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Lafi O, Essid R, Lachaud L, Jimenez C, Rodríguez J, Ageitos L, Mhamdi R, Abaza L. Synergistic antileishmanial activity of erythrodiol, uvaol, and oleanolic acid isolated from olive leaves of cv. Chemlali. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:395. [PMID: 37970450 PMCID: PMC10643720 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the antileishmanial activity of biomolecules obtained from Olea europaea L. leaves and twigs recovered from eight Tunisian cultivars. The extraction was first carried out with 80% methanol, and then the obtained extract was fractionated using three solvents of increasing polarity: cyclohexane (CHX), dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The antileishmanial activity was determined against leishmanial strains responsible for cutaneous, visceral, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The cyclohexane fraction of the leaves of cv. Chemlali from the region of Sidi-Bouzid exhibited the strongest leishmanicidal activity against all the tested leishmanial strains. The inhibition concentrations (IC50) were 16.5, 14.5, and 7.4 μg mL-1 for Leishmania mexicana (cutaneous), Leishmania braziliensis (mucocutaneous), and Leishmania donovani (visceral), respectively. Interestingly, low cytotoxicity was observed on THP-1 cells with selective indexes (SI) ranging from 22.8 to 50.5. HPLC-HRMS and full-house NMR analysis allowed the identification of three triterpenic compounds, oleanolic acid (IC50 = 64.1 μg mL-1), erythrodiol (IC50 = 52.0 µg mL-1), and uvaol (IC50 = 53.8 μg mL-1). Antileishmanial activity of uvaol and oleanolic acid has been previously reported. However, this work constitutes the first report of the antileishmanial activity of erythrodiol which showed combinatorial interaction with uvaol (IC50 = 26.1 μg mL-1) against Leishmania tropica. The mixture of the three compounds, as major ones, exhibited an enhanced activity against Leishmania tropica (IC50 = 16.3 µg mL-1) compared to erythrodiol alone or the combination of uvaol and erythrodiol. This finding is of great importance and needs further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03825-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumayma Lafi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Olive, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, The University of Tunis El Manar, 20 Street of Tolede, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rym Essid
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Laurence Lachaud
- UMR, Univ Montpellier (IRD-CNRS), MIVEGEC, Montpellier, France
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, CHU Montpellier, 39 Av. Charles Flahault, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Carlos Jimenez
- CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jaime Rodríguez
- CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Lucía Ageitos
- CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ridha Mhamdi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Olive, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Leila Abaza
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Olive, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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A comprehensive review on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Anagallis arvensis (L).: A wild edible medicinal food plant. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lei Y, Harris AJ, Wang A, Zhao L, Luo M, Li J, Chen H. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of genes in the triterpene saponin biosynthesis pathway in leaves and roots of
Ardisia kteniophylla
A. DC., a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8920. [PMID: 35600685 PMCID: PMC9120893 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ardisia kteniophylla (Primulaceae) is highly valued in traditional medicine due to its production of the pharmacologically active secondary metabolites, especially triterpenoid saponins in its roots. Although A. kteniophylla is very important in traditional medicine, the genetic basis for its production of triterpenoid saponins remains largely unknown. Therefore, we sequenced transcriptomes of A. kteniophylla to identify putative genes involved in production of triterpenoid saponins in both leaves and roots, and we used the transcriptomes to compare expression levels of these genes between the two organ systems. The production of triterpenoid saponins in plants is usually induced through hormonal signaling on account of the presence of pests. Thus, we treated plants with the hormones salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and used quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) to investigate expression levels of genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. In total, we obtained transcriptomes for leaf and root tissues representing 52,454 unigenes. Compared with the leaf transcriptome, we found that 6092 unigenes were upregulated in the root, especially enzymes involved in the direct synthesis of triterpenoid saponins, while 6001 genes appeared downregulated, including those involved in precursory steps in the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis pathway. Our results from qRT‐PCR indicate that genes within the upstream parts of the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis pathway may be upregulated under exposure to the applied hormones, but downstream genes are downregulated. This suggests possible conflicting effects of SA and MeJA in promoting the production of secondary metabolites on the one hand, and, on the other, limiting plant growth processes to devote energy to combating pests. We also performed an analysis of transcription factors (TFs) and found 997 unique transcripts belonging to 16 TF families. Our data may help to facilitate future work on triterpene saponins biosynthesis in A. kteniophylla with potential pharmacological and molecular breeding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- Wuhan Guishan Mountain Scenic Management Office Wuhan China
| | - AJ Harris
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf (Nanning Normal University) Ministry of Education Nanning China
| | - Liyun Zhao
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Vegetation Ecosystem Restoration on Islands and Coastal Zones South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Ji Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Hongfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
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In Search of High-Yielding and Single-Compound-Yielding Plants: New Sources of Pharmaceutically Important Saponins from the Primulaceae Family. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030376. [PMID: 32121337 PMCID: PMC7175136 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, only a few primrose species have been analyzed regarding their saponin composition and content. Moreover, the roots of only two of them are defined by the European Union (EU) Pharmacopoeia monograph and commercially utilized by the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, this study intended to find some new sources of main triterpene saponins from Primulae radix, namely primulasaponins I and II together with the closely related sakurasosaponin. Using isolated standards, UHPLC-ESI-HRMS served to assess over 155 Primulaceae members qualitatively and quantitatively. Nine examples of plants accumulating over 5% of primulasaponin I in their roots were found. Among them, in one case, it was found as the almost sole secondary metabolite with the concentration of 15–20% (Primula grandis L.). A reasonable content of primulasaponin II was found to be typical for Primula vulgaris Huds. and P. megaseifolia Boiss. & Bal. The sakurasosaponin level was found in seven species to exceed 5%. The finding of new, single and rich sources of the abovementioned biomolecules among species that were never analyzed phytochemically is important for future research and economic benefit. The chemotaxonomic significance of the occurrence of these three saponins in Primulaceae is discussed.
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Melo TS, Gattass CR, Soares DC, Cunha MR, Ferreira C, Tavares MT, Saraiva E, Parise-Filho R, Braden H, Delorenzi JC. Oleanolic acid (OA) as an antileishmanial agent: Biological evaluation and in silico mechanistic insights. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:227-37. [PMID: 26772973 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although a worldwide health problem, leishmaniasis is considered a highly neglected disease, lacking efficient and low toxic treatment. The efforts for new drug development are based on alternatives such as new uses for well-known drugs, in silico and synthetic studies and naturally derived compounds. Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid widely distributed throughout the Plantae kingdom that displays several pharmacological activities. OA showed potent leishmancidal effects in different Leishmania species, both against promastigotes (IC(50 L. braziliensis) 30.47 ± 6.35 μM; IC(50 L. amazonensis) 40.46 ± 14.21 μM; IC(50 L. infantum) 65.93 ± 15.12 μM) and amastigotes (IC(50 L. braziliensis) 68.75 ± 16.55 μM; IC(50 L. amazonensis) 38.45 ± 12.05 μM; IC(50 L. infantum) 64.08 ± 23.52 μM), with low cytotoxicity against mouse peritoneal macrophages (CC(50) 235.80 ± 36.95 μM). Moreover, in silico studies performed to evaluate OA molecular properties and to elucidate the possible mechanism of action over the Leishmania enzyme sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) suggested that OA interacts efficiently with CYP51 and could inhibit the ergosterol synthesis pathway. Collectively, these data indicate that OA is a good candidate as leading compound for the development of a new leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Souza Melo
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cerli Rocha Gattass
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Deivid Costa Soares
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Micael Rodrigues Cunha
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LAPESSB), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Ferreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maurício Temotheo Tavares
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LAPESSB), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elvira Saraiva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Parise-Filho
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LAPESSB), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hannah Braden
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil; Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Jan Carlo Delorenzi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Elmasri WA, Hegazy MEF, Mechref Y, Paré PW. Cytotoxic saponin poliusaposide from Teucrium polium. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02713f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three saponin glycosides have been isolated and characterized from Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A. Elmasri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas Tech University
- Lubbock
- USA
| | - Mohamed-Elamir F. Hegazy
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences
- National Research Centre
- Giza
- Egypt
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas Tech University
- Lubbock
- USA
| | - Paul W. Paré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas Tech University
- Lubbock
- USA
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Luna BND, Carrijo TT, Freitas MDF, Barros CF. Comparative leaf anatomy of neotropical Stylogyne species (Myrsinoideae - Primulaceae). RODRIGUÉSIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-78602013000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical studies were performed here in order to provide diagnostic characteristics to differentiate the species Stylogyne depauperata, S. pauciflora, S. sordida and S. warmingii. Fully expanded leaves were processed by the usual techniques of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Traits common to all species were observed, such as dorsiventral mesophyll, unistratified epidermis, anisocytic stomata, druses and secretory cavities distributed throughout the mesophyll. Cuticular ornamentation, configuration of the vascular system in the petiole and shape of the secretory cavities provide diagnostic characteristics. Variance analysis proved that these characters are potentially efficient to differentiate these species.
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Methanolysis of triterpenoid saponin from Ardisia gigantifolia stapf. and structure–activity relationship study against cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6073-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Rakhimov SB, Islamova ZI, Vinogradova VI, Khushbaktova ZA, Osipova SO, Syrov VN. Synthesis and antiparasitic activity of N-benzyl cytisine derivatives. Pharm Chem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-013-0929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Intravenous and subcutaneous toxicity and absorption kinetics in mice and dogs of the antileishmanial triterpene saponin PX-6518. Molecules 2013; 18:4803-15. [PMID: 23609628 PMCID: PMC6269738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) toxicity and absorption kinetics of the antileishmanial triterpene saponin PX-6518 and its active constituents maesabalide-III and -IV were studied in mice and dogs. A high-dose wash-out study of PX-6518 at 20 mg/kg SC for 5 days and a single low-dose wash-out study at 1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg SC and IV with follow-up until day 35 after treatment were performed in mice. Beagle dogs received three escalating doses of maesabalide-III and -IV at weekly intervals (0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg IV and maesabalide-III was also dosed SC at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg). Endpoint measurements included clinical, hematological and serum biochemical parameters. Pathology and toxicokinetic studies were performed on the dogs. Whereas the neutrophils and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were increased in the high-dose wash-out mouse study, these parameters did not change in the low-dose wash-out study. The dogs were far more susceptible than mice to liver toxicity (hepatocellular necrosis and elevated liver enzymes) and developed a painful inflammatory reaction at the SC injection site. Toxicokinetic analysis revealed a non dose-linear systemic availability with plasma concentrations above the antileishmanial IC₅₀ after only a single dose at 0.01 mg/kg IV or 0.1 mg/kg SC. Related to the long half-life (T(1/2) 71-91 h after SC dosing), repeated dosing at weekly intervals may result in drug accumulation and enhanced toxicity. It was decided not to pursue further drug development for PX-6518 because of the hepatotoxic risk.
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de Mejía EG, Ramírez-Mares MV. Ardisia: health-promoting properties and toxicity of phytochemicals and extracts. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 21:667-74. [PMID: 22003924 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.601355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ardisia species (Myrsinaceae) are found throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Traditional medicinal uses attributed to Ardisia include alleviation of liver cancer, swelling, rheumatism, earache, cough, fever, diarrhea, broken bones, dysmenorrhea, respiratory tract infections, traumatic injuries, inflammation, pain, snake and insect bites, birth complications and to improve general blood circulation, among others. Ardisia species are rich in polyphenols, triterpenoid saponins, isocoumarins, quinones and alkylphenols. A summary of the uses, potential health benefits, adverse reactions and important bioactive phytochemicals isolated from the Ardisia species is presented. Future research needs to include more toxicological studies, more comprehensive chemical characterization of extracts, bioavailability, extract standardization, investigation of possible herb-drug interactions, plant improvement with regards to bioactivity and composition, and additional human and animal studies to confirm the health-promoting properties claimed for Ardisia species. The information presented here exemplifies the potential of Ardisia species as a source of chemotherapeutic, chemo-modulating and/or chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira González de Mejía
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Rocha TD, de Brum Vieira P, Gnoatto SCB, Tasca T, Gosmann G. Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of saponins from Quillaja, Passiflora, and Ilex species. Parasitol Res 2012; 110:2551-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ogungbe IV, Singh M, Setzer WN. Antileishmanial Natural Products from Plants. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53836-9.00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Van de Ven H, Vermeersch M, Vandenbroucke RE, Matheeussen A, Apers S, Weyenberg W, De Smedt SC, Cos P, Maes L, Ludwig A. Intracellular drug delivery in Leishmania-infected macrophages: Evaluation of saponin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2011; 20:142-54. [PMID: 22080813 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.595491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems present an opportunity to potentiate the therapeutic effect of antileishmanial drugs. Colloidal carriers are rapidly cleared by the phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), rendering them ideal vehicles for passive targeting of antileishmanials. This paper describes the development of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) for the antileishmanial saponin β-aescin. NPs were prepared using the combined emulsification solvent evaporation/salting-out technique. Confocal microscopy was used to visualise the internalisation and intracellular trafficking of fluorescein- and nile red-labelled PLGA NPs in J774A.1 macrophages infected with GFP-transfected Leishmania donovani. The in vitro activity of aescin and aescin-loaded NPs on L. infantum was determined in the axenic model as well as in the ex vivo model. The developed PLGA NPs were monodispersed with Z(ave)<300 nm, exhibited negative zeta potentials and had relatively high drug loadings ranging from 5.80 to 8.68% w/w PLGA. The fluorescent NPs were internalised by the macrophages and trafficked towards the lysosomes after 2 h in vitro incubation. Co-localisation of the NPs and the parasite was not shown. A two-fold increase in activity was observed in the ex vivo macrophage model by encapsulating β-aescin in PLGA NPs (IC(50), 0.48-0.76 µg/mL vs. 1.55 ± 0.32 µg/mL for the free drug).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Van de Ven
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, CDE, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), 2610 Belgium.
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Ch B, Rao K, Gandi S, Giri A. Abiotic elicitation of gymnemic acid in the suspension cultures of Gymnema sylvestre. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:741-7. [PMID: 22806870 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Elicitation is one of the few strategies that find commercial application in the enhancement of secondary metabolite production from plants as well as cell culture systems. Due to their immense medicinal value, production of saponins in suspension cultures has been attempted by many researchers. Gymnema sylvestre is a rich source of gymnemic acids (saponins) that find application in the treatment of diabetes. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the effect of various metal salts (cadmium chloride, mercuric chloride, silver nitrate, cupric chloride, cobaltous chloride and calcium chloride) in eliciting the response from G. sylvestre suspension cultures. The maximum gymnemic acid production in the suspensions was achieved on day 12 of culture, though the maximum biomass was obtained on day 16. Among the different salts, CdCl(2) gave maximum response (59.97 mg/gDCW) at 2 mM concentration after a 24 h time period, while, AgNO(3) gave the least response (18.35 mg/gDCW) on incubation of 48 h at 1 mM concentration, in terms of gymnemic acid accumulation. The accumulation of gymnemic acid was found to be dependent on treatment time and concentration of the elicitor. The enhanced gymnemic acid production shown by the suspensions in response to the metal salts indicates their role in evoking the plant defense mechanisms. These elicitation studies help in providing a platform for improved commercial supply of bioactive gymnemic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneswari Ch
- Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, 500 085, India
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Foubert K, Cuyckens F, Matheeussen A, Vlietinck A, Apers S, Maes L, Pieters L. Antiprotozoal and antiangiogenic saponins from Apodytes dimidiata. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1414-1423. [PMID: 21601896 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided isolation was performed on the leaves of Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. Ex Arn. (Icacinaceae), based on previously demonstrated activity against Leishmania. Six saponins never isolated from nature before were elucidated with LC-MS/MS, GC-MS and 1D and 2D NMR. The compounds apodytine A-F are responsible at least in part for the antiprotozoal activity, but also possess haemolytic activity and display antiangiogenic activity in the rat aorta ring assay, an effect which may be due to a non-selective toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenn Foubert
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Liu DL, Wang NL, Zhang X, Yao XS. Three New Triterpenoid Saponins from Ardisia crenata. Helv Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Inocêncio da Luz RA, Vermeersch M, Deschacht M, Hendrickx S, Van Assche T, Cos P, Maes L. In vitro and in vivo prophylactic and curative activity of the triterpene saponin PX-6518 against cutaneous Leishmania species. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 66:350-3. [PMID: 21131319 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The oleanane triterpene saponin PX-6518, with known potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Leishmania donovani, was investigated for its spectrum against the cutaneous species Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania panamensis and Leishmania major. METHODS In vitro activity was based on the reduction of amastigotes in primary peritoneal mouse macrophages. BALB/c mice were injected with 2 × 10(6) amastigotes in the base of the tail (L. panamensis and L. major) or the foot (L. mexicana) and subcutaneously treated with PX-6518 [1-10 mg/kg body weight (BW)] or Pentostam(®) (250 mg/kg BW Sb(V) eq). Evolution of skin lesions was monitored in a prophylactic dose-finding study, and early curative [6 weeks post-infection (pi)] and late curative (>8-10 weeks pi) studies. RESULTS While moderate susceptibility to PX-6518 was obtained in vitro (IC(50): 1-4 µg/mL), excellent in vivo activity was demonstrated. In the prophylactic study (six administrations on alternate days, starting at 1 day pi), PX-6518 was 100% effective at 1 mg/kg BW against L. mexicana and L. panamensis, whereas L. major lesions could be prevented at 2 mg/kg BW. In the early curative (1 mg/kg BW once a week for 4 weeks) and late curative (1 mg/kg BW twice a week for 4 weeks) studies, PX-6518 completely healed L. mexicana and L. panamensis lesions, whereas L. major lesions were reduced by ∼ 50%. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that PX-6518 possesses potent and broad-spectrum prophylactic and curative efficacy against cutaneous leishmaniasis in the BALB/c mouse model. L. major was the least susceptible species tested and parasitological cure could not be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Andreia Inocêncio da Luz
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene LMPH, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Antwerp University, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Yendo ACA, de Costa F, Gosmann G, Fett-Neto AG. Production of plant bioactive triterpenoid saponins: elicitation strategies and target genes to improve yields. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 46:94-104. [PMID: 20204713 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are a class of plant secondary metabolites with structure derived from the precursor oxidosqualene in which one or more sugar residues are added. They have a wide range of pharmacological applications, such as antiplatelet, hypocholesterolemic, antitumoral, anti-HIV, immunoadjuvant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, insecticide, fungicide and anti-leishmanial agents. Their accumulation in plant cells is stimulated in response to changes mediated by biotic and abiotic elicitors. The enhancement of saponin yields by methyl jasmonate in plants and cell cultures in several species indicates the involvement of these metabolites in plant defence mechanisms. The elucidation of their biosynthesis at the molecular level has advanced recently. Most studies to date have focused on the participation of early enzymes in the pathway, including oxidosqualene cyclase, squalene synthase and dammarenediol synthase, as well as in isolating and characterizing genes that encode beta-amyrin synthase. Yields of bioactive saponins in various plant species and experimental systems have been successfully increased by treating cells and tissues with jasmonate or by exposing these to oxidative stress. These elicitation and molecular studies are consolidating a robust knowledge platform from which to launch the development of improved sources for commercial supply of bioactive saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C A Yendo
- Department of Botany, Graduate Program in Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Souza-Fagundes EM, Cota BB, Rosa LH, Romanha AJ, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Rosa CA, Zani CL, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA. In vitro activity of hypnophilin from Lentinus strigosus: a potential prototype for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis chemotherapy. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:1054-61. [PMID: 21088803 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypnophilin and panepoxydone, terpenoids isolated from Lentinus strigosus, have significant inhibitory activity on Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase (TR). Although they have similar TR inhibitory activity at 10 μg/mL (40.3 μM and 47.6 μM for hypnophilin and panepoxydone, respectively; ~100%), hypnophilin has a slightly greater inhibitory activity (~71%) on T. cruzi amastigote (AMA) growth in vitro as well as on in vitro phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) proliferation (~70%) compared to panepoxydone (69% AMA inhibition and 91% PBMC inhibition). Hypnophilin and panepoxydone at 1.25 μg/mL had 67% inhibitory activity onLeishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis amastigote-like (AMA-like) growth in vitro. The panepoxydone activity was accompanied by a significant inhibitory effect on PHA-induced PBMC proliferation, suggesting a cytotoxic action. Moreover, incubation of human PBMC with panepoxydone reduced the percentage of CD16(+) and CD14(+) cells and down-regulated CD19(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, while hypnophilin did not alter any of the phenotypes analyzed. These data indicate that hypnophilin may be considered to be a prototype for the design of drugs for the chemotherapy of diseases caused by Trypanosomatidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Souza-Fagundes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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