Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Warburton
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisa R Young
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Florian Voss
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Christian Stock
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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Hu H, Ji Z, Qiang X, Liu S, Sheng X, Chen Z, Liu F, Wang H, Zhang J. Chinese Medical Injections for Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Network Meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:3363-3386. [PMID: 34949918 PMCID: PMC8691136 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s335579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization has indicated that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may become the third leading cause of death by 2030. Acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) is an important process in clinical treatment. Recent studies have shown that Chinese medical injections (CMI) are effective against AECOPD, but the effective difference among different CMIs remains unclear. The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) is to compare the therapeutic effect of various CMIs. METHODS We conducted an overall, systematic literature search in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CMIs for AECOPD published up to January 2021. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Stata 13.1 and WinBUGS 14.3 were used for data analyses. RESULTS In total, 103 RCTs involving 8767 participants and 23 CMIs were included. The results indicated that among all treatments conventional Western medical therapy (WM) plus Dengzhanxixin injection (DZXX) led to the best improvement in the clinical efficacy and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) (FEV1/FVC), with surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA)=80.47% and 98.55%, respectively. Moreover, Shenmai injection (SM) plus WM and Reduning injection (RDN) plus WM led to the best improvement in the FEV1 (SUCRA=80.18%) and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to the predicted value (FEV1%, SUCRA=87.28%). Shengmai injection (SGM) plus WM led to the most considerable shortening in the length of hospital stay (SUCRA=94.70%). Cluster analysis revealed that WM+DZXX had the most favorable response for clinical efficacy and FEV1, as well as clinical efficacy and FEV1/FVC, WM+RDN had the most favorable response for clinical efficacy and FEV1%, WM+SGM had the most favorable response for clinical efficacy and length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION WM+DZXX, WM+RDN, and WM+SGM were noted to be the optimum treatment regimens for improving in clinical efficacy, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEV1% and reducing the hospital stay length of AECOPD patients. Considering the limitations this NMA may have, the current results warrant further verification via additional high-quality studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyin Hu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaochen Ji
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Qiang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shigang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodi Sheng
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanqi Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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DeBoer EM, Liptzin DR, Humphries SM, Lynch DA, Robison K, Galambos C, Dishop MK, Deterding RR, Weinman JP. Ground glass and fibrotic change in children with surfactant protein C dysfunction mutations. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:2223-2231. [PMID: 33666361 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapeutics exist to treat fibrotic lung disease in adults, but these have not been investigated in children. Defining biomarkers for pediatric fibrotic lung disease in children is crucial for clinical trials. Children with surfactant protein C (SFTPC) dysfunction mutations develop fibrotic lung disease over time. We evaluated chest computed tomography (CT) changes over time in children with SFTPC dysfunction mutations. METHODS We performed an institutional review board-approved retrospective review of children with SFTPC dysfunction mutations. We collected demographic and clinical information. Chest CT scans were evaluated using visual and computerized scores. Chest CT scores and pulmonary function tests were reviewed. RESULTS Eleven children were included. All children presented in infancy and four children suffered from respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Those who performed pulmonary function tests had stable forced vital capacities over time by percent predicted, but increased forced vital capacity in liters. CT findings evolved over time in most patients with earlier CT scans demonstrating ground glass opacities and later CT scans with more fibrotic features. In a pilot analysis, data-driven textural analysis software identified fibrotic features in children with SFTPC dysfunction that increased over time and correlated with visual CT scores. DISCUSSION We describe 11 children with SFTPC dysfunction mutations. Increases in forced vital capacity over time suggest that these children experience lung growth and that therapeutic intervention may maximize lung growth. Ground glass opacities are the primary early imaging findings while fibrotic features dominate later. CT findings suggest the development of and increases in fibrotic features that may serve as potential biomarkers for antifibrotic therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M DeBoer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Breathing Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Deborah R Liptzin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Breathing Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - David A Lynch
- Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kyle Robison
- Breathing Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Csaba Galambos
- Breathing Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Megan K Dishop
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Breathing Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Robin R Deterding
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Breathing Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jason P Weinman
- Breathing Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Xu W, Song W, Wang YU, Zan Y, Zhang M, Li M, Huang Q, Zhao W, Sun YU, Hoffman RM, Wu J. Efficacy of YAP1-gene Knockdown to Inhibit Alveolar-Epithelial-Cell Senescence and Alleviate Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:451-459. [PMID: 33994367 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) increases with age and is associated with senescence of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). AEC senescence in pulmonary cells mediates IPF. We herein aimed to determine if YAP1 gene knockdown, a member of the Hippo/YAP signal pathway, in the bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse model of IPF, inhibits onset of senescence of AECs and alleviates IPF. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) expressing Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were delivered into the lung of BLM-induced IPF mice via intratracheal injection, to knockdown the YAP1 gene in AECs. The mice were assigned to 4 groups: G1: control (normal mice); G2: IPF mice; G3: IPF + AAV/YAP1; G4: IPF + AAV/scramble. After 28 days, AECs were examined for senescence using H&E staining, Masson's trichrome Staining, senescence-associated ß-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, western blotting and co-immunofluorescence staining, to determine the expression of YAP1, Smad-3 and p21, in order to determine the induction of senescence of ACEs. RESULTS The severity of IPF determined by H&E staining, Masson's staining and immunofluorescence (IF) staining was positively correlated with the senescence of AECs. Down-regulation of YAP1 expression of the Hippo-signaling pathway, determined by western blotting in AECs, alleviated pulmonary fibrosis as determined by Masson's staining. Down regulation of YAP1 expression reduced the senescence of AECs as determined by ß-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, which alleviated the clinical symptoms of IPF mice, as determined by body weight and lung index. CONCLUSION Down-regulation of YAP1 expression in AECs inhibited AEC senescence which is thought to be the cause of IPF. Therefore, future studies can focus on inhibiting YAP1 to effectively treat IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Y U Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Zan
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Mingjiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Y U Sun
- Department of Surgery, UCSD, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | | | - Jianqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China;
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Zhu T, Ma Z, Wang H, Jia X, Wu Y, Fu L, Li Z, Zhang C, Yu G. YAP/TAZ affects the development of pulmonary fibrosis by regulating multiple signaling pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 475:137-149. [PMID: 32813142 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
YAP and TAZ are important co-activators of various biological processes in human body. YAP/TAZ plays a vital role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Dysregulation of the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway is one of the most important causes of pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, considering its crucial role, summary of the signal mechanism of YAP/TAZ is of certain guiding significance for the research of YAP/TAZ as a therapeutic target. The present review provided a detailed introduction to various YAP/TAZ-related signaling pathways and clarified the specific role of YAP/TAZ in these pathways. In the meantime, we summarized and evaluated possible applications of YAP/TAZ in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Overall, our study is of guiding significance for future research on the functional mechanism of YAP/TAZ underlying lung diseases as well as for identification of novel therapeutic targets specific to pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Zhifeng Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yuanlin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Linhai Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Zhupeng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Guangmao Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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Shetty S, Bhandary YP, Shetty SK, Velusamy T, Shetty P, Bdeir K, Gyetko MR, Cines DB, Idell S, Neuenschwander PF, Ruppert C, Guenther A, Abraham E, Shetty RS. Induction of tissue factor by urokinase in lung epithelial cells and in the lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:1355-66. [PMID: 20194819 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200901-0015oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) regulates extracellular proteolysis in lung injury and repair. Although alveolar expression of uPA increases, procoagulant activity predominates. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate whether uPA alters the expression of tissue factor (TF), the major initiator of the coagulation cascade, in lung epithelial cells (ECs). METHODS Bronchial, primary airway ECs and C57B6 wild-type, uPA-deficient (uPA(-/-)) mice were exposed to phosphate-buffered saline, uPA, or LPS. Immunohistochemistry, protein, cellular, and molecular techniques were used to assess TF expression and activity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS uPA enhanced TF mRNA and protein expression, and TF-dependent coagulation in lung ECs. uPA-induced expression of TF involves both increased synthesis and enhanced stabilization of TF mRNA. uPA catalytic activity had little effect on induction of TF. By contrast, deletion of the uPA receptor binding growth factor domain from uPA markedly attenuated the induction of TF, suggesting that uPA receptor binding is sufficient for TF induction. Lung tissues of uPA-deficient mice expressed less TF protein and mRNA compared with wild-type mice. In addition, intratracheal instillation of mouse uPA increased TF mRNA and protein expression and accelerated coagulation in lung tissues. uPA(-/-) mice exposed to LPS failed to induce TF. CONCLUSIONS uPA increased TF expression and TF-dependent coagulation in the lungs of mice. We hypothesize that uPA-mediated induction of TF occurs in lung ECs to promote increased fibrin deposition in the airways during acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerama Shetty
- Department of Specialty Care Services, The Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
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Leigh MW, Pittman JE, Carson JL, Ferkol TW, Dell SD, Davis SD, Knowles MR, Zariwala MA. Clinical and genetic aspects of primary ciliary dyskinesia/Kartagener syndrome. Genet Med 2009; 11:473-87. [PMID: 19606528 PMCID: PMC3739704 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181a53562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a genetically heterogeneous disorder of motile cilia. Most of the disease-causing mutations identified to date involve the heavy (dynein axonemal heavy chain 5) or intermediate(dynein axonemal intermediate chain 1) chain dynein genes in ciliary outer dynein arms, although a few mutations have been noted in other genes. Clinical molecular genetic testing for primary ciliary dyskinesia is available for the most common mutations. The respiratory manifestations of primary ciliary dyskinesia (chronic bronchitis leading to bronchiectasis, chronic rhino-sinusitis, and chronic otitis media)reflect impaired mucociliary clearance owing to defective axonemal structure. Ciliary ultrastructural analysis in most patients (>80%) reveals defective dynein arms, although defects in other axonemal components have also been observed. Approximately 50% of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia have laterality defects (including situs inversus totalis and, less commonly, heterotaxy, and congenital heart disease),reflecting dysfunction of embryological nodal cilia. Male infertility is common and reflects defects in sperm tail axonemes. Most patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia have a history of neonatal respiratory distress, suggesting that motile cilia play a role in fluid clearance during the transition from a fetal to neonatal lung. Ciliopathies involving sensory cilia, including autosomal dominant or recessive polycystic kidney disease, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and Alstrom syndrome, may have chronic respiratory symptoms and even bronchiectasis suggesting clinical overlap with primary ciliary dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret W. Leigh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessica E. Pittman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Johnny L. Carson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas W. Ferkol
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharon D. Dell
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie D. Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael R. Knowles
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maimoona A. Zariwala
- Department of Pathology/Lab Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Vyas-Read S, Shaul PW, Yuhanna IS, Willis BC. Nitric oxide attenuates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L212-21. [PMID: 17496059 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00475.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with interstitial lung diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), suffer from lung fibrosis secondary to myofibroblast-mediated excessive ECM deposition and destruction of lung architecture. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) to myofibroblasts both in vitro and in vivo. Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) attenuates ECM accumulation, enhances lung growth, and decreases alveolar myofibroblast number in experimental models. We therefore hypothesized that NO attenuates TGF-β1-induced EMT in cultured AEC. Studies of the capacity for endogenous NO production in AEC revealed that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are expressed and active in AEC. Total NOS activity was 1.3 pmol·mg protein−1·min−1 with 67% derived from eNOS. TGF-β1 (50 pM) suppressed eNOS expression by more than 60% and activity by 83% but did not affect iNOS expression or activity. Inhibition of endogenous NOS with l-NAME led to spontaneous EMT, manifested by increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and a fibroblast-like morphology. Provision of exogenous NO to TGF-β1-treated AEC decreased stress fiber-associated α-SMA expression and decreased collagen I expression by 80%. NO-treated AEC also retained an epithelial morphology and expressed increased lamellar protein, E-cadherin, and pro-surfactant protein B compared with those treated with TGF-β alone. These findings indicate that NO serves a critical role in preserving an epithelial phenotype and in attenuating EMT in AEC. NO-mediated regulation of AEC fate may have important implications in the pathophysiology and treatment of diseases such as IPF and BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Vyas-Read
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063, USA
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La Rocca G, Anzalone R, Magno F, Farina F, Cappello F, Zummo G. Cigarette smoke exposure inhibits extracellular MMP-2 (gelatinase A) activity in human lung fibroblasts. Respir Res 2007; 8:23. [PMID: 17352820 PMCID: PMC1831768 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to cigarette smoke is considered a major risk factor for the development of lung diseases, since its causative role has been assessed in the induction and maintenance of an inflamed state in the airways. Lung fibroblasts can contribute to these processes, due to their ability to produce proinflammatory chemotactic molecules and extracellular matrix remodelling proteinases. Among proteolytic enzymes, gelatinases A and B have been studied for their role in tissue breakdown and mobilisation of matrix-derived signalling molecules. Multiple reports linked gelatinase deregulation and overexpression to the development of inflammatory chronic lung diseases such as COPD. Methods In this study we aimed to determine variations in the gelatinolytic pattern of human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1 cell line) exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Gelatinolytic activity levels were determined by using gelatin zymography for the in-gel detection of the enzymes (proenzyme and activated forms), and the subsequent semi-quantitative densitometric evaluation of lytic bands. Expression of gelatinases was evaluated also by RT-PCR, zymography of the cell lysates and by western blotting. Results CSE exposure at the doses used (1–10%) did not exert any significant cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts. Zymographic analysis showed that CSE exposure resulted in a linear decrease of the activity of gelatinase A. Control experiments allowed excluding a direct inhibitory effect of CSE on gelatinases. Zymography of cell lysates confirmed the expression of MMP-2 in all conditions. Semi-quantitative evaluation of mRNA expression allowed assessing a reduced transcription of the enzyme, as well as an increase in the expression of TIMP-2. Statistical analyses showed that the decrease of MMP-2 activity in conditioned media reached the statistical significance (p = 0.0031 for 24 h and p = 0.0012 for 48 h), while correlation analysis showed that this result was independent from CSE cytotoxicity (p = 0.7833 for both exposures). Conclusion Present work describes for the first time that, apart well characterized proinflammatory responses, human lung fibroblasts may react to CSE with a significant reduction of extracellular MMP-2 lytic activity. Therefore, fibroblasts may actively participate to the alteration of the proteolysis/antiproteolysis balance, which reflects the defective repair of the extracellular matrix. Such event should provide a further contribution to the maintenance of the inflamed state in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero La Rocca
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rita Anzalone
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Magno
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Felicia Farina
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zummo
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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