1
|
Li W, Xue Y, Zhang F, Xiao L, Huang Z, Li W, Zhu L, Ge G. In Vitro Ciclopirox Glucuronidation in Liver Microsomes from Humans and Various Experimental Animals. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 49:619-629. [PMID: 38990427 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-024-00907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Ciclopirox is a widely used antifungal drug, redisposition of which has drawn increasing attentions due to multiple promising activities. The drug undergoes extensive glucuronidation, which acts as a major obstacle in the ongoing novel application and still remains poorly understood. The current study aims to phenotype ciclopirox glucuronidation pathway and as well to decipher the related species differences. METHODS Ciclopirox glucuronidation was investigated in liver microsomes from humans (HLM) and various experimental animals. Assays with recombinant uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), enzyme kinetic analyses and selective inhibitors were used to determine the role of individual UGTs in ciclopirox glucuronidation. RESULTS HLM is highly active in ciclopirox glucuronidation with Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), maximum velocity (Vmax), and intrinsic clearance (CLint) values of 139 μM, 7.89 nmol/min/mg, and 56 μL/min/mg, respectively. UGT1A9 displays by far the highest activity, whereas several other isoforms (UGT1A6, UGT1A7, and UGT1A8) catalyze formation of traced glucuronides. Further kinetic analysis demonstrates that UGT1A9 has a closed Km value (167 μM) to HLM. UGT1A9 selective inhibitor (magnolol) can potently inhibit ciclopirox glucuronidation in HLM with the IC50 value of 0.12 μM. The reaction displays remarkable differences across liver microsomes from mice, rats, cynomolgus monkey, minipig, and beagle dog, with the CLint values in the range of 26-369 μL/min/mg. In addition, ciclopirox glucuronidation activities of experimental animals' liver microsomes were less sensitive to magnolol than that of HLM. CONCLUSIONS Ciclopirox glucuronidation displays remarkable species differences with UGT1A9 as a dominant contributor in humans. It is suggested that the pharmacological or toxicological effects of ciclopirox may be UGT1A9 and species dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- School of Life Science, Innovation Center of Targeted Development of Medicinal Resources (iCTM), Anqing Normal University, 1318 Jixianbei Road, Anqing, 246133, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufan Xue
- School of Life Science, Innovation Center of Targeted Development of Medicinal Resources (iCTM), Anqing Normal University, 1318 Jixianbei Road, Anqing, 246133, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology and Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xiao
- School of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 246311, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Huang
- School of Life Science, Innovation Center of Targeted Development of Medicinal Resources (iCTM), Anqing Normal University, 1318 Jixianbei Road, Anqing, 246133, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- School of Life Science, Innovation Center of Targeted Development of Medicinal Resources (iCTM), Anqing Normal University, 1318 Jixianbei Road, Anqing, 246133, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- School of Life Science, Innovation Center of Targeted Development of Medicinal Resources (iCTM), Anqing Normal University, 1318 Jixianbei Road, Anqing, 246133, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology and Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shanu-Wilson J, Coe S, Evans L, Steele J, Wrigley S. Small molecule drug metabolite synthesis and identification: why, when and how? Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103943. [PMID: 38452922 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The drug discovery and development process encompasses the interrogation of metabolites arising from the biotransformation of drugs. Here we look at why, when and how metabolites of small-molecule drugs are synthesised from the perspective of a specialist contract research organisation, with particular attention paid to projects for which regulatory oversight is relevant during this journey. To illustrate important aspects, we look at recent case studies, trends and learnings from our experience of making and identifying metabolites over the past ten years, along with with selected examples from the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shanu-Wilson
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK.
| | - Samuel Coe
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Liam Evans
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Jonathan Steele
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Stephen Wrigley
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang B, Wang H, Yang C, Wang L, Qi L, Guo Z, Chen X. Salicylic Acid Is Required for Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031354. [PMID: 35163275 PMCID: PMC8836234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice plants contain high basal levels of salicylic acid (SA), but some of their functions remain elusive. To elucidate the importance of SA homeostasis in rice immunity, we characterized four rice SA hydroxylase genes (OsSAHs) and verified their roles in SA metabolism and disease resistance. Recombinant OsSAH proteins catalyzed SA in vitro, while OsSAH3 protein showed only SA 5-hydroxylase (SA5H) activity, which was remarkably higher than that of other OsSAHs that presented both SA3H and SA5H activities. Amino acid substitutions revealed that three amino acids in the binding pocket affected SAH enzyme activity and/or specificity. Knockout OsSAH2 and OsSAH3 (sahKO) genes conferred enhanced resistance to both hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, whereas overexpression of each OsSAH gene increased susceptibility to the pathogens. sahKO mutants showed increased SA and jasmonate levels compared to those of the wild type and OsSAH-overexpressing plants. Analysis of the OsSAH3 promoter indicated that its induction was mainly restricted around Magnaporthe oryzae infection sites. Taken together, our findings indicate that SA plays a vital role in immune signaling. Moreover, fine-tuning SA homeostasis through suppression of SA metabolism is an effective approach in studying broad-spectrum disease resistance in rice.
Collapse
|
4
|
Järvinen E, Deng F, Kiander W, Sinokki A, Kidron H, Sjöstedt N. The Role of Uptake and Efflux Transporters in the Disposition of Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:802539. [PMID: 35095509 PMCID: PMC8793843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.802539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe. They may, however, be the most prominent drug-related material in the circulation and excreta of humans. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs typically have limited cell membrane permeability and subsequently, their distribution and excretion from the human body requires transport proteins. Uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporters (OATs and OATPs), mediate the uptake of conjugates into the liver and kidney, while efflux transporters, such as multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), mediate expulsion of conjugates into bile, urine and the intestinal lumen. Understanding the active transport of conjugated drug metabolites is important for predicting the fate of a drug in the body and its safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to compile the understanding of transporter-mediated disposition of phase II conjugates. We review the literature on hepatic, intestinal and renal uptake transporters participating in the transport of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs, other xenobiotics and endobiotics. In addition, we provide an update on the involvement of efflux transporters in the disposition of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Finally, we discuss the interplay between uptake and efflux transport in the intestine, liver and kidneys as well as the role of transporters in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and species differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alli Sinokki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Iglesias-Carres L, Neilson AP. Utilizing preclinical models of genetic diversity to improve translation of phytochemical activities from rodents to humans and inform personalized nutrition. Food Funct 2021; 12:11077-11105. [PMID: 34672309 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02782d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models are an essential tool in different areas of research, including nutrition and phytochemical research. Traditional inbred mouse models have allowed the discovery of therapeutical targets and mechanisms of action and expanded our knowledge of health and disease. However, these models lack the genetic variability typically found in human populations, which hinders the translatability of the results found in mice to humans. The development of genetically diverse mouse models, such as the collaborative cross (CC) or the diversity outbred (DO) models, has been a useful tool to overcome this obstacle in many fields, such as cancer, immunology and toxicology. However, these tools have not yet been widely adopted in the field of phytochemical research. As demonstrated in other disciplines, use of CC and DO models has the potential to provide invaluable insights for translation of phytochemicals from rodents to humans, which are desperately needed given the challenges and numerous failed clinical trials in this field. These models may prove informative for personalized use of phytochemicals in humans, including: predicting interindividual variability in phytochemical bioavailability and efficacy, identifying genetic loci or genes governing response to phytochemicals, identifying phytochemical mechanisms of action and therapeutic targets, and understanding the impact of genetic variability on individual response to phytochemicals. Such insights would prove invaluable for personalized implementation of phytochemicals in humans. This review will focus on the current work performed with genetically diverse mouse populations, and the research opportunities and advantages that these models can offer to phytochemical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisard Iglesias-Carres
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cussotto S, Walsh J, Golubeva AV, Zhdanov AV, Strain CR, Fouhy F, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Hyland NP, Clarke G, Cryan JF, Griffin BT. The gut microbiome influences the bioavailability of olanzapine in rats. EBioMedicine 2021; 66:103307. [PMID: 33819741 PMCID: PMC8047500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of the gut microbiome in the biotransformation of drugs has recently come under scrutiny. It remains unclear whether the gut microbiome directly influences the extent of drug absorbed after oral administration and thus potentially alters clinical pharmacokinetics. Methods In this study, we evaluated whether changes in the gut microbiota of male Sprague Dawley rats, as a result of either antibiotic or probiotic administration, influenced the oral bioavailability of two commonly prescribed antipsychotics, olanzapine and risperidone. Findings The bioavailability of olanzapine, was significantly increased (1.8-fold) in rats that had undergone antibiotic-induced depletion of gut microbiota, whereas the bioavailability of risperidone was unchanged. There was no direct effect of microbiota depletion on the expression of major CYP450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of either drug. However, the expression of UGT1A3 in the duodenum was significantly downregulated. The reduction in faecal enzymatic activity, observed during and after antibiotic administration, did not alter the ex vivo metabolism of olanzapine or risperidone. The relative abundance of Alistipes significantly correlated with the AUC of olanzapine but not risperidone. Interpretation Alistipes may play a role in the observed alterations in olanzapine pharmacokinetics. The gut microbiome might be an important variable determining the systemic bioavailability of orally administered olanzapine. Additional research exploring the potential implication of the gut microbiota on the clinical pharmacokinetics of olanzapine in humans is warranted. Funding This research is supported by APC Microbiome Ireland, a research centre funded by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), through the Irish Government's National Development Plan (grant no. 12/RC/2273 P2) and by Nature Research-Yakult (The Global Grants for Gut Health; Ref No. 626891).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jacinta Walsh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alexander V Zhdanov
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Conall R Strain
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Fouhy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Osborne MJ, Coutinho de Oliveira L, Volpon L, Zahreddine HA, Borden KLB. Overcoming Drug Resistance through the Development of Selective Inhibitors of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:258-272. [PMID: 30428301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Glucuronidation of drugs via elevation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT1As) correlates with clinical resistance. The nine UGT1A family members have broad substrate specificities attributed to their variable N-terminal domains and share a common C-terminal domain. Development of UGT1As as pharmacological targets has been hampered by toxicity of pan-UGT inhibitors and by difficulty in isolating pure N-terminal domains or full-length proteins. Here, we developed a strategy to target selected UGT1As which exploited the biochemical tractability of the C-domain and its ability to allosterically communicate with the catalytic site. By combining NMR fragment screening with in vitro glucuronidation assays, we identified inhibitors selective for UGT1A4. Significantly, these compounds selectively restored sensitivity in resistant cancer cells only for substrates of the targeted UGT1A. This strategy represents a crucial first step toward developing compounds to overcome unwanted glucuronidation thereby reversing resistance in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Osborne
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Pavilion Marcelle-Coutu, Chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luciana Coutinho de Oliveira
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Pavilion Marcelle-Coutu, Chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Volpon
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Pavilion Marcelle-Coutu, Chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hiba Ahmad Zahreddine
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Pavilion Marcelle-Coutu, Chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine L B Borden
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Pavilion Marcelle-Coutu, Chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhao J, Li Y, Wang J, Guo R, Gan S, Liu CJ, Zhang K. S5H/DMR6 Encodes a Salicylic Acid 5-Hydroxylase That Fine-Tunes Salicylic Acid Homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1082-1093. [PMID: 28899963 PMCID: PMC5664462 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) plays essential roles in biotic and abiotic responses, plant development, and leaf senescence. 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA or gentisic acid) is one of the most commonly occurring aromatic acids in green plants and is assumed to be generated from SA, but the enzymes involved in its production remain obscure. DMR6 (Downy Mildew Resistant6; At5g24530) has been proven essential in plant immunity of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but its biochemical properties are not well understood. Here, we report the discovery and functional characterization of DMR6 as a salicylic acid 5-hydroxylase (S5H) that catalyzes the formation of 2,5-DHBA by hydroxylating SA at the C5 position of its phenyl ring in Arabidopsis. S5H/DMR6 specifically converts SA to 2,5-DHBA in vitro and displays higher catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km = 4.96 × 104 m-1 s-1) than the previously reported S3H (Kcat/Km = 6.09 × 103 m-1 s-1) for SA. Interestingly, S5H/DMR6 displays a substrate inhibition property that may enable automatic control of its enzyme activities. The s5h mutant and s5hs3h double mutant overaccumulate SA and display phenotypes such as a smaller growth size, early senescence, and a loss of susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. S5H/DMR6 is sensitively induced by SA/pathogen treatment and is expressed widely from young seedlings to senescing plants, whereas S3H is more specifically expressed at the mature and senescing stages. Collectively, our results disclose the identity of the enzyme required for 2,5-DHBA formation and reveal a mechanism by which plants fine-tune SA homeostasis by mediating SA 5-hydroxylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Jiangzhe Zhao
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Jinbin Wang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Susheng Gan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Department of Biosciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fujiwara R, Yoda E, Tukey RH. Species differences in drug glucuronidation: Humanized UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 mice and their application for predicting drug glucuronidation and drug-induced toxicity in humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 33:9-16. [PMID: 29079228 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
More than 20% of clinically used drugs are glucuronidated by a microsomal enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). Inhibition or induction of UGT can result in an increase or decrease in blood drug concentration. To avoid drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions in individuals, therefore, it is important to understand whether UGTs are involved in metabolism of drugs and drug candidates. While most of glucuronides are inactive metabolites, acyl-glucuronides that are formed from compounds with a carboxylic acid group can be highly toxic. Animals such as mice and rats are widely used to predict drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity in humans. However, there are marked species differences in the expression and function of drug-metabolizing enzymes including UGTs. To overcome the species differences, mice in which certain drug-metabolizing enzymes are humanized have been recently developed. Humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice were created in 2010 by crossing Ugt1-null mice with human UGT1 transgenic mice in a C57BL/6 background. hUGT1 mice can be promising tools to predict human drug glucuronidation and acyl-glucuronide-associated toxicity. In this review article, studies of drug metabolism and toxicity in the hUGT1 mice are summarized. We further discuss research and strategic directions to advance the understanding of drug glucuronidation in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Emiko Yoda
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hirashima R, Itoh T, Tukey RH, Fujiwara R. Prediction of drug-induced liver injury using keratinocytes. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:863-872. [PMID: 28138970 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most common adverse drug reactions. DILI is often accompanied by skin reactions, including rash and pruritus. However, it is still unknown whether DILI-associated genes such as S100 calcium-binding protein A and interleukin (IL)-1β are involved in drug-induced skin toxicity. In the present study, most of the tested hepatotoxic drugs such as pioglitazone and diclofenac induced DILI-associated genes in human and mouse keratinocytes. Keratinocytes of mice at higher risk for DILI exhibited an increased IL-1β basal expression. They also showed a higher inducibility of IL-1β when treated by pioglitazone. Mice at higher risk for DILI showed even higher sums of DILI-associated gene basal expression levels and induction rates in keratinocytes. Our data suggest that DILI-associated genes might be involved in the onset and progression of drug-induced skin toxicity. Furthermore, we might be able to identify individuals at higher risk of developing DILI less invasively by examining gene expression patterns in keratinocytes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rika Hirashima
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The final therapeutic effect of a drug candidate, which is directed to a specific molecular target strongly depends on its absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). The disruption of at least one element of ADME may result in serious drug resistance. In this work we described the role of one element of this resistance: phase II metabolism with UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGT function is the transformation of their substrates into more polar metabolites, which are better substrates for the ABC transporters, MDR1, MRP and BCRP, than the native drug. UGT-mediated drug resistance can be associated with (i) inherent overexpression of the enzyme, named intrinsic drug resistance or (ii) induced expression of the enzyme, named acquired drug resistance observed when enzyme expression is induced by the drug or other factors, as food-derived compounds. Very often this induction occurs via ligand binding receptors including AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) PXR (pregnane X receptor), or other transcription factors. The effect of UGT dependent resistance is strengthened by coordinate action and also a coordinate regulation of the expression of UGTs and ABC transporters. This coupling of UGT and multidrug resistance proteins has been intensively studied, particularly in the case of antitumor treatment, when this resistance is "improved" by differences in UGT expression between tumor and healthy tissue. Multidrug resistance coordinated with glucuronidation has also been described here for drugs used in the management of epilepsy, psychiatric diseases, HIV infections, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Proposals to reverse UGT-mediated drug resistance should consider the endogenous functions of UGT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Mazerska
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Mróz
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Pawłowska
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustin
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fay MJ, Nguyen MT, Snouwaert JN, Dye R, Grant DJ, Bodnar WM, Koller BH. Xenobiotic Metabolism in Mice Lacking the UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2 Family. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1838-46. [PMID: 26354949 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) conjugate a glucuronyl group from glucuronic acid to a wide range of lipophilic substrates to form a hydrophilic glucuronide conjugate. The glucuronide generally has decreased bioactivity and increased water solubility to facilitate excretion. Glucuronidation represents an important detoxification pathway for both endogenous waste products and xenobiotics, including drugs and harmful industrial chemicals. Two clinically significant families of UGT enzymes are present in mammals: UGT1s and UGT2s. Although the two families are distinct in gene structure, studies using recombinant enzymes have shown considerable overlap in their ability to glucuronidate many substrates, often obscuring the relative importance of the two families in the clearance of particular substrates in vivo. To address this limitation, we have generated a mouse line, termed ΔUgt2, in which the entire Ugt2 gene family, extending over 609 kilobase pairs, is excised. This mouse line provides a means to determine the contributions of the two UGT families in vivo. We demonstrate the utility of these animals by defining for the first time the in vivo contributions of the UGT1 and UGT2 families to glucuronidation of the environmental estrogenic agent bisphenol A (BPA). The highest activity toward this chemical is reported for human and rodent UGT2 enzymes. Surprisingly, our studies using the ΔUgt2 mice demonstrate that, while both UGT1 and UGT2 isoforms can conjugate BPA, clearance is largely dependent on UGT1s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fay
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - My Trang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - John N Snouwaert
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Rebecca Dye
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Delores J Grant
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Wanda M Bodnar
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Beverly H Koller
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Role of extrahepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1: Advances in understanding breast milk-induced neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:124-32. [PMID: 26342858 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Newborns commonly develop physiological hyperbilirubinemia (also known as jaundice). With increased bilirubin levels being observed in breast-fed infants, breast-feeding has been recognized as a contributing factor for the development of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Bilirubin undergoes selective metabolism by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 and becomes a water soluble glucuronide. Although several factors such as gestational age, dehydration and weight loss, and increased enterohepatic circulation have been associated with breast milk-induced jaundice (BMJ), deficiency in UGT1A1 expression is a known cause of BMJ. It is currently believed that unconjugated bilirubin is metabolized mainly in the liver. However, recent findings support the concept that extrahepatic tissues, such as small intestine and skin, contribute to bilirubin glucuronidation during the neonatal period. We will review the recent advances made towards understanding biological and molecular events impacting BMJ, especially regarding the role of extrahepatic UGT1A1 expression.
Collapse
|
14
|
Expression of Human DNAJ (Heat Shock Protein-40) B3 in Humanized UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14997-5008. [PMID: 26147428 PMCID: PMC4519884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160714997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human DNAJB3 gene encodes a DNAJ (Heat shock protein 40; Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 3 chaperone protein (DNAJB3), which can be down-regulated in disease conditions, as observed in decreased expression of DNAJB3 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of obese patients. Recently, humanized UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1 mice (hUGT1 mice) were developed, in which the introduced human UGT1 gene contained a gene encoding human DNAJB3. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of human DNAJB3 mRNA in hUGT1 mice. Among the examined tissues, the testis had the highest expression of human DNAJB3 mRNA, while the lowest expression was observed in the liver. We found that the pattern of tissue-specific expression of mouse Dnajb3 in hUGT1 mice was very similar to that of human DNAJB3. We further demonstrated that the expression of human DNAJB3 in the liver was significantly reduced in high-fat-diet-fed hUGT1 mice compared to the expression level in the control mice, indicating that the expression of human DNAJB3 in hUGT1 mice could be similarly regulated in disease conditions such as obesity. Humanized UGT1 mice might therefore be useful to investigate the physiological role of human DNAJB3 in vivo.
Collapse
|
15
|
Nicotine regulates the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) in humanized UGT1 mouse brain. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015. [PMID: 26210671 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) is a family of enzymes that catalyze the glucuronidation of various compounds, and thereby has an important role in metabolism and detoxification of a large number of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds. UGTs are present highly in the liver and small intestine, while several investigations on quantification of UGT mRNA reported that UGTs were also expressed in the brain. However, reported expression patterns of UGT isoforms in human brain were often incongruous with each other. In the present study, therefore, we investigated UGT mRNA expressions in brains of humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice. We found that among the human UGT1 members, UGT1A1, 1A3, and 1A6 were expressed in the brain. We further observed that nicotine (3 mg/kg) induced the expression of UGT1A3 mRNA in the brain, but not liver. While it was not statistically significant, the nicotine treatment resulted in an increase in the chenodeoxycholic acid glucuronide-formation activity in the brain microsomes. UGT1A3 is involved in metabolism of various antidepressants and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, which exhibit their pharmacological effects in the brain. Therefore, nicotine-treated hUGT1 mice might be useful to investigate the role of brain UGT1A3 in the regulation of local levels of these drugs and their response.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kutsuno Y, Hirashima R, Sakamoto M, Ushikubo H, Michimae H, Itoh T, Tukey RH, Fujiwara R. Expression of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1 (UGT1) and Glucuronidation Activity toward Endogenous Substances in Humanized UGT1 Mouse Brain. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1071-6. [PMID: 25953521 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are important phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, they are also involved in the metabolism of endogenous compounds. Certain substrates of UGTs, such as serotonin and estradiol, play important roles in the brain. However, the expression of UGTs in the human brain has not been fully clarified. Recently, humanized UGT1 mice (hUGT1 mice) in which the original Ugt1 locus was disrupted and replaced with the human UGT1 locus have been developed. In the present study, the expression pattern of UGT1As in brains from humans and hUGT1 mice was examined. We found that UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A6, and 1A10 were expressed in human brains. The expression pattern of UGT1As in hUGT1 mouse brains was similar to that in human brains. In addition, we examined the expression of UGT1A1 and 1A6 in the cerebellum, olfactory bulbs, midbrain, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex of hUGT1 mice. UGT1A1 in all brain regions and UGT1A6 in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex of 6-month-old hUGT1 mice were expressed at a significantly higher rate than those of 2-week-old hUGT1 mice. A difference in expression levels between brain regions was also observed. Brain microsomes exhibited glucuronidation activities toward estradiol and serotonin, with mean values of 0.13 and 5.17 pmol/min/mg, respectively. In conclusion, UGT1A1 and UGT1A6 might play an important role in function regulation of endogenous compounds in a region- and age-dependent manner. Humanized UGT1 mice might be useful to study the importance of brain UGTs in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kutsuno
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Rika Hirashima
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Masaya Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Hiroko Ushikubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Hirofumi Michimae
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oda S, Fujiwara R, Kutsuno Y, Fukami T, Itoh T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. Targeted screen for human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases inhibitors and the evaluation of potential drug-drug interactions with zafirlukast. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:812-8. [PMID: 25834030 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes is a major mechanism in drug-drug interactions (DDIs). A number of cases of DDIs via inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltranseferases (UGTs) have been reported, although the changes in pharmacokinetics are relatively small in comparison with drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome P450s. Most of the past studies have investigated hepatic UGTs, although recent studies have revealed a significant contribution of UGTs in the small intestine to drug clearance. To evaluate potential DDIs caused by inhibition of intestinal UGTs, we assessed inhibitory effects of 578 compounds, including drugs, xenobiotics, and endobiotics, on human UGT1A8 and UGT1A10, which are major contributors to intestinal glucuronidation. We identified 29 inhibitors by monitoring raloxifene glucuronidation with recombinant UGTs. All of the inhibitors potently inhibited UGT1A1 activity, as well. We found that zafirlukast is a potent general inhibitor of UGT1As and a moderate inhibitor of UGT2Bs because it monitors 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation by recombinant UGTs. However, zafirlukast did not potently inhibit diclofenac glucuronidation, suggesting that the inhibitory effects might be substrate specific. Inhibitory effects of zafirlukast on some UGT substrates were further investigated in human liver and human small intestine microsomes in order to evaluate potential DDIs. The R values (the ratios of intrinsic clearance with and without an inhibitor) revealed that zafirlukast has potential to cause clinical DDIs in the small intestine. Although we could not identify specific UGT1A8 and UGT1A10 inhibitors, zafirlukast was identified as a general inhibitor for UGTs in vitro. The present study suggests that the inhibition of UGT in the small intestine would be an underlying mechanism for DDIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Oda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (S.O., T.F., T.Y., M.N.); and School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (R.F., Y.K, T.I.)
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (S.O., T.F., T.Y., M.N.); and School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (R.F., Y.K, T.I.)
| | - Yuki Kutsuno
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (S.O., T.F., T.Y., M.N.); and School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (R.F., Y.K, T.I.)
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (S.O., T.F., T.Y., M.N.); and School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (R.F., Y.K, T.I.)
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (S.O., T.F., T.Y., M.N.); and School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (R.F., Y.K, T.I.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (S.O., T.F., T.Y., M.N.); and School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (R.F., Y.K, T.I.)
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (S.O., T.F., T.Y., M.N.); and School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (R.F., Y.K, T.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zahreddine HA, Borden KLB. Molecular Pathways: GLI1-Induced Drug Glucuronidation in Resistant Cancer Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2207-10. [PMID: 25810373 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance remains a major impediment in the development of durable cancer therapies. Studies in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients revealed a new form of multidrug resistance. Here, increased glioma-associated protein GLI1 leads to elevation of the UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes. UGTs add glucuronic acid to xenobiotics and metabolites. Traditionally, the loss of these enzymes is thought to contribute to cancer as a result of impaired clearance of environmental carcinogens. However, we demonstrate that overexpression of UGTs can contribute to oncogenesis by promoting drug resistance. Indeed, UGT levels in AML patients treated with ribavirin and/or cytarabine were elevated at relapse relative to diagnosis. This was reversed by GLI1 inhibition, suggesting a clinically relevant strategy to overcome drug resistance. Further, overexpression of UGTs can also lead to drug resistance in other cancers, such as certain Hsp90 inhibitors and vorinostat in colorectal and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia, respectively. Not all drugs are targets of glucuronidation, suggesting that UGT status could be relevant to treatment choice. Here, we describe several facets of UGT biology and how these could be exploited clinically. These studies demonstrate how drugs in cancer cells can be metabolized differentially than their normal counterparts. In summary, we describe a new form of drug resistance relevant to a variety of cancer contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Ahmad Zahreddine
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine L B Borden
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Cancer cells rapidly evolve a multitude of defense mechanisms to evade the effects of the oncologist's drug arsenal. Unfortunately, clinical strategies to overcome these lag far behind. This mismatch likely underlies our inability to implement new durable treatment strategies. Here, a new form of multidrug resistance, inducible drug glucuronidation, is discussed. This form was discovered while developing means to target a specific oncogene, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), with its inhibitor ribavirin. In two clinical studies, ribavirin treatment led to substantial clinical responses, but all responding patients eventually relapsed. In most cases, this was due to the overexpression of the sonic hedgehog transcription factor Gli1, which elevated the UDP glucuronsyltransferase UGT1A enzymes. UGT1As add glucuronic acid to many drugs. Indeed, these cells are resistant to not only ribavirin, but also Ara-C, and likely other drugs. Inhibition of Gli1 reduced UGT1As, eliminated drug glucuronides, and renewed sensitivity to ribavirin and Ara-C. These studies highlight that cancer cells and their resistant counterparts metabolize drugs differently from each other as well as from normal cells. Likely, these inducible modifications go beyond glucuronidation. Understanding the extent of inducible drug modifications and the pathways that drive expression of the corresponding enzymatic machinery will better position us to finally make resistance futile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L B Borden
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fujiwara R, Takenaka S, Hashimoto M, Narawa T, Itoh T. Expression of human solute carrier family transporters in skin: possible contributor to drug-induced skin disorders. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5251. [PMID: 24918694 PMCID: PMC4052716 DOI: 10.1038/srep05251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters play important roles in absorption and disposition of drugs in cells; however, the expression pattern of human SLC transporters in the skin has not been determined. In the present study, the expression patterns of 28 human SLC transporters were determined in the human skin. Most of the SLC transporter family members were either highly or moderately expressed in the liver, while their expression was limited in the skin and small intestine. Treatment of human keratinocytes with a reactive metabolite of ibuprofen significantly reduced cell viability. Expression array analysis revealed that S100 calcium binding protein A7A (S100A7A) was induced nearly 50-fold in dermal cells treated with ibuprofen acyl-glucuronide. Determination of the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes as well as drug transporters prior to the administration of drugs would make it possible to avoid the development of idiosyncratic skin diseases in individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Fujiwara
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, JAPAN
| | - Saya Takenaka
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, JAPAN
| | - Mitsuhiro Hashimoto
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, JAPAN
| | - Tomoya Narawa
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, JAPAN
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, JAPAN
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kutsuno Y, Itoh T, Tukey RH, Fujiwara R. Glucuronidation of drugs and drug-induced toxicity in humanized UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1146-52. [PMID: 24764149 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze glucuronidation of various drugs. Although experimental rodents are used in preclinical studies to predict glucuronidation and toxicity of drugs in humans, species differences in glucuronidation and drug-induced toxicity have been reported. Humanized UGT1 mice in which the original Ugt1 locus was disrupted and replaced with the human UGT1 locus (hUGT1 mice) were recently developed. In this study, acyl-glucuronidations of etodolac, diclofenac, and ibuprofen in liver microsomes of hUGT1 mice were examined and compared with those of humans and regular mice. The kinetics of etodolac, diclofenac, and ibuprofen acyl-glucuronidation in hUGT1 mice were almost comparable to those in humans, rather than in mice. We further investigated the hepatotoxicity of ibuprofen in hUGT1 mice and regular mice by measuring serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) levels. Because ALT levels were increased at 6 hours after dosing in hUGT1 mice and at 24 hours after dosing in regular mice, the onset pattern of ibuprofen-induced liver toxicity in hUGT1 mice was different from that in regular mice. These data suggest that hUGT1 mice can be valuable tools for understanding glucuronidations of drugs and drug-induced toxicity in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kutsuno
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.K., T.I., R.F.); and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.K., T.I., R.F.); and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.K., T.I., R.F.); and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.K., T.I., R.F.); and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| |
Collapse
|