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Botha CJ, Vosser M, Ibrahim MIA, du Plessis E, Lensink AV, Rudolph WJ, Invernizzi L. Indigofera cryptantha-induced pigmenturia in cattle in South Africa. Toxicon 2024; 242:107690. [PMID: 38508242 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Two field cases of reddish-black pigmenturia occurred where cattle grazed on an established Cenchrus ciliaris (blue buffalo grass) pasture in South Africa. The pasture was noticeably invaded by Indigofera cryptantha, which was heavily grazed. Apart from the discolored urine, no other clinical abnormalities were detected. Urinalysis revealed hemoglobinuria, proteinuria and an alkaline pH. When the animals were immediately removed from the infested pasture, they made an uneventful recovery. However, a bull died when one of the herds could not be removed from the I. cryptantha-infested pasture. Macroscopically, the kidneys were dark red in color and the urinary bladder contained the dark pigmented urine. Microscopically, the renal tubules contained eosinophilic, granular pigment casts in the lumen. In addition, many renal tubular epithelial cells were attenuated with granular cytoplasm and were detached from the basement membranes. Chemical analysis was performed on dried, milled plant material and two urine samples collected during the field investigations. Qualitative UPLC-UV-qTOF/MS analysis revealed the presence of indican (indoxyl-β-glucoside) in the stems, leaves and pods of I. cryptantha and indoxyl sulfate was identified, and confirmed with an analytical standard, in the urine samples. It is proposed that following ingestion of I. cryptantha, indican will be hydrolysed in the liver to indoxyl and conjugated with sulfate. Indoxyl sulfate will then be excreted in relatively high concentrations in the urine. In the alkaline urine, two indoxyl molecules might dimerize to form leucoindigo with subsequent oxidation to indigo, thus, contributing to the dark pigmentation of the urine. It is also possible that indoxyl sulfate contributed to the renal failure and death of the bull. Although I. suffruticosa-induced hemoglobinuria has been described in Brazil, this is the first report of I. cryptantha-induced pigmenturia in cattle in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo J Botha
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | | | - Mohammed I A Ibrahim
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth du Plessis
- PathCare Veterinary Laboratory, Neels Bothma Street, N1 City, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Antoinette V Lensink
- Electron Microscope Unit, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wiehan J Rudolph
- Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Luke Invernizzi
- Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Frignani E, D’Eusanio V, Grandi M, Pigani L, Roncaglia F. A Continuous Extraction Protocol for the Characterisation of a Sustainably Produced Natural Indigo Pigment. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:59. [PMID: 38255674 PMCID: PMC10817639 DOI: 10.3390/life14010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The sustainable industrial production of indigo necessitates a unique extraction process to separate the plant-derived compounds. Calcium compounds are added to encourage hydrolysis of these precursors and to facilitate the isolation of the final form, resulting in an organic-inorganic composite pigment with unspecified characteristics. In this study, we devised a continuous solvent extraction procedure to fractionate the organic indigoid phase within the composite pigment. Overcoming challenges posed by limited solubility in the common organic solvents, this method allows for the analysis of individual fractions, significantly enhancing resolution. Comprehensive characterisation using spectroscopic analysis, thermogravimetry, and UHPLC-MS/MS revealed the potential for quantifying primary components of the natural pigment and distinct differentiation from the synthetic dye. This approach also holds promise for establishing robust manufacturing practices in the industrial production of natural indigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Frignani
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (V.D.); (L.P.)
| | - Veronica D’Eusanio
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (V.D.); (L.P.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Mauro Grandi
- G2B S.r.l., via Guareschi 25-27, 46010 Curtatone, Italy;
| | - Laura Pigani
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (V.D.); (L.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Roncaglia
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (V.D.); (L.P.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Li T, Chen K, Wang X, Wang Y, Su Y, Guo Y. Mass Spectrometry Rearrangement Ions and Metabolic Pathway-Based Discovery of Indole Derivatives during the Aging Process in Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'. Foods 2023; 13:8. [PMID: 38201037 PMCID: PMC10778486 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid analysis and characterization of compounds using mass spectrometry (MS) may overlook trace compounds. Although targeted analysis methods can significantly improve detection sensitivity, it is hard to discover novel scaffold compounds in the trace. This study developed a strategy for discovering trace compounds in the aging process of traditional Chinese medicine based on MS fragmentation and known metabolic pathways. Specifically, we found that the characteristic component of C. reticulata 'Chachi', methyl N-methyl anthranilate (MMA), fragmented in electrospray ionization coupled with collision-induced dissociation (CID) to produce the rearrangement ion 3-hydroxyindole, which was proven to exist in trace amounts in C. reticulata 'Chachi' based on comparison with the reference substance using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Combining the known metabolic pathways of 3-hydroxyindole and the possible methylation reactions that may occur during aging, a total of 10 possible indole derivatives were untargeted predicted. These compounds were confirmed to originate from MMA using purchased or synthesized reference substances, all of which were detected in C. reticulata 'Chachi' through LC-MS/MS, achieving trace compound analysis from untargeted to targeted. These results may contribute to explaining the aging mechanism of C. reticulata 'Chachi', and the strategy of using the CID-induced special rearrangement ion-binding metabolic pathway has potential application value for discovering trace compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.C.); (X.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.C.); (X.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.C.); (X.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yue Su
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.C.); (X.W.); (Y.G.)
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Du K, Ma W, Yang C, Zhou Z, Hu S, Tian Y, Zhang H, Ma Y, Jiang X, Zhu H, Liu H, Chen P, Liu Y. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxic activities of isaindigotone derivatives as potential anti-gastric cancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1212-1226. [PMID: 35450499 PMCID: PMC9037217 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2065672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel derivatives of isaindigotone, which comes from the root of isaits indinatca Fort, were synthesised (Compound 1-26). Four human gastrointestinal cancer cells (HCT116, PANC-1, SMMC-7721, and AGS) were employed to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity. Among them, Compound 6 displayed the most effective inhibitory activity on AGS cells with an IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) value of 2.2 μM. The potential mechanism study suggested that Compound 6 induced apoptosis in AGS cells. The collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in AGS cells was proved. In docking analysis, good affinity interaction between Compound 6 and AKT1 was discovered. Treatment of AGS cells with Compound 6 also resulted in significant suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway. The collapse of MMP and suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway may be responsible for induction of apoptosis. This derivative Compound 6 could be useful as an underlying anti-tumour agent for treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjia Du
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wantong Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chengjie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongkun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shujian Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanan Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunhao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinrong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,CONTACT Peng Chen
| | - Yingqian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,Yingqian Liu School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou730000, China
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A Multistage In Silico Study of Natural Potential Inhibitors Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158407. [PMID: 35955547 PMCID: PMC9369012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Among a group of 310 natural antiviral natural metabolites, our team identified three compounds as the most potent natural inhibitors against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (PDB ID: 5R84), Mpro. The identified compounds are sattazolin and caprolactin A and B. A validated multistage in silico study was conducted using several techniques. First, the molecular structures of the selected metabolites were compared with that of GWS, the co-crystallized ligand of Mpro, in a structural similarity study. The aim of this study was to determine the thirty most similar metabolites (10%) that may bind to the Mpro similar to GWS. Then, molecular docking against Mpro and pharmacophore studies led to the choice of five metabolites that exhibited good binding modes against the Mpro and good fit values against the generated pharmacophore model. Among them, three metabolites were chosen according to ADMET studies. The most promising Mpro inhibitor was determined by toxicity and DFT studies to be caprolactin A (292). Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies were performed for caprolactin A to confirm the obtained results and understand the thermodynamic characteristics of the binding. It is hoped that the accomplished results could represent a positive step in the battle against COVID-19 through further in vitro and in vivo studies on the selected compounds.
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Wong LW, Goh CBS, Tan JBL. A Systemic Review for Ethnopharmacological Studies on Isatis indigotica Fortune: Bioactive Compounds and their Therapeutic Insights. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:161-207. [PMID: 35139772 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Isatis indigotica Fortune is a biennial Chinese woad of the Cruciferae family. It is primarily cultivated in China, where it was a staple in indigo dye manufacture till the end of the 17th century. Today, I. indigotica is used primarily as a therapeutic herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The medicinal use of the plant is separated into its leaves (Da-Qing-Ye) and roots (Ban-Lan-Gen), whereas its aerial components can be processed into a dried bluish-spruce powder (Qing-Dai), following dehydration for long-term preservation. Over the past several decades, I. indigotica has been generally utilized for its heat-clearing effects and bodily detoxification in TCM, attributed to the presence of several classes of bioactive compounds, including organic acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, as well as lignans, anthraquinones, glucosides, glucosinolates, sphingolipids, tetrapyrroles, and polysaccharides. This paper aims to delineate I. indigotica from its closely-related species (Isatis tinctoria and Isatis glauca) while highlighting the ethnomedicinal uses of I. indigotica from the perspectives of modern and traditional medicine. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, PMC, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases was done for articles on all aspects of the plant, emphasizing those analyzing the bioactivity of constituents of the plant. The various key bioactive compounds of I. indigotica that have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-allergic properties, along with the protective effects against neuronal injury and bone fracture, will be discussed. Collectively, the review hopes to draw attention to the therapeutic potential of I. indigotica not only as a TCM, but also as a potential source of bioactive compounds for disease management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen Wong
- School of Science, Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Calvin Bok Sun Goh
- School of Science, Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Joash Ban Lee Tan
- School of Science, Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
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Chen J, Zhu Z, Gao T, Chen Y, Yang Q, Fu C, Zhu Y, Wang F, Liao W. Isatidis Radix and Isatidis Folium: A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114648. [PMID: 34543684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Isatidis Radix (called Banlangen, BLG in Chinese) and Isatidis Folium (called Daqingye, DQY in Chinese) are common traditional edible-medicinal herbs in detoxifying for thousands of years, have been traditionally applied in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Both of them are bitter in taste, coolness in nature, acting on the heart and stomach channels. They are often used to treat influenza and other viral infectious diseases in clinic, as well as could treat fever, dizziness, and cough and sore throat caused by lung heat. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review aimed at summarizing the latest and comprehensive information of BLG and DQY on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and clinical application to explore the therapeutic potential of them. In addition, outlooks and perspective for possible future researches that related are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Related information concerning BLG and DQY were gathered from the internet database of Google Scholar, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, GeenMedical, CNKI and Web of Science, as well as other relevant textbooks, reviews, and documents (e.g., Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2020 edition, Chinese herbal classic books and PhD and MSc thesis, etc.). Among of them with the keywords including "Isatis indigotica" "Isatidis Radix", "Isatidis Folium", "phytochemistry", "pharmacology", "toxicology", "clinical application" etc. and their combinations. RESULTS To date, 39 Chinese patent medicines containing BLG and/or DQY have been developed on basis of the data of NMPA. Besides, 304 and 142 compounds have been found in BLG and DQY, respectively. The main chemical differences between BLG and DQY were concentrated on alkaloids and lignans, such as indican, indirubin, (R, S)-epigoitrin, 4(3H)-quinazolinone, clemastanin B and isatindigotindolines A-D. In 2020 Edition ChP, (R, S)-goitrin and indirubin are now used as the official marker to monitor the quality of BLG and DQY, respectively. Modern pharmacology has mainly studied some monomer components such as 4(3H)-quinazolinone, clemastanin B, erucic acid and adenosine, etc., all of which have shown good effects. These active compounds can resist various viruses, such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus, etc.. By regulating the level of immunity and a variety of inflammatory factors, inhibit the growth and reproduction of the virus. At the same time, it is worth noting that different components of BLG and DQY lead to BLG is more powerful in antiviral and immunomodulatory activity than DQY, while DQY possesses a higher intensity than BLG in anti-oxidant activity. CONCLUSION By collecting and collating a large number of literature and various data websites, we concluded that the common compounds are mainly alkaloids. Recent findings regarding the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of BLG and DQY have confirmed their traditional uses in antiviral, antibacterial and treatment immune diseases. Without doubt, their significant differences on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology can be used as evidence of separate list of BLG and DQY. For shortcomings, some comprehensive studies should be well designed for further utilization of BLG and DQY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tianhui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qingsong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chaomei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yaning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Chinese Medicine Under Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Wan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
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Synthetic Tryptanthrin Derivatives Induce Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis via Akt and MAPKs in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111527. [PMID: 34829756 PMCID: PMC8615277 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trytanthrin, found in Ban-Lan-Gen, is a natural product containing an indoloquinazoline moiety and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities. Chronic inflammation and hepatitis B are known to be associated with the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, a series of tryptanthrin derivatives were synthesized to generate potent anti-tumor agents against HCC. This effort yielded two compounds, A1 and A6, that exhibited multi-fold higher cytotoxicity in HCC cells than the parent compound. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that A1 and A6 caused S-phase arrest and downregulated the expression of cyclin A1, B1, CDK2, and p-CDC2. In addition to inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis, A1 and A6 exhibited similar regulation of the phosphorylation or expression of multiple signaling targets, including Akt, NF-κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. The anti-tumor activities of A1 and A6 were also attributable to the generation of reactive oxygen species, accompanied by an increase in p-p53 levels. Therefore, A1 and A6 have potential clinical applications since they target diverse aspects of cancer cell growth in HCC.
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Nie LX, Dong J, Huang LY, Qian XY, Lian CJ, Kang S, Dai Z, Ma SC. Microscopic Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveals the Distribution of Phytochemicals in the Dried Root of Isatis tinctoria. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:685575. [PMID: 34267659 PMCID: PMC8276017 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.685575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dried root of Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae) is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines with well-recognized prevention and treatment effects against viral infections. Above 300 components have been isolated from this herb, but their spatial distribution in the root tissue remains unknown. In recent years, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has become a booming technology for capturing the spatial accumulation and localization of molecules in fresh plants, animal, or human tissues. However, few studies were conducted on the dried herbal materials due to the obstacles in cryosectioning. In this study, distribution of phytochemicals in the dried root of Isatis tinctoria was revealed by microscopic mass spectrometry imaging, with application of atmospheric pressure-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI) and ion trap-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IT-TOF/MS). After optimization of the slice preparation and matrix application, 118 ions were identified without extraction and isolation, and the locations of some metabolites in the dried root of Isatis tinctoria were comprehensively visualized for the first time. Combining with partial least square (PLS) regression, samples collected from four habitats were differentiated unambiguously based on their mass spectrometry imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xing Nie
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lie-Yan Huang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Yu Qian
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Jie Lian
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Kang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhong Dai
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
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10
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Ghosh R, Chakraborty A, Biswas A, Chowdhuri S. Depicting the inhibitory potential of polyphenols from Isatis indigotica root against the main protease of SARS CoV-2 using computational approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:4110-4121. [PMID: 33292085 PMCID: PMC7738210 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1858164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic disease COVID-19, caused by SARS CoV-2, has created a global crisis. Presently, researchers across the globe are in a quest to identify/develop drugs or vaccines by targeting different non-structural proteins (Nsps) of SARS CoV-2. One such important drug target is Nsp5/main protease (Mpro) which plays a critical role in the viral replication. This cysteine protease/Mpro of SARS CoV-2 has high sequence similarity with the same protease from SARS CoV-1. Previously, it has been shown experimentally that eight polyphenols derived from the root of Isatis indigotica show inhibitory effect on the cleavage/catalytic activity of the SARS CoV-1 Mpro. But whether these polyphenols exhibit any inhibitory effect on SARS CoV-2 Mpro is unclear. To explore this possibility, here, we have adopted various computational approaches. Polyphenols that qualified the pharmacological parameters (indigo, sinigrin, hesperetin and daidzein) and two well-known Mpro inhibitors (N3 and lopinavir) were subjected to molecular docking studies. Two of them (sinigrin and hesperetin) were selected by comparing their binding affinities with N3 and lopinavir. Sinigrin and hesperetin interacted with the two most important catalytic residues of Mpro (His41 and Cys145). Molecular dynamics studies further revealed that these two Mpro-polyphenol complexes are more stable and experience less conformational fluctuations than Mpro-N3/lopinavir complex. The Mpro-hesperetin complex was more compact and less expanded than Mpro-sinigrin complex. These findings were additionally validated by MM-GBSA analysis. As a whole, our study revealed that these two polyphenols may be potent SARS CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors and may possibly be considered for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ghosh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ayon Chakraborty
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Snehasis Chowdhuri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
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11
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Narkhede RR, Pise AV, Cheke RS, Shinde SD. Recognition of Natural Products as Potential Inhibitors of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro): In-Silico Evidences. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2020; 10:297-306. [PMID: 32557405 PMCID: PMC7299459 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) emerged in 2019 and proliferated rapidly across the globe. Scientists are attempting to investigate antivirals specific to COVID-19 treatment. The 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV utilize the same receptor of the host which is COVID-19 of the main protease (Mpro).COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is burdensome to overcome by presently acquired antiviral candidates. So the objective and purpose of this work was to investigate the plants with reported potential antiviral activity. With the aid of in silico techniques such as molecular docking and druggability studies, we have proposed several natural active compounds including glycyrrhizin, bicylogermecrene, tryptanthrine, β-sitosterol, indirubin, indican, indigo, hesperetin, crysophanic acid, rhein, berberine and β-caryophyllene which can be encountered as potential herbal candidate exhibiting anti-viral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Promising docking outcomes have been executed which evidenced the worthy of these selected herbal remedies for future drug development to combat coronavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan R Narkhede
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, India
| | - Ashwini V Pise
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, India
| | - Rameshwar S Cheke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Makapur, Maharashtra, 443101, India.
| | - Sachin D Shinde
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri. R.D. Bhakta College of Pharmacy, Jalna, Maharashtra, 431203, India
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de Ágredos-Pascual MLV, Roldán-García C, Murcia-Mascarós S, Juanes Barber D, Jaén Sánchez MG, Faugère B, Darras V. Multianalytical characterization of pigments from funerary artefacts belongs to the Chupicuaro Culture (Western Mexico): Oldest Maya blue and cinnabar identified in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Karakaş Ö. Effects of Methyl Jasmonate and Putrescine on Tryptanthrin and Indirubin Production in in vitro Cultures of Isatis demiriziana Mısırdalı. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2019. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.521498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Munshi MU, Martens J, Berden G, Oomens J. Protoisomerization of Indigo and Isoindigo Dyes Confirmed by Gas-Phase Infrared Ion Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8226-8233. [PMID: 31490692 PMCID: PMC6767361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Gas-phase
infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectra
are recorded for the protonated dye molecules indigo and isoindigo
by using a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer coupled to
the free electron laser for infrared experiments (FELIX). From their
fingerprint IR spectra (600—1800 cm–1) and
comparison with quantum-chemical calculations at the density functional
level of theory (B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)), we derive their structures.
We focus particularly on the question of whether trans-to-cis isomerization occurs upon protonation and
transfer to the gas phase. The trans-configuration
is energetically favored in the neutral forms of the dyes in solution
and in the gas phase. Instead, the cis-isomer is
lower in energy for the protonated forms of both species, but indigo
is also notorious for not undergoing double-bond trans-to-cis isomerization, in contrast to many other
conjugated systems. The IR spectra suggest that protoisomerization
from trans to cis indeed occurs
for both dyes. To estimate the extent of isomerization, on-resonance
kinetics are measured on diagnostic and common vibrational frequencies
to determine the ratio of cis-to-trans isomers. We find ratios of 65–70% cis and
30–35% trans for indigo versus 75–80% cis and 20–25% trans for isoindigo.
Transition-state calculations for the isomerization reactions have
been carried out, which indeed suggest a lower barrier for protonated
isoindigo, qualitatively explaining the more efficient isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musleh Uddin Munshi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Qu R, Miao Y, Cui Y, Cao Y, Zhou Y, Tang X, Yang J, Wang F. Selection of reference genes for the quantitative real-time PCR normalization of gene expression in Isatis indigotica fortune. BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:9. [PMID: 30909859 PMCID: PMC6434783 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isatis indigotica, a traditional Chinese medicine, produces a variety of active ingredients. However, little is known about the key genes and corresponding expression profiling involved in the biosynthesis pathways of these ingredients. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful, commonly-used method for gene expression analysis, but the accuracy of the quantitative data produced depends on the appropriate selection of reference genes. Results In this study, the systematic analysis of the reference genes was performed for quantitative real-Time PCR normalization in I. indigotica. We selected nine candidate reference genes, including six traditional housekeeping genes (ACT, α-TUB, β-TUB, UBC, CYP, and EF1-α), and three newly stable internal control genes (MUB, TIP41, and RPL) from a transcriptome dataset of I. indigotica, and evaluated their expression stabilities in different tissues (root, stem, leaf, and petiole) and leaves exposed to three abiotic treatments (low-nitrogen, ABA, and MeJA) using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and comprehensive RefFind algorithms. The results demonstrated that MUB and EF1-α were the two most stable reference genes for all samples. TIP41 as the optimal reference gene for low-nitrogen stress and MeJA treatment, while ACT had the highest ranking for ABA treatment and CYP was the most suitable for different tissues. Conclusions The results revealed that the selection and validation of appropriate reference genes for normalizing data is mandatory to acquire accurate quantification results. The necessity of specific internal control for specific conditions was also emphasized. Furthermore, this work will provide valuable information to enhance further research in gene function and molecular biology on I. indigotica and other related species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-019-0126-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yujing Miao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yingjing Cui
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiwen Cao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Fangquan Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
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Tchoumtchoua J, Halabalaki M, Gikas E, Tsarbopoulos A, Fotaki N, Liu L, Nam S, Jove R, Skaltsounis LA. Preliminary pharmacokinetic study of the anticancer 6BIO in mice using an UHPLC-MS/MS approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:317-325. [PMID: 30412805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Indirubins represent a group of natural and synthetic products with bio-activities against numerous human cancer cell lines acting by inhibiting protein kinases. The natural sources of indirubins are plants of Isatis sp., Indigofera sp., and Polygonum sp., recombinant bacteria, mammalian urine and some marine mollusks. Specifically, the halogenated derivative 6-bromo indirubin-3'-oxime (6BIO) possesses increased selectivity against GSK-3. However, to our knowledge, no analytical method to determine 6BIO in biological fluids has been developed till now. Therefore, a rapid, sensitive and high throughput UHPLC-MS/MS methods were developed and validated to evaluate the concentrations of 6BIO in mice plasma. Plasma samples were pre-treated by protein precipation using cold mixture of methanol: acetonitrile (9:1, v/v) and separations were carried out on a Hypersil Gold C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d.; 1.9 μm p.s.) using 0.1% acetic acid and methanol as mobile phase at a flow rate of 500 mL/min in a gradient mode. For quantitation, a hybrid LTQ-Orbitrap MS equipped with an electro-spray ionization source was used applying a selected reaction monitoring (SRM) option. The monitored transitions were m/z 354.0 → 324.0 for 6BIO and 297.1 → 282.1 for afromorsin (used as the internal standard) in the negative mode. Following the EMA, ICH and FDA guidelines for validation of analytical procedures, the assay method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, recovery, matrix effect, accuracy, precision, stability, and robustness. The validated methods were successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of 6BIO following an oral administration to mice at the dose of 50 mg/kg. The results indicated that 6BIO possesses a Tmax of 30 min, a half-life of 1 h, and low plasma bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Tchoumtchoua
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Gikas
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Anthony Tsarbopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sangkil Nam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Richard Jove
- Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Leandros A Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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Analysis of the Metabolites of Indole Degraded by an Isolated Acinetobacter pittii L1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2564363. [PMID: 29392129 PMCID: PMC5748082 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2564363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Indole and its derivatives are typical nitrogen heterocyclic compounds and have been of immense concern since they are known for the risk of their toxic, recalcitrant, and carcinogenic properties for human and ecological environment. In this study, a Gram-negative bacterial strain of eliminating indole was isolated from a coking wastewater. The strain was confirmed as Acinetobacter pittii L1 based on the physiological and biochemical characterization and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene sequence homology. 400 mg/L indole could be completely removed within 48 h by the strain on the optimum condition of 37°C, pH 7.4, and 150 rpm. The organic nitrogen was converted to NH3-N and then to NO3- and the organic carbon was partially transferred to CO2 during the indole biodegradation. The metabolic pathways were proposed to explain the indole degradation based on the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of indigo, 4-(3-Hydroxy-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-2-oxo-but-3-enoic acid, and isatin. The toxicity of the biodegradation products was evaluated using the Microtox test, which revealed that the metabolites were more toxic than indole. Our research holds promise for the potential application of Acinetobacter pittii L1 for NHCs degradation, production of indigoids, and soil remediation as well as treatment of indole containing wastewater.
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Li P, Li H, Zong Y, Li FY, Han Y, Hao X. Photosynthesis and metabolite responses of Isatis indigotica Fortune to elevated [CO 2 ]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Witkowski B, Ganeczko M, Hryszko H, Stachurska M, Gierczak T, Biesaga M. Identification of orcein and selected natural dyes in 14th and 15th century liturgical paraments with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS/MS). Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Jarošová R, Sanchez S, Haubold L, Swain GM. Isatin Analysis Using Flow Injection Analysis with Amperometric Detection - Comparison of Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon and Diamond Electrode Performance. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romana Jarošová
- Charles University; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague 128 4 Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Lane; Michigan State University; East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226 United States
| | - Simon Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, 1 Camino Santa Maria; St. Mary's University; San Antonio, Texas 78228 United States
| | - Lars Haubold
- Fraunhofer Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, 1449 Engineering Research Center; Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48823
| | - Greg M. Swain
- Fraunhofer Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, 1449 Engineering Research Center; Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48823
- Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Lane; Michigan State University; East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226 United States
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Bektaş İ, Karaman Ş, Dıraz E, Çelik M. The role of natural indigo dye in alleviation of genotoxicity of sodium dithionite as a reducing agent. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2245-2255. [PMID: 27757710 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigo blue is a natural dye used for thousands of years by civilizations to dye fabric blue and it is naturally obtained from Isatis tinctoria. I. tinctoria is not only used for extraction of indigo blue color but also used medicinally in Traditional Chinese Medicine because of its active compounds. Sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) is used in dye bath for indigo blue extraction, but this reducing agent and its derivatives are major pollutants of textile industry and subsequently have hazardous influences on public health. Herein, the present study was designed to obtain the high yield of natural indigo dye but with low possible toxic effect. In this context, genotoxic effects of particular combinations of natural dye solutions obtained from Isatis tinctoria subsp. tomentolla with Na2S2O4 as reducing agent were investigated. Dye solutions were obtained using two different pH levels (pH 9 and 11) and three different concentrations of Na2S2O4 (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/ml). In addition to the dye solutions and reducing agent, aqueous extracts of I. tinctoria were assessed for their genotoxicity on human lymphocytes. For in vitro testing of genotoxicity, chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and mitotic indexes (MI) assays were used. Accordingly, Na2S2O4 caused significant increases in CA and SCE as well decrease in MI but the genotoxic effects of sodium dithionite were reduced with natural indigo dye. As a result, aqueous extracts of Isatis leaves removed the toxic effects of sodium dithionite and showed anti-genotoxic effect. For the optimal and desired quality but with less toxic effects of natural dye, 2.5 mg/ml (for wool yarn) and 5 mg/ml (for cotton yarn) of Na2S2O4 doses were found to be the best doses for reduction in the dye bath at Ph 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- İdris Bektaş
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Suluova Vocational School, Amasya University, Amasya, 05000, Turkey
| | - Şengül Karaman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, University of KSU, Kahramanmaraş, 46100, Turkey.
| | - Emel Dıraz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, University of KSU, Kahramanmaraş, 46100, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Çelik
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of KSU, Kahramanmaraş, 46100, Turkey
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Huang YY, Liu XF, Liu JZ, Li L, Cui Q, Wang LT, Fu YJ, Luo M. Separation and purification of indigotin and indirubin from Folium isatidis extracts using a fast and efficient macroporous resin column followed reversed phase flash chromatography. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yang L, Yang C, Li C, Zhao Q, Liu L, Fang X, Chen XY. Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015; 61:3-17. [PMID: 26844006 PMCID: PMC4722072 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants synthesize and accumulate large amount of specialized (or secondary) metabolites also known as natural products, which provide a rich source for modern pharmacy. In China, plants have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Recent development of molecular biology, genomics and functional genomics as well as high-throughput analytical chemical technologies has greatly promoted the research on medicinal plants. In this article, we review recent advances in the elucidation of biosynthesis of specialized metabolites in medicinal plants, including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. These natural products may share a common upstream pathway to form a limited numbers of common precursors, but are characteristic in distinct modifications leading to highly variable structures. Although this review is focused on traditional Chinese medicine, other plants with a great medicinal interest or potential are also discussed. Understanding of their biosynthesis processes is critical for producing these highly value molecules at large scale and low cost in microbes and will benefit to not only human health but also plant resource conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
| | - Changqing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chenyi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Qing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ling Liu
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China ; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Expresses a Functional Human Natriuretic Peptide Receptor Ortholog: Involvement in Biofilm Formation. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.01033-15. [PMID: 26307165 PMCID: PMC4550695 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01033-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence exists that bacteria detect eukaryotic communication molecules and modify their virulence accordingly. In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that the increasingly antibiotic-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa can detect the human hormones brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) at micromolar concentrations. In response, the bacterium modifies its behavior to adapt to the host physiology, increasing its overall virulence. The possibility of identifying the bacterial sensor for these hormones and interfering with this sensing mechanism offers an exciting opportunity to directly affect the infection process. Here, we show that BNP and CNP strongly decrease P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. Isatin, an antagonist of human natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR), prevents this effect. Furthermore, the human NPR-C receptor agonist cANF4-23 mimics the effects of natriuretic peptides on P. aeruginosa, while sANP, the NPR-A receptor agonist, appears to be weakly active. We show in silico that NPR-C, a preferential CNP receptor, and the P. aeruginosa protein AmiC have similar three-dimensional (3D) structures and that both CNP and isatin bind to AmiC. We demonstrate that CNP acts as an AmiC agonist, enhancing the expression of the ami operon in P. aeruginosa. Binding of CNP and NPR-C agonists to AmiC was confirmed by microscale thermophoresis. Finally, using an amiC mutant strain, we demonstrated that AmiC is essential for CNP effects on biofilm formation. In conclusion, the AmiC bacterial sensor possesses structural and pharmacological profiles similar to those of the human NPR-C receptor and appears to be a bacterial receptor for human hormones that enables P. aeruginosa to modulate biofilm expression. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly dangerous opportunist pathogen for immunocompromised hosts, especially cystic fibrosis patients. The sites of P. aeruginosa infection are varied, with predominance in the human lung, in which bacteria are in contact with host molecular messengers such as hormones. The C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), a hormone produced by lung cells, has been described as a bacterial virulence enhancer. In this study, we showed that the CNP hormone counteracts P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and we identified the bacterial protein AmiC as the sensor involved in the CNP effects. We showed that AmiC could bind specifically CNP. These results show for the first time that a human hormone could be sensed by bacteria through a specific protein, which is an ortholog of the human receptor NPR-C. The bacterium would be able to modify its lifestyle by favoring virulence factor production while reducing biofilm formation.
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Establishment of high-productive Isatis tinctoria L. hairy root cultures: A promising approach for efficient production of bioactive alkaloids. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Nie L, Wang L, Song H, Chen C, Yao S. Preconcentration of Indigotin and Indirubin from Indigowoad Roots with Novel Quinoline Ionic Liquids with Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.981822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Gu D, Yang Y, Hang B, Lv Q, Aisa HA. Characterization and Identification of the Chemical Compositions in a Traditional Uighur Medicine Prescription Yizhihao Granule by LC–ESI-QTOF-MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.903848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Gu
- a Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization , Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi , China
- b School of Marine Science and Environment Engineering , Dalian Ocean University , Dalian , China
| | - Yi Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization , Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi , China
| | - Ba Hang
- a Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization , Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi , China
| | - Qiaoying Lv
- a Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization , Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi , China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- a Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization , Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi , China
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29
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Filik H, Kilcan D. A fiber optic spectrophotometric determination of urinary indoxyl sulfate (indican) after cloud point extraction. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Zhang Q, Hong B, Zheng L, Wang X, Cai D. Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction followed by HPLC-diode array detection method for the determination of major constituents in a traditional Chinese medicine Folium isatidis (Da-qing-ye). J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2453-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Basic Medical Science College; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P. R. China
| | - Bo Hong
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P. R. China
| | - Lihong Zheng
- Basic Medical Science College; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P. R. China
| | - Xiuhua Wang
- Basic Medical Science College; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P. R. China
| | - Defu Cai
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P. R. China
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Antiviral Activity of Isatis indigotica Extract and Its Derived Indirubin against Japanese Encephalitis Virus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:925830. [PMID: 22911608 PMCID: PMC3405817 DOI: 10.1155/2012/925830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Isatis indigotica is widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for clinical treatment of virus infection, tumor, and inflammation, yet its antiviral activities remain unclear. This study probed antiviral activity of I. indigotica extract and its marker compounds against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). I. indigotica methanol extract, indigo, and indirubin proved less cytotoxic than other components, showing inhibitory effect (concentration-dependent) on JEV replication in vitro. Time-of-addition experiments proved the extract, indigo, and indirubin with potent antiviral effect by pretreatment (before infection) or simultaneous treatment (during infection), but not posttreatment (after entry). Antiviral action of these agents showed correlation with blocking virus attachment and exhibited potent virucidal activity. In particular, indirubin had strong protective ability in a mouse model with lethal JEV challenge. The study could yield anti-JEV agents.
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Zhou J, Qu F. Analysis of the extracts of Isatis tinctoria by new analytical approaches of HPLC, MS and NMR. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2011; 8:33-45. [PMID: 22754056 PMCID: PMC3252730 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5s.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The methods of extraction, separation and analysis of alkaloids and indole glucosinolates (GLs) ofIsatis tinctoria were reviewed. Different analytical approaches such as High-pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS), Electrospray Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were used to validate and identity of these constituents. These methods provide rapid separation, identification and quantitative measurements of alkaloids and GLs of Isatis tinctoria. By connection with different detectors to HPLC such as PDA, ELSD, ESI- and APCI-MS in positive and negative ion modes, complicated compounds could be detected with at least two independent detection modes. The molecular formula can be derived in a second step of ESI-TOF-MS data. But for some constituents, UV and MS cannot provide sufficient structure identification. After peak purification, NMR by semi-preparative HPLC can be used as a complementary method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhou
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Chung YC, Tang FY, Liao JW, Chung CH, Jong TT, Chen SS, Tsai CH, Chiang EP. Isatis indigotica induces hepatocellular cancer cell death via caspase-independent apoptosis-inducing factor translocation apoptotic pathway in vitro and in vivo. Integr Cancer Ther 2011; 10:201-14. [PMID: 21382959 DOI: 10.1177/1534735410387420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isatis indigotica is a biennial herbaceous cruciferous medical herb with antipyretic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-endotoxin activity. This study explored the chemotherapeutic potential of I indigotica on human hepatoma cells and investigated the mechanism by which metabolites from I indigotica inhibit hepatoma cell growth. Antitumor activity was discovered in dried I indigotica leaf chloroform extracts (CEDLI). In nude mice xenotransplanted with human hepatoma cells, CEDLI supplementation inhibited tumor growth by ~40% compared with nonsupplemented animals without affecting body weight/food intake. CEDLI induced sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in hepatoma cells. Furthermore, CEDLI activates p53 and Bax, reduces Bcl-2 expression, and causes mitochondrial stress and the release of apoptosis-inducing factor into the cytosol followed by its translocation into the nucleus, resulting in hepatoma cell apoptosis. This study provides novel in vivo evidence of I indigotica's antitumor activity. The chemotherapeutic activity against human hepatoma tumorigenesis was because of a distinguished caspase-independent apoptotic pathway.
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34
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Determination of natural colorants in plant extracts by high performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc091027071g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the colouring compounds apigenin (1), lawsone (2), juglone (3) and indigotin (4) in plant extracts using HPLC - UV/VIS methods is reported. The methods were applied to the analysis of 1-4 in ethanolic and propylene glycolic extracts originating, respectively, from chamomile (Chamomilla recutita [L] Rauschert, Asteraceae), henna (Lawsonia inermis L., Lythraceae), walnut (Juglans regia L., Juglandaceae) and natural indigo (Indigofera sp., Fabaceae). In the case of the indigo extracts, an optimized acid hydrolysis was applied. HPLC separations were performed on a Hypersil ODS RP18 column using linear gradient elution programs. The detection limits for 1-4 were 0.11, 0.6, 0.10, 0.089 ?g mL-1, respectively. The procedure did not involve any sample ?clean -up? methods. The amounts of the colouring compounds ranged from 0.006 mg mL-1 (3) to 0.13 mg mL-1 (4) in the ethanolic extracts and from 0.22 mg mL-1 (2) to 1.44 mg mL-1 (4) in propylene glycolic extracts. The proposed HPLC methods are advantageous in terms of sample preparation and the selective separation of the compounds. The plant dye extracts are commonly used in hair colouring formulations. The results indicate that the methods developed may serve for the quantitative control of dying plants and cosmetic products.
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35
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Kim JY, Lee JY, Shin YS, Kim GJ. Mining and identification of a glucosidase family enzyme with high activity toward the plant extract indican. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Hu J, Chang H, Wang L, Wu S, Shao B, Zhou J, Zhao Y. Detection, occurrence and fate of indirubin in municipal sewage treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:8339-8344. [PMID: 19068815 DOI: 10.1021/es801038y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Indirubin which has been isolated from human urine is an extremely potent AhR agonist. This paper first established an analytical method based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for indirubin in complex environmental waters, and then applied this method to investigate its occurrence and fate in sewage treatment plants (STPs). For the various types of aqueous matrices considered, the absolute recoveries were from 64 to 81%, and the limits of quantification were below 0.05 ng/L Among the seven STPs studied, the average concentrations of indirubin in influents ranged from 8.3 to 29.7 ng/L, and their aqueous-phase removal rates were 72-91%. In the receiving waters, the Tonghui and Qinghe Rivers, the concentrations of indirubin (0.65-3.7 ng/L) in some samples were much higher than those in their corresponding STP effluents, suggesting that there is random discharging of untreated sewage. The fate of indirubin was investigated in mechanical and biological sewage treatment as well as in sewage-sludge treatment at a STP consisting of anoxic, anaerobic, and aerobic tanks. The indirubin was largely removed in the anoxic tank and the secondary clarifier mainly due to the biodegradation and sorption on sludge, respectively. An increase of indirubin was observed in the aerobic tank, which was due to the cleavage of indirubin conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Hu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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37
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Deng X, Gao G, Zheng S, Li F. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids in the leaves of Isatis indigatica Fort. by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with PDA and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:562-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Deng XY, Zheng SN, Gao GH, Fan G, Li F. Determination and pharmacokinetic study of indirubin in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:277-283. [PMID: 18337073 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A specific, simple and sensitive HPLC method with UV detection was developed and validated for the pharmacokinetic studies of indirubin in rat plasma for the first time. Indirubin, with osthole as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a reverse-phase ODS column (200 mm x 4.6 mm, i.d., 5 microm), using a mixture of methanol-water (75:25, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min with UV detection at 289 nm. The calibration curve of indirubin was linear over the range of 6.5-1950 ng/ml in rat plasma. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was found to be 6.5 ng/ml. The present method was successfully applied for estimating the pharmacokinetic parameters of indirubin following intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of indirubin to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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