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Li D, Mo R, Li X, Cheng R, Xie J, Li H, Yang Y, Li S, Li H, Yan Z, Wei S, Idris A, Li X, Feng R. Mammalian orthoreovirus capsid protein σ3 antagonizes RLR-mediated antiviral responses by degrading MAVS. mSphere 2024; 9:e0023624. [PMID: 38757961 PMCID: PMC11332348 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00236-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) outer capsid protein σ3 is a multifunctional protein containing a double-stranded RNA-binding domain, which facilitates viral entry and assembly. We reasoned that σ3 has an innate immune evasion function. Here, we show that σ3 protein localizes in the mitochondria and interacts with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) to activate the intrinsic mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. Consequently, σ3 protein promotes the degradation of MAVS through the intrinsic caspase-9/caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. Moreover, σ3 protein can also inhibit the expression of the components of the RNA-sensing retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway to block antiviral type I interferon responses. Mechanistically, σ3 inhibits RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 expression is independent of its inhibitory effect on MAVS. Overall, we demonstrate that the MRV σ3 protein plays a vital role in negatively regulating the RLR signaling pathway to inhibit antiviral responses. This enables MRV to evade host defenses to facilitate its own replication providing a target for the development of effective antiviral drugs against MRV. IMPORTANCE Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) is an important zoonotic pathogen, but the regulatory role of its viral proteins in retinoic acid-inducible gene-like receptor (RLR)-mediated antiviral responses is still poorly understood. Herein, we show that MRV σ3 protein co-localizes with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) in the mitochondria and promotes the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway to cleave and consequently degrade MAVS. Furthermore, tryptophan at position 133 of σ3 protein plays a key role in the degradation of MAVS. Importantly, we show that MRV outer capsid protein σ3 is a key factor in antagonizing RLR-mediated antiviral responses, providing evidence to better unravel the infection and transmission mechanisms of MRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rongqian Mo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenfang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Suocheng Wei
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Wang S, Li Z, Chen Y, Gao S, Qiao J, Liu H, Song H, Ao D, Sun X. ARIH1 inhibits influenza A virus replication and facilitates RIG-I dependent immune signaling by interacting with SQSTM1/p62. Virol J 2023; 20:58. [PMID: 37005687 PMCID: PMC10066941 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple host factors are involved in modulating type I interferon expression induced by viruses; however, the mechanism is not fully elucidated. Influenza A virus infection causes severe respiratory symptoms and triggers a series of signaling cascades and host innate immune responses, including interferon production. The co-IP/MS technology was used to screen several antiviral factors in the early stage. Among these factors, ariadne-1 homolog (ARIH1) caught our attention. METHODS Western blot assay was performed to detect the level of proteins and software ImageJ was used to analyze the band intensities. Polymerase activity assay was conducted to evaluate the polymerase activity of influenza A virus. Tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) assay was performed to measure influenza A virus titers, and quantitative RT-PCR assay was applied to test the mRNA level of IFN-β, ISG56, and CXCL10. Luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the target of ARIH1 in RIG-I signaling. Immunoprecipitation assay was performed to detect the interaction and the ubiquitination of the proteins. All data were analyzed by biostatistical methods and presented as means ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using two-tailed student's t test. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and a P value of less than 0.01 was considered highly significant (ns, P ≥ 0.05; *, P < 0.05; and **, P < 0.01). RESULTS We found that ARIH1, a member of E3 ubiquitin ligases, enhanced cellular antiviral responses. Subsequent study showed that ARIH1 was up-regulated during influenza A virus infection. Further analysis showed that ARIH1 enhanced IFN-β and downstream gene expression by affecting the degradation of RIG-I through the SQSTM1/p62 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION This newly revealed mechanism shows that cellular response increases of ARIH1 and promotes IFN-β expression to boost host survival during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, Provincial Department of Education, Guizhou, Institute of Life Sciences/ College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhenrong Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Sanli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, Provincial Department of Education, Guizhou, Institute of Life Sciences/ College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Junhua Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Haoru Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hong Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dishu Ao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, Provincial Department of Education, Guizhou, Institute of Life Sciences/ College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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3
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Yu T, Zeng Q, Mao H, Liu Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Hu C, Xu X. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) NLK2 inhibits IFN I response through blocking MAVS-IRF3 axis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:206-217. [PMID: 36220536 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, nemo-like kinase 2 (NLK2) is a conservative protein kinase involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and immune response. However, the role of NLK2 in immune response in teleost remain unclear. In this study, we identified an ortholog of mammalian NLK from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) named CiNLK2. CiNLK2 shares a high level of homology with the counterparts, especially with that of Cyprinus carpio. CiNLK2 was ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissues (liver, brain, spleen, gill, kidney and eye) and its expression was up-regulated under the treatment with poly I:C or GCRV. Overexpression of CiNLK2 suppressed the production of IFN I in CIK cells whether or not treated with poly I:C. However, knockdown of CiNLK2 increased the expression level of IFN I. The analysis of subcellular localization showed that CiNLK2 protein was scattered throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus. In terms of mechanism, CiNLK2 can directly interact with MAVS and inhibit MAVS-induced IFN I response. Moreover, CiNLK2 increased the phosphorylation level of MAVS, which led to the degradation of MAVS protein. On the other hand, CiNLK2 suppressed the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3. In general, CiNLK2 served as an inhibitor for IFN I response by targeting MAVS-IRF3 signal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qing Zeng
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yulong Liu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shanghong Wang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.
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4
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Xue W, Ding C, Qian K, Liao Y. The Interplay Between Coronavirus and Type I IFN Response. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:805472. [PMID: 35317429 PMCID: PMC8934427 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.805472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, newly evolved coronaviruses have posed a global threat to public health and animal breeding. To control and prevent the coronavirus-related diseases, understanding the interaction of the coronavirus and the host immune system is the top priority. Coronaviruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to evade or antagonize the host immune response to ensure their replication. As the first line and main component of innate immune response, type I IFN response is able to restrict virus in the initial infection stage; it is thus not surprising that the primary aim of the virus is to evade or antagonize the IFN response. Gaining a profound understanding of the interaction between coronaviruses and type I IFN response will shed light on vaccine development and therapeutics. In this review, we provide an update on the current knowledge on strategies employed by coronaviruses to evade type I IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Xue
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Liao,
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5
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Ahmad HI, Afzal G, Iqbal MN, Iqbal MA, Shokrollahi B, Mansoor MK, Chen J. Positive Selection Drives the Adaptive Evolution of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling (MAVS) Proteins-Mediating Innate Immunity in Mammals. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:814765. [PMID: 35174241 PMCID: PMC8841730 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.814765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulated production of filamentous protein complexes is essential in many biological processes and provides a new paradigm in signal transmission. The mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is a critical signaling hub in innate immunity that is activated when a receptor induces a shift in the globular caspase activation and recruitment domain of MAVS into helical superstructures (filaments). It is of interest whether adaptive evolution affects the proteins involved in innate immunity. Here, we explore and confer the role of selection and diversification on mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein in mammalian species. We obtined the MAVS proteins of mammalian species and examined their differences in evolutionary patterns. We discovered evidence for these proteins being subjected to substantial positive selection. We demonstrate that immune system proteins, particularly those encoding recognition proteins, develop under positive selection using codon-based probability methods. Positively chosen regions within recognition proteins cluster in domains involved in microorganism recognition, implying that molecular interactions between hosts and pathogens may promote adaptive evolution in the mammalian immune systems. These significant variations in MAVS development in mammalian species highlights the involvement of MAVS in innate immunity. Our findings highlight the significance of accounting for how non-synonymous alterations affect structure and function when employing sequence-level studies to determine and quantify positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gulnaz Afzal
- Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Borhan Shokrollahi
- Department of Animal Science, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Muhammad Khalid Mansoor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Jinping Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinping Chen
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6
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Batool M, Kim MS, Choi S. Structural insights into the distinctive RNA recognition and therapeutic potentials of RIG-I-like receptors. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:399-425. [PMID: 34287999 DOI: 10.1002/med.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses, including the coronavirus, develop a unique strategy to evade the host immune response by interrupting the normal function of cytosolic retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). RLRs rapidly detect atypical nucleic acids, thereby triggering the antiviral innate immune signaling cascade and subsequently activates the interferons transcription and induction of other proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Nonetheless, these receptors are manipulated by viral proteins to subvert the host immune system and sustain the infectivity and replication potential of the virus. RIG-I senses the single-stranded, double-stranded, and short double-stranded RNAs and recognizes the key signature, a 5'-triphosphate moiety, at the blunt end of the viral RNA. Meanwhile, the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is triggered by longer double stranded RNAs, messenger RNAs lacking 2'-O-methylation in their 5'-cap, and RNA aggregates. Therefore, structural insights into the nucleic-acid-sensing and downstream signaling mechanisms of these receptors hold great promise for developing effective antiviral therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the critical roles played by RLRs in viral infections as well as their ligand recognition mechanisms. In addition, we highlight the crosstalk between the toll-like receptors and RLRs and provide a comprehensive overview of RLR-associated diseases as well as the therapeutic potential of RLRs for the development of antiviral-drugs. Moreover, we believe that these RLR-based antivirals will serve as a step toward countering the recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Batool
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Campus Plaza 418, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Campus Plaza 418, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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7
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Li S, Shao Q, Zhu Y, Ji X, Luo J, Xu Y, Liu X, Zheng W, Chen N, Meurens F, Zhu J. Porcine RIG-I and MDA5 Signaling CARD Domains Exert Similar Antiviral Function Against Different Viruses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:677634. [PMID: 34177861 PMCID: PMC8226225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.677634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and MDA5 play critical roles in sensing and fighting viral infections. Although RIG-I and MDA5 have similar molecular structures, these two receptors have distinct features during activation. Further, the signaling domains of the N terminal CARD domains (CARDs) in RIG-I and MDA5 share poor similarity. Therefore, we wonder whether the CARDs of RIG-I and MDA5 play similar roles in signaling and antiviral function. Here we expressed porcine RIG-I and MDA5 CARDs in 293T cells and porcine alveolar macrophages and found that MDA5 CARDs exhibit higher expression and stronger signaling activity than RIG-I CARDs. Nevertheless, both RIG-I and MDA5 CARDs exert comparable antiviral function against several viruses. Transcriptome analysis showed that MDA5 CARDs are more effective in regulating downstream genes. However, in the presence of virus, both RIG-I and MDA5 CARDs exhibit similar effects on downstream gene transcriptions, reflecting their antiviral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Li
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Shao
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Ji
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Xu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xueliang Liu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - François Meurens
- BIOEPAR, INRAE, Oniris, Nantes, France.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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8
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Vaughn LS, Chukwurah E, Patel RC. Opposite actions of two dsRNA-binding proteins PACT and TRBP on RIG-I mediated signaling. Biochem J 2021; 478:493-510. [PMID: 33459340 PMCID: PMC7919947 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An integral aspect of innate immunity is the ability to detect foreign molecules of viral origin to initiate antiviral signaling via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). One such receptor is the RNA helicase retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG-I), which detects and is activated by 5'triphosphate uncapped double stranded RNA (dsRNA) as well as the cytoplasmic viral mimic dsRNA polyI:C. Once activated, RIG-I's CARD domains oligomerize and initiate downstream signaling via mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), ultimately inducing interferon (IFN) production. Another dsRNA binding protein PACT, originally identified as the cellular protein activator of dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), is known to enhance RIG-I signaling in response to polyI:C treatment, in part by stimulating RIG-I's ATPase and helicase activities. TAR-RNA-binding protein (TRBP), which is ∼45% homologous to PACT, inhibits PKR signaling by binding to PKR as well as by sequestration of its' activators, dsRNA and PACT. Despite the extensive homology and similar structure of PACT and TRBP, the role of TRBP has not been explored much in RIG-I signaling. This work focuses on the effect of TRBP on RIG-I signaling and IFN production. Our results indicate that TRBP acts as an inhibitor of RIG-I signaling in a PACT- and PKR-independent manner. Surprisingly, this inhibition is independent of TRBP's post-translational modifications that are important for other signaling functions of TRBP, but TRBP's dsRNA-binding ability is essential. Our work has major implications on viral susceptibility, disease progression, and antiviral immunity as it demonstrates the regulatory interplay between PACT and TRBP IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Vaughn
- Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210
| | | | - Rekha C Patel
- Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210
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9
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Zerbe CM, Mouser DJ, Cole JL. Oligomerization of RIG-I and MDA5 2CARD domains. Protein Sci 2020; 29:521-526. [PMID: 31697400 PMCID: PMC6954692 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), are critical for host recognition of viral RNAs. These receptors contain a pair of N-terminal tandem caspase activation and recruitment domains (2CARD), an SF2 helicase core domain, and a C-terminal regulatory domain. Upon RLR activation, 2CARD associates with the CARD domain of MAVS, leading to the oligomerization of MAVS, downstream signaling and interferon induction. Unanchored K63-linked polyubiquitin chains (polyUb) interacts with the 2CARD domain, and in the case of RIG-I, induce tetramer formation. However, the nature of the MDA5 2CARD signaling complex is not known. We have used sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation to compare MDA5 2CARD and RIG-I 2CARD binding to polyUb and to characterize the assembly of MDA5 2CARD oligomers in the absence of polyUb. Multi-signal sedimentation velocity analysis indicates that Ub4 binds to RIG-I 2CARD with a 3:4 stoichiometry and cooperatively induces formation of an RIG-I 2CARD tetramer. In contrast, Ub4 and Ub7 interact with MDA5 2CARD weakly and form complexes with 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometries but do not induce 2CARD oligomerization. In the absence of polyUb, MDA5 2CARD self-associates to forms large oligomers in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, RIG-I and MDA5 2CARD assembly processes are distinct. MDA5 2CARD concentration-dependent self-association, rather than polyUb binding, drives oligomerization and MDA5 2CARD forms oligomers larger than tetramer. We propose a mechanism where MDA5 2CARD oligomers, rather than a stable tetramer, function to nucleate MAVS polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie M. Zerbe
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
| | - David J. Mouser
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
| | - James L. Cole
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
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