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Zykova MV, Bratishko KA, Buyko EE, Azarkina LA, Ivanov VV, Mihalyov DA, Trofimova ES, Danilets MG, Ligacheva AA, Konstantinov AI, Ufandeev AA, Rabtsevich ES, Drygunova LA, Zima AP, Bashirov SR, Udut EV, Belousov MV. Coal-Derived Humic Substances: Insight into Chemical Structure Parameters and Biomedical Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:1530. [PMID: 38611808 PMCID: PMC11013056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
An investigation was carried out on humic substances (HSs) isolated from the coal of the Kansk-Achinsk basin (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia). The coal HSs demonstrate the main parameters of molecular structure inherent to this class of natural compounds. An assessment was performed for the chemical, microbiological, and pharmacological safety parameters, as well as the biological efficacy. The HS sample meets the safety requirements in microbiological purity, toxic metals content (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic), and radionuclides. The presence of 11 essential elements was determined. The absence of general, systemic toxicity, cytotoxicity, and allergenic properties was demonstrated. The coal HS sample was classified as a Class V hazard (low danger substances). High antioxidant and antiradical activities and immunotropic and cytoprotective properties were identified. The ability of the HS to inhibit hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion radicals was revealed. Pronounced actoprotective and nootropic activities were also demonstrated in vivo. Intragastric administration of the HS sample resulted in the improvement of physical parameters in mice as assessed by the "swim exhaustion" test. Furthermore, intragastric administration in mice with cholinergic dysfunction led to a higher ability of animals with scopolamine-induced amnesia to form conditioned reflexes. These findings suggest that the studied HS sample is a safe and effective natural substance, making it suitable for use as a dietary bioactive supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Zykova
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Kristina A. Bratishko
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Evgeny E. Buyko
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Lyudmila A. Azarkina
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Vladimir V. Ivanov
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Dmitrii A. Mihalyov
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Evgeniya S. Trofimova
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
- Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (M.G.D.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Marina G. Danilets
- Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (M.G.D.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Anastasia A. Ligacheva
- Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (M.G.D.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Andrey I. Konstantinov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander A. Ufandeev
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Evgenia S. Rabtsevich
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
- Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Larisa A. Drygunova
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Anastasia P. Zima
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Sergey R. Bashirov
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Elena V. Udut
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Mikhail V. Belousov
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.A.B.); (E.E.B.); (L.A.A.); (V.V.I.); (D.A.M.); (E.S.T.); (A.A.U.); (E.S.R.); (L.A.D.); (A.P.Z.); (S.R.B.); (E.V.U.); (M.V.B.)
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Hussain A, Saeed A. Hazardous or Advantageous: Uncovering the Roles of Heavy Metals and Humic Substances in Shilajit (Phyto-mineral) with Emphasis on Heavy Metals Toxicity and Their Detoxification Mechanisms. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04109-4. [PMID: 38393486 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Shilajit is a phyto-mineral diffusion and semi-solid matter used as traditional medicine with extraordinary health benefits. This study provides a comprehensive data on Shilajit with emphasis on heavy metal profile, associated toxicities, and metal detoxification mechanisms by humic substances present in Shilajit. Data was searched across papers and traditional books using Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, SciELO, Web of Science, and Scopus as key scientific databases. Findings showed that Shilajit is distributed in almost 20 regions of the world with uses against 20 health problems as traditional medicine. With various humic substances, almost 11 biological activities were reported in Shilajit. This phyto-mineral diffusion possesses around 65 heavy metals including the toxic heavy metals like Cu, Al, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg. However, humic substances in Shilajit actively detoxify around 12 heavy metals. The recommended levels of heavy metals by WHO and FDA in herbal drugs is 0.20 and 0.30 ppm for Cd, 1 ppm for Hg, 10.00 ppm for As and Pb, 20 ppm for Cu, and 50 ppm for Zn. The levels of reported metals in Shilajit were found to be lower than the permissible limits set by WHO and FDA, except in few studies where exceeded levels were reported. Shilajit consumption without knowing permissible levels of metals is not safe and could pose serious health problems. Although the humic substances and few metals in Shilajit are beneficial in terms of chelating toxic heavy metals, the data on metal detoxification still needs to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Hussain
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Saeed
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600, Punjab, Pakistan
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Mikhnevich T, Grigorenko VG, Rubtsova MY, Rukhovich GD, Yiming S, Khreptugova AN, Zaitsev KV, Perminova IV. Solid-Phase Extraction at High pH as a Promising Tool for Targeted Isolation of Biologically Active Fractions of Humic Acids. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1858-1869. [PMID: 38222597 PMCID: PMC10785653 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A search for novel sources of biologically active compounds is at the top of the agenda for biomedical technologies. Natural humic substances (HSs) contain a large variety of different chemotypes, such as condensed tannins, hydrolyzable tannins, terpenoids, lignins, etc. The goal of this work was to develop an efficient separation technique based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the isolation of narrow fractions of HS with higher biological activity compared to the initial material. We used lignite humic acid as the parent humic material, which showed moderate inhibition activity toward beta-lactamase TEM 1 and antioxidant activity. We applied two different SPE techniques: the first one was based on a gradient elution with water/methanol mixtures of the humic material sorbed at pH 2, and the second one implied separation by a difference in the pKa value by the use of sequential sorption of HS at pH from 8 to 3. SPE cartridges Bond Elute PPL (Agilent) were used in the fractionation experiments. The first and second techniques yielded 9 and 7 fractions, respectively. All fractions were characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry and biological assays, including the determination of beta-lactamase (TEM 1) inhibition activity and antioxidant activity. The acidity-based separation technique demonstrated substantial advantages: it enabled the isolation of components, outcompeting the initial material at the first step of separation (sorption at pH 8). It showed moderate orthogonality in separation with regard to the polarity-based technique. Good perspectives are shown for developing a 2D separation scheme using a combination of polarity and acidity-based approaches to reduce structural heterogeneity of the narrow fractions of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana
A. Mikhnevich
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vitaly G. Grigorenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maya Yu. Rubtsova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Gleb D. Rukhovich
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sun Yiming
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna N. Khreptugova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Zaitsev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina V. Perminova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Zykova MV, Volikov AB, Buyko EE, Bratishko KA, Ivanov VV, Konstantinov AI, Logvinova LA, Mihalyov DA, Sobolev NA, Zhirkova AM, Maksimov SV, Perminova IV, Belousov MV. Enhanced Antioxidant Activity and Reduced Cytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized by Different Humic Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3386. [PMID: 37631443 PMCID: PMC10457742 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The current article describes the biological activity of new biomaterials combining the "green" properties of humic substances (HSs) and silver nanoparticles. The aim is to investigate the antioxidant activity (AOA) of HS matrices (macroligands) and AgNPs stabilized with humic macroligands (HS-AgNPs). The unique chemical feature of HSs makes them very promising ligands (matrices) for AgNP stabilization. HSs have previously been shown to exert many pharmacological effects mediated by their AOA. AgNPs stabilized with HS showed a pronounced ability to bind to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the test with ABTS. Also, higher AOA was observed for HS-AgNPs as compared to the HS matrices. In vitro cytotoxicity studies have shown that the stabilization of AgNPs with the HS matrices reduces the cytotoxicity of AgNPs. As a result of in vitro experiments with the use of 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), it was found that all HS materials tested and the HS-AgNPs did not exhibit prooxidant effects. Moreover, more pronounced AOA was shown for HS-AgNP samples as compared to the original HS matrices. Two putative mechanisms of the pronounced AOA of the tested compositions are proposed: firstly, the pronounced ability of HSs to inactivate ROS and, secondly, the large surface area and surface-to-volume ratio of HS-AgNPs, which facilitate electron transfer and mitigate kinetic barriers to the reduction reaction. As a result, the antioxidant properties of the tested HS-AgNPs might be of particular interest for biomedical applications aimed at inhibiting the growth of bacteria and viruses and the healing of purulent wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Zykova
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.E.B.); (K.A.B.); (V.V.I.); (L.A.L.); (D.A.M.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Alexander B. Volikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.V.); (A.I.K.); (N.A.S.); (A.M.Z.); (S.V.M.); (I.V.P.)
| | - Evgeny E. Buyko
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.E.B.); (K.A.B.); (V.V.I.); (L.A.L.); (D.A.M.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Kristina A. Bratishko
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.E.B.); (K.A.B.); (V.V.I.); (L.A.L.); (D.A.M.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Vladimir V. Ivanov
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.E.B.); (K.A.B.); (V.V.I.); (L.A.L.); (D.A.M.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Andrey I. Konstantinov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.V.); (A.I.K.); (N.A.S.); (A.M.Z.); (S.V.M.); (I.V.P.)
| | - Lyudmila A. Logvinova
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.E.B.); (K.A.B.); (V.V.I.); (L.A.L.); (D.A.M.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Dmitrii A. Mihalyov
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.E.B.); (K.A.B.); (V.V.I.); (L.A.L.); (D.A.M.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Nikita A. Sobolev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.V.); (A.I.K.); (N.A.S.); (A.M.Z.); (S.V.M.); (I.V.P.)
| | - Anastasia M. Zhirkova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.V.); (A.I.K.); (N.A.S.); (A.M.Z.); (S.V.M.); (I.V.P.)
| | - Sergey V. Maksimov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.V.); (A.I.K.); (N.A.S.); (A.M.Z.); (S.V.M.); (I.V.P.)
| | - Irina V. Perminova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.V.); (A.I.K.); (N.A.S.); (A.M.Z.); (S.V.M.); (I.V.P.)
| | - Mikhail V. Belousov
- Pharmaceutical Faculty, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.E.B.); (K.A.B.); (V.V.I.); (L.A.L.); (D.A.M.); (M.V.B.)
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Singh T, Nigam A, Kapila R. Analyzing the Use of Medicinal Herbs During the First Wave and Second Wave of COVID-19. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, INDIA SECTION B: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 92:219-222. [PMID: 35035036 PMCID: PMC8753947 DOI: 10.1007/s40011-021-01303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
India has confronted the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, in the form of first wave and again in first half of 2021 in the form of second wave. To combat the persistent transmission of the coronavirus, Indian Government has started the vaccination in the country since January 2021. The immunity conferred by the vaccine can be more effective with sound immune health. In India, medicinal herbs are preferred dietary habits to enhance the immunity intrinsically. A web-based survey of herbal medicinal plants was carried out to identify the consumption trend of the medicinal herbs as an effective immune booster to reduce the spread of COVID-19. The selected herbs are ingredients of regular Indian cuisine and practiced under Ayurveda. The present study revealed that people are aware of selected medicinal herbs and consumed intentionally to boost their immunity. This type of study can be helpful in retaining the local people's knowledge on traditional medicine practices which has been vanishing.
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Khuda F, Anjum M, Khan S, Khan H, Umar Khayam Sahibzada M, Khusro A, Jan A, Ullah N, Shah Y, Zakiullah, Abbas M, Iftikhar T, Idris AM, Uddin Khandaker M, Bin Emran T. Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of natural organic matter extracted from cretaceous shales in district Nowshera-Pakistan. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Kloskowski T, Szeliski K, Krzeszowiak K, Fekner Z, Kazimierski Ł, Jundziłł A, Drewa T, Pokrywczyńska M. Mumio (Shilajit) as a potential chemotherapeutic for the urinary bladder cancer treatment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22614. [PMID: 34799663 PMCID: PMC8604984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumio (Shilajit) is a traditional medicinal drug known and used for hundreds of years. Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancer types and better treatments are needed. This study analysed the in vitro effect of Mumio on urinary bladder cancer cells (T24 and 5637) in comparison to normal uroepithelial cells (SV-HUC1). Cytotoxicity of Mumio was analysed in these cell lines via MTT and real-time cell growth assays as well via the assessment of the cytoskeleton, apoptosis, and cell cycle. Mumio affected the viability of both cell types in a time and concentration dependent manner. We observed a selectivity of Mumio against cancer cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis analysis showed that Mumio inhibited G0/G1 or S phase cell cycle, which in turn induced apoptosis. Our results showed that Mumio was significantly more cytotoxic to urinary bladder cancer cells than to normal cells. These results are promising and indicate Mumio as a great candidate for urinary bladder cancer treatment and further investigations should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kloskowski
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology and Andrology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - K Szeliski
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology and Andrology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - K Krzeszowiak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology and Andrology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Z Fekner
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology and Andrology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ł Kazimierski
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Chair of Urology and Andrology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - A Jundziłł
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology and Andrology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - T Drewa
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - M Pokrywczyńska
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology and Andrology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Lee S, Ryu H, Whang W. Development of Simultaneous Analysis Method for Multi-Compounds Content of New Shilajit Using HPLC-UV and the Cognitive Enhancing Effect: Mongolian Shilajit. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shilajit has a longstanding use as an anti-aging and memory enhancing drug. It is known to have excellent anti-bacterial effects and is believed to be effective for cognitive enhancement, but is difficult to standardize because of the lack of quality control standards. This study, for the first time, proposes a quality control standard using a simultaneous analytical method for the drug’s multi-compound content using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) as an aid for the internationalization of Mongolian Shilajit. Phenolic compounds 1-6 were isolated from Mongolian Shilajit extract using bioassay-guided isolation, and the isolated compounds were evaluated for cognitive-related anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation assays. The isolated compounds showed good effects for each activity. In addition, the isolated compounds were successfully quantified using a validated quantitative HPLC analysis method. As a result, the isolated compounds were suggested as standard marker compounds for Mongolian Shilajit. Also, we proved that the original material of Mongolian Shilajit is a lichen named Xanthoparmelia somloensis (Gyel.) Hale using HPLC-UV, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/hybrid linear trap-quadruple-orbitrap-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI/LTQ-HRMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- SukJin Lee
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeSung Ryu
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea
| | - WanKyunn Whang
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea
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Zhernov YV, Konstantinov AI, Zherebker A, Nikolaev E, Orlov A, Savinykh MI, Kornilaeva GV, Karamov EV, Perminova IV. Antiviral activity of natural humic substances and shilajit materials against HIV-1: Relation to structure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110312. [PMID: 33065073 PMCID: PMC7554000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural products, such as humic substances (HS) and shilajit, are known to possess antiviral activity. Humic-like components are often called as carriers of biological activity of shilajit. The goal of this study was to evaluate anti-HIV activity of well characterized HS isolated from coal, peat, and peloids, and compare it to that of water-soluble organic matter (OM) isolated from different samples of Shilajit. The set of humic materials included 16 samples of different fractional composition: humic acid (HA), hymatomelanic acid (HMA), fulvic acid (FA). The set of shilajit OM included 19 samples of different geographic origin and level of alteration. The HIV-1 p24 antigen assay and cell viability test were used for assessment of antiviral activity. The HIV-1 Bru strain was used to infect CEM-SS cells. The obtained EC50 values varied from 0.37 to 1.4 mg L-1 for the humic materials, and from 14 to 142 mg L-1 for the shilajit OM. Hence, all humic materials used in this study outcompeted largely the shilajit materials with respect to anti-HIV activity: For the humic materials, the structure-activity relationships revealed strong correlation between the EC50 values and the content of aromatic carbon indicating the most important role of aromatic structures. For shilajit OM, the reverse relationship was obtained indicating the different mechanism of shilajit activity. The FTICRMS molecular assignments were used for ChEMBL data mining in search of the active humic molecules. As potential carriers of antiviral activity were identified aromatic structures with alkyl substituents, terpenoids, N-containing analogs of typical flavonoids, and aza-podophyllotoxins. The conclusion was made that the typical humic materials and Shilajit differ greatly in molecular composition, and the humic materials have substantial preferences as a natural source of antiviral agents as compared to shilajit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V Zhernov
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Zherebker
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143026, Russia
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143026, Russia
| | - Alexey Orlov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143026, Russia
| | - Mikhail I Savinykh
- Scientific and Production Company "Sibdalmumiyo" Ltd., Novokuznetsk, Russia
| | - Galina V Kornilaeva
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Eduard V Karamov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Irina V Perminova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Sultan J, Awan MA, Rakha BA, Waqar SA, Ansari MS, Naz S, Iqbal S, Akhter S. Asphaltum Improves the Post-thaw Quality and Antioxidant Status of Nili Ravi Buffalo Bull Sperm. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 19:194-203. [PMID: 33502921 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Asphaltum, a mineral exudate from the mountains, is an ayurvedic medicine believed to be a panacea for male reproductive health issues. The objective of the study was to evaluate asphaltum in terms of phytochemical components, radical scavenging activity (RSA), in vitro dose tolerability, and cryosurvivability of buffalo sperm. Asphaltum was procured from an authentic source and confirmed for the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and glycosides. It showed good RSA as confirmed by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. In vitro dose tolerability of buffalo sperm (n = 3, replicate = 4, ejaculates = 24) for asphaltum was assessed at 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.25%, 3.0%, 3.75%, 4.5%, 5.25%, and 6.0% (w/v). Buffalo sperm showed good tolerance up to 3% of asphaltum in terms of sperm progressive motility and plasma membrane integrity. Buffalo semen (n = 3, replicates = 4, ejaculates = 24) was cryopreserved in extender supplemented with 0.0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.25%, and 3.0% (w/v) asphaltum and sperm quality was assessed at post-dilution, post-cooling, and post-thaw. After dilution motility, viability and livability; post-cooling motility and plasma membrane integrity; and post-thaw motility, plasma membrane integrity, viability, livability, DNA integrity, sperm RSA, sperm total lipids, sperm mitochondrial activity, and total antioxidant activity of semen were improved by 3%. In conclusion, asphaltum supplementation in an extender at 3% improves the post-thaw quality and antioxidant activity of buffalo semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaweria Sultan
- Department of Zoology and Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad Awan
- Department of Zoology and Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Allah Rakha
- Department of Wildlife Management, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Anila Waqar
- Department of Zoology and Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Sadia Naz
- Semen Production Unit Qadirabad, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Iqbal
- Semen Production Unit Qadirabad, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shamim Akhter
- Department of Zoology and Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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11
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Das A, Masry MSE, Gnyawali SC, Ghatak S, Singh K, Stewart R, Lewis M, Saha A, Gordillo G, Khanna S. Skin Transcriptome of Middle-Aged Women Supplemented With Natural Herbo-mineral Shilajit Shows Induction of Microvascular and Extracellular Matrix Mechanisms. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 38:526-536. [PMID: 31161927 PMCID: PMC7027386 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1564088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Shilajit is a pale-brown to blackish-brown organic mineral substance available from Himalayan rocks. We demonstrated that in type I obese humans, shilajit supplementation significantly upregulated extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes in the skeletal muscle. Such an effect was highly synergistic with exercise. The present study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT02762032) aimed to evaluate the effects of shilajit supplementation on skin gene expression profile and microperfusion in healthy adult females. Methods: The study design comprised six total study visits including a baseline visit (V1) and a final 14-week visit (V6) following oral shilajit supplementation (125 or 250 mg bid). A skin biopsy of the left inner upper arm of each subject was collected at visit 2 and visit 6 for gene expression profiling using Affymetrix Clariom™ D Assay. Skin perfusion was determined by MATLAB processing of dermascopic images. Transcriptome data were normalized and subjected to statistical analysis. The differentially regulated genes were subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®). The expression of the differentially regulated genes identified by IPA® were verified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Supplementation with shilajit for 14 weeks was not associated with any reported adverse effect within this period. At a higher dose (250 mg bid), shilajit improved skin perfusion when compared to baseline or the placebo. Pathway analysis identified shilajit-inducible genes relevant to endothelial cell migration, growth of blood vessels, and ECM which were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Conclusions: This work provides maiden evidence demonstrating that oral shilajit supplementation in adult healthy women induced genes relevant to endothelial cell migration and growth of blood vessels. Shilajit supplementation improved skin microperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Das
- Department of Surgery, Indiana Center for Regenerative
Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis,
IN
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner
Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mohamed S. El Masry
- Department of Surgery, Indiana Center for Regenerative
Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis,
IN
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner
Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zagazig
University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Surya C. Gnyawali
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner
Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner
Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of
Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kanhaiya Singh
- Department of Surgery, Indiana Center for Regenerative
Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis,
IN
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner
Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Richard Stewart
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner
Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Madeline Lewis
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner
Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Abhijoy Saha
- Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gayle Gordillo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of
Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University,
Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner
Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of
Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Mishra T, Dhaliwal HS, Singh K, Singh N. Shilajit (Mumie): Current Status of Biochemical, Therapeutic and Clinical Advances. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401313666170823160217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: Shilajit (mumie), a natural multi-component herbomineral ethnomedicinal
food, is used as a traditional medicine for enhancing the quality of life and for management of health
ailments in many countries of the world. Use of Shilajit as an adaptogen, aphrodisiac, rejuvenator and
anti-aging substance is mentioned in many ancient texts. This review aims to provide comprehensive
insights into its biochemical aspects, microbial role in biosynthesis, bioactivities and to establish correlation
between traditional uses and scientifically validated research findings.
Methods:
Scientific literature and ethnopharmacological information were compiled from the published
peer-reviewed articles, unpublished materials, thesis, books, patent databases, clinical trial registries
and from the websites of research councils of traditional medicine. The scientific databases,
thesis repositories and books databases were searched with keywords Shilajit, mumie, mumijo,
salajeet, asphaltum, fulvic acid, dibenzo-alpha-pyrones etc.
Results:
Scientifically validated research and ancient texts suggest multifaceted benefits of Shilajit. It
is endowed with anti-stress, memory and energy enhancing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic,
spermatogenic, neuroprotective, antiulcer and wound healing activities. These pharmacological
effects are mainly attributed to the presence of humic acid, fulvic acid, dibenzo-α-pyrones, dibenzo-
α-pyrones chromoproteins and trace elements.
Conclusion:
This review summarizes the traditional importance of Shilajit for the treatment and prevention
of several acute and chronic diseases and health ailments. Despite numerous health claims,
there are still major gaps in our understanding of its mechanism of action, variability in efficacy and
toxicity profile. Therefore, a coordinated interdisciplinary approach is needed to establish the underlying
mechanisms of action, comprehensive toxicological profile, pharmacokinetics parameters and effects
on different organ systems. Regulatory and governmental impetus to basic and clinical research,
safety testing and formulations quality control is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib-173101, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Harcharan S. Dhaliwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib-173101, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Karan Singh
- Chemistry, Eternal University, Baru Sahib-173101, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nasib Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib-173101, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Zykova MV, Schepetkin IA, Belousov MV, Krivoshchekov SV, Logvinova LA, Bratishko KA, Yusubov MS, Romanenko SV, Quinn MT. Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Humic Acids Isolated from Peat of Various Origins. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040753. [PMID: 29587351 PMCID: PMC6017172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although humic acids (HAs) from peat exhibit various therapeutic properties, there is little information available concerning their physicochemical and antioxidant properties. To address this issue, nine different types of peat, including oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and minerotrophic peat samples, were used for isolation of HA fractions by basic (HAb) and pyrophosphate (HAp) extractions. Physical parameters of the HAs were analyzed by UV-Vis, fluorescent, infrared (IR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Average Mr of the fractions ranged from 17.2 to 39.7 kDa, while their humification index (HIX) varied from 0.49 to 1.21. HAp fractions had a higher content of aromatic structures compared to HAb fractions. Moreover, HAp fractions had a significantly higher content of phenolic OH groups (3.6 ± 0.5 mmol/g) versus HAb (3.1 ± 0.5 mmol/g). All HA fractions exhibited antioxidant activity in radical scavenging and electrochemical assays, and their EPR signal had a single line with g = 2.0035, which is consistent with semiquinone type radicals. Furthermore, the HIX was found to be important in determining the number of semiquinone-type free radicals in the HA structures. Overall, these data provide a molecular basis to explain at least part of the beneficial therapeutic properties of peat-derived HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Zykova
- Department of Chemistry, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Michael V Belousov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Krivoshchekov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Research School of Chemical and Biomedical Technologies, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Lyudmila A Logvinova
- Department of Chemistry, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Kristina A Bratishko
- Department of Chemistry, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Mekhman S Yusubov
- Department of Chemistry, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Research School of Chemical and Biomedical Technologies, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Romanenko
- Department of Chemistry, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Research School of Chemical and Biomedical Technologies, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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14
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Preliminary Characterization of a Homogeneous Polysaccharide with Anticomplement Activity from Sijunzi Decoction. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/8642653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sijunzi decoction (SJZD) is a classical herbal prescription in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used for enhancing the function of immune system. In previous studies, a polysaccharide fraction S-3 was screened from SJZD by assessment of immune system regulation, intestinal microbiota, and SCFA in order to explore the immune active ingredients in SJZD. In the present study, S-3 was further purified, and a homogeneous polysaccharide S-3-1 with a molecular mass of 13.5 × 104 Da was obtained after further fractionation by Sephadex G-150 size-exclusion chromatography. The immunological activities of S-3-1 were assayed in vitro for the first time. The determination of the anticomplement activity showed that S-3-1 displayed inhibitory effects on classical pathway of the complement system, with CH50 values of 530 μg/mL. The FT-IR analysis showed that S-3-1 had absorptive peaks characteristic of polysaccharides. The methylation and GC-MS analysis showed that it is comprised of Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal, and Glc in a relative molar ratio of 0.35 : 0.37 : 1.4 : 0.31 : 3 : 0.8 and that it mainly contained 1,4-linked-Glc and 1,6-linked-Gal glycosidic bonds. The morphology of S-3-1 was observed by atomic force microscope (AFM). These results provided evidences for tracking the material basis of SJZD immune activity.
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15
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Winkler J, Ghosh S. Therapeutic Potential of Fulvic Acid in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:5391014. [PMID: 30276216 PMCID: PMC6151376 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5391014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases like diabetes are on a rise in the Western world. Based on the tsunami of new cases every year, new therapeutic measures must be considered. A promising avenue might involve the attenuation of underlying inflammation through natural health products (NHPs). This is because most NHPs have a rich history in traditional medicine and might be considered safer under appropriate doses and conditions. However, the biggest impediment in NHP research is that rarely do these products come with verified health benefits or dosing schedules established through modern scientific research. Fulvic acid (FvA), one such NHP, comes from humic substances produced by microorganisms in soil. Traditional medicine and modern research claim FvA can modulate the immune system, influence the oxidative state of cells, and improve gastrointestinal function; all of which are hallmarks of diabetes. This minireview outlines the available peer-reviewed research on FvA and examines its anecdotal health claims. We show that although available research has been minimal, there is substantial evidence to pursue FvA research in preventing chronic inflammatory diseases, including diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Winkler
- Department of Biology, IKBSAS, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Canada
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology, IKBSAS, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Canada
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16
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Derrien M, Lee YK, Park JE, Li P, Chen M, Lee SH, Lee SH, Lee JB, Hur J. Spectroscopic and molecular characterization of humic substances (HS) from soils and sediments in a watershed: comparative study of HS chemical fractions and the origins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16933-16945. [PMID: 28577143 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical properties and molecular composition of humic substances (HS) can provide valuable information on the sources and the history of the associated biogeochemical processes. In this study, many well-known spectral and molecular characteristics were examined in eight different HS samples, which were extracted from soils and sediments located in a forested watershed, via two advanced tools including fluorescence excitation emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) and high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Two humic-like (C1 and C2) and one protein-like (C3) components were identified from EEM-PARAFAC. Irrespective of the origins, humic acid (HA) fractions were distinguished from fulvic acid (FA) fractions by the HS characteristics of specific UV absorbance (SUVA), the number of formulas, maximum fluorescence intensities of C1 and C2, condensed aromatics, tannins, and CHON, CHOS, and CHONS classes. In contrast, only five HS indices, including C3 intensity, H%, modified aromatic index (AImod), the percentages of carbohydrates, and unsaturated hydrocarbons, were found to be significant factors in discriminating between the two HS origins (i.e., soils and sediments). The ordination of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix further confirmed that the HS chemical fraction (i.e., HA or FA) was the more important factor to determine the measured HS characteristics than the HS origin. Our results provided an in-depth insight into the chemical and structural heterogeneity of bulk HS, which could be even beyond the differences observed along the two HS origins. This study also delivers a cautious message that the two operationally defined HS chemical fractions should be carefully considered in tracking the origins of different HS samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Derrien
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Park
- Research Group for Mass Spectrometry, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk, 28119, South Korea
| | - Penghui Li
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Meilian Chen
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Environmental measurement analysis center, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Lee
- Water environmental engineering research division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Jun-Bae Lee
- Geum River water environmental research center, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Okcheon, Chungchung, 29029, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
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Ji Y, Zhang A, Chen X, Che X, Zhou K, Wang Z. Sodium humate accelerates cutaneous wound healing by activating TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway in rats. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:132-40. [PMID: 27006897 PMCID: PMC4788707 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium humate (HA-Na) has been topically used as a wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent in folk medicine. In the present study, HA-Na was investigated for cutaneous wound healing in Sprague-Dawley rats. HA-Na solution (1.0%, w/v) was topically administered to rats undergoing excision wound models. Healing was assessed with a recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor for external use as positive control. Wound healing rates were calculated on Day 3, 6, 9, 14 and 21 after injury, and tissues were also harvested after the same intervals for histological analysis. In addition, tissue hydroxyproline levels were measured. Furthermore, mRNA levels and protein expressions of transforming growth factor-β1, 2, 3 (TGF-β1, 2, 3) were determined by RT-PCR and western blot. Protein expression levels of Smad-2, -3, -4 and -7 were also detected by western blot. Our study demonstrates that HA-Na has the capacity to promote wound healing in rats via accelerated wound contraction and increased hydroxyproline content. More importantly, these wound healing effects of HA-Na might be mediated through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. HA-Na may be an effective agent for enhanced wound healing.
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18
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Rubab I, Routray I, Mahmood A, Bashir S, Shinkafi TS, Khan F, Ali S. Mineral pitch stimulates humoral, cellular and innate immune responses in mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:997-1007. [PMID: 23750745 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.774027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mineral pitch (MP), a traditional medicine, is proposed to boost immunity in conditions that suppress Th1 cytokines such as AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis and cancer. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the immunoregulatory mechanisms of MP in innate, humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice given MP (100, 200, 300 or 400 mg/kg, orally) for 10 consecutive days were immunized intravenously with goat RBC or ovalbumin, and investigated for plaque-forming cells (PFC), hemagglutination titer, hypersensitivity response, lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage function. RESULTS MP increased PFC (330.2 versus 182.2/10⁶ splenocytes) in mice immunized with goat RBC and elicited ovalbumin-specific IgG titer at 400 mg/kg. Increase in Th1 immunity was correlated with the increased level of IFN-γ (724 versus 470 pg/ml) and decreased IL-4 (96 versus 178 pg/ml). CD4⁺/CD3⁺ ratio and delayed-type hypersensitivity response also increased to, respectively, 20.62 ± 0.59 (versus 16.47 ± 0.72) and 1.59 ± 0.12 (versus 0.87 ± 0.10 mm) in MP-treated mice. MP increased lymphocyte proliferation (11.14 ± 0.60 versus 5.81 ± 0.40 SI) and macrophage phagocyte response (0.24 ± 0.02 versus 0.15 ± 0.009), expressed as absorbance at 570 nm, but decreased nitrite production (17.4 ± 1.10 versus 24.3 ± 1.30 µM/10⁶ cells). We also observed an increased bone marrow cellularity (24.5 ± 1.10 versus 17.10 ± 0.70 cells/femur) and WBC count (12 667 ± 377 versus 9178 ± 213 cells/mm³) following MP treatment. There was no sign of toxicity at 400 mg/kg, 1/12th of reported LD₅₀. CONCLUSION MP elicits a dose-dependent Th1 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrina Rubab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard-Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
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19
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Carrasco-Gallardo C, Farías GA, Fuentes P, Crespo F, Maccioni RB. Can nutraceuticals prevent Alzheimer's disease? Potential therapeutic role of a formulation containing shilajit and complex B vitamins. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:699-704. [PMID: 23131823 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder displaying a prevalence and impact in constant expansion. This expansive and epidemic behavior is concerning medical and public opinion while focusing efforts on its prevention and treatment. One important strategy to prevent this brain impairment is based on dietary changes and nutritional supplements, functional foods and nutraceuticals. In this review we discuss the potential contributions of shilajit and complex B vitamins to AD prevention. We analyze the status of biological studies and present data of a clinical trial developed in patients with mild AD. Studies suggest that shilajit and its active principle fulvic acid, as well as a formula of shilajit with B complex vitamins, emerge as novel nutraceutical with potential uses against this brain disorder.
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Shilajit: a natural phytocomplex with potential procognitive activity. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:674142. [PMID: 22482077 PMCID: PMC3296184 DOI: 10.1155/2012/674142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shilajit is a natural substance found mainly in the Himalayas, formed for centuries by the gradual decomposition of certain plants by the action of microorganisms. It is a potent and very safe dietary supplement, restoring the energetic balance and potentially able to prevent several diseases. Recent investigations point to an interesting medical application toward the control of cognitive disorders associated with aging, and cognitive stimulation. Thus, fulvic acid, the main active principle, blocks tau self-aggregation, opening an avenue toward the study of Alzheimer's therapy. In essence, this is a nutraceutical product of demonstrated benefits for human health. Considering the expected impact of shilajit usage in the medical field, especially in the neurological sciences, more investigations at the basic biological level as well as clinical trials are necessary, in order to understand how organic molecules of shilajit and particularly fulvic acid, one of the active principles, and oligoelements act at both the molecular and cellular levels and in the whole organism.
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