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Heydari P, Martins MLF, Rosing H, Hillebrand MJX, Gebretensae A, Schinkel AH, Beijnen JH. Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method with a broad linear dynamic range for the quantification of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1166:122403. [PMID: 33246879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and to validate a UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates to support preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. The sample preparation consisted of protein precipitation with cold (2-8 °C) methanol:acetonitrile (1:1, v/v), evaporation of the supernatant to dryness, and reconstitution of the dry-extracts in 4 mM ammonium formate pH 3.5. Separation was achieved on a Waters UPLC HSS T3 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) maintained at 50 °C and using gradient elution with a total runtime of 6.7 min. Mobile phase A consisted of 4 mM ammonium formate pH 3.5 and mobile phase B of 0.1% formic acid in methanol:acetonitrile (1:1, v/v). Detection was carried out by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode. The method was validated within a linear range of 1-2,000 ng/mL, 10-20,000 ng/mL, and 0.5-200 ng/mL for morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide, respectively. In human plasma, the intra- and inter-run precision of all analytes, including the lower limit of quantification levels, were ≤ 15.8%, and the accuracies were between 88.1 and 111.9%. It has been shown that calibration standards prepared in control human plasma can be used for the quantification of the analytes in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates. The applicability of the method was successfully demonstrated in a preclinical pharmacokinetic study in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Heydari
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M L F Martins
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M J X Hillebrand
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Gebretensae
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Schinkel
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Ulenberg S, Bączek T. Metabolic stability studies of lead compounds supported by separation techniques and chemometrics analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:373-386. [PMID: 33006800 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With metabolism being one of the main routes of drug elimination from the body (accounting for removal of around 75% of known drugs), it is crucial to understand and study metabolic stability of drug candidates. Metabolically unstable compounds are uncomfortable to administer (requiring repetitive dosage during therapy), while overly stable drugs increase risk of adverse drug reactions. Additionally, biotransformation reactions can lead to formation of toxic or pharmacologically active metabolites (either less-active than parent drug, or even with different action). There were numerous approaches in estimating metabolic stability, including in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and high-throughput screening to name a few. This review aims at describing separation techniques used in in vitro metabolic stability estimation, as well as chemometric techniques allowing for creation of predictive models which enable high-throughput screening approach for estimation of metabolic stability. With a very low rate of drug approval, it is important to understand in silico methods that aim at supporting classical in vitro approach. Predictive models that allow assessment of certain biological properties of drug candidates allow for cutting not only cost, but also time required to synthesize compounds predicted to be unstable or inactive by in silico models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Ulenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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3
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Recent advances in the application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the analysis of biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2927-45. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is being increasingly used for the analysis of hydrophilic compounds in biological matrices. The complexity of biological samples demands adequate sample preparation procedures, specifically adjusted for HILIC analyses. Currently, most bioanalytical assays are performed on bare silica and ZIC-HILIC columns. Trends in HILIC for bioanalysis include smaller particle sizes and miniaturization of the analytical column. For complex biological samples, multidimensional techniques can separate and identify more compounds than 1D separations. The high volatility of the mobile phase, the added separation power and high sensitivity make MS the detection method of choice for bioanalysis using HILIC, although other detectors such as evaporative light scattering detection, charged aerosol detection and nuclear magnetic resonance have been reported.
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4
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Jian W, Romm MV, Edom RW, Miller VP, LaMarr WA, Weng N. Evaluation of a High-Throughput Online Solid Phase Extraction–Tandem Mass Spectrometry System for In Vivo Bioanalytical Studies. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8259-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202017c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Jian
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Raritan, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Michelle V. Romm
- Agilent Technologies, Wakefield, Massachusetts 01880, United States
| | - Richard W. Edom
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Raritan, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Vaughn P. Miller
- Agilent Technologies, Wakefield, Massachusetts 01880, United States
| | | | - Naidong Weng
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Raritan, New Jersey 08869, United States
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5
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Padivitage NLT, Armstrong DW. Sulfonated cyclofructan 6 based stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1636-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Analysis of polar metabolites by hydrophilic interaction chromatography–MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:899-912. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing emphasis has been placed on quantitative characterization of drug metabolites during drug discovery and development. Due to the more polar nature of drug metabolites, quantitative analysis using traditional reversed-phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC–MS/MS) can be quite challenging. As an alternative chromatographic mode, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) offers unique advantages for analysis of polar metabolites, providing better retention/separation, higher sensitivity, higher efficiency and potential for ultra-fast analysis to improve throughput. In this article, selected case studies from the authors’ own laboratory, and examples from current literature, will be discussed to demonstrate some practical considerations for method development of HILIC–MS/MS assays. The effectiveness of using HILIC–MS/MS for mitigating analytical challenges associated with quantitation of polar metabolites, including phase I and II metabolites of drugs, as well as endogenous metabolites, will be exhibited.
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7
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Nakamura M. Analyses of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in various biological matrices by LC-MS(/MS). Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:1283-307. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4, daigaku-nishi; Gifu; 501-1196; Japan
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Kovaříková P, Stariat J, Klimeš J, Hrušková K, Vávrová K. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography in the separation of a moderately lipophilic drug from its highly polar metabolites—the cardioprotectant dexrazoxane as a model case. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:416-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Ruta J, Rudaz S, McCalley DV, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. A systematic investigation of the effect of sample diluent on peak shape in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8230-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shou WZ, Zhang J. Recent development in high-throughput bioanalytical support forin vitroADMET profiling. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:321-36. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250903547829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Jian W, Edom RW, Xu Y, Weng N. Recent advances in application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography for quantitative bioanalysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:681-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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High-throughput salting-out assisted liquid/liquid extraction and ultrafast LC for same-day delivery of first-in-human bioanalytical data. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:715-9. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: With the need of fast-paced drug development, rapid delivery of bioanalytical data becomes a trend. Here, we present a strategy to demonstrate same-day data delivery. Results: A novel salting-out assisted liquid/liquid extraction (SALLE) with acetonitrile and a MS-friendly salt was used to extract analyte from the first-in-human study plasma samples and the extract was successfully injected into ultrafast chromatography. The strategic combination of SALLE and ultrafast chromatography minimizes the turnaround time and allows the same-day delivery of bioanalytical data. The time saving from both extraction and injection was translated to a fast delivery of bioanalytical data. Conclusion: The first-in-human pharmacokinetic data of an investigational new drug candidate was delivered in approximately 4.5 work h after receiving the samples of each dose group using high-throughput SALLE and ultrafast LC. Incurred sample reassay results proved uncompromised data quality with the high-speed bioanalysis.
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13
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Hansen SH. Sample preparation and separation techniques for bioanalysis of morphine and related substances. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:825-34. [PMID: 19219840 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In present time the use or misuse of morphine and its derivatives are monitored by assaying the presence of the drug and its metabolites in biofluids. In the present review, focus is placed on the sample preparation and on the separation techniques used in the current best practices of bioanalysis of morphine and its major metabolites. However, as methods for testing the misuse of heroin, a morphine derivative, often involve bioanalytical methods that cover a number of other illicit drug substances, such methods are also included in the review. Furthermore, the review also includes bioanalysis in a broader perspective as analysis of plant materials, cell cultures and environmental samples. The review is not intended to cover all publications that include bioanalysis of morphine but is more to be considered a view into the current best practices of bioanalysis of morphine, its metabolites and other related substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen Honoré Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemsitry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Bioanalytical hydrophilic interaction chromatography: recent challenges, solutions and applications. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:239-53. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has, in recent years, been shown to be an important supplement to reversed-phase liquid chromatography for polar analytes. HILIC, in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), has been steadily gaining acceptance in the analysis of polar compounds from complex biological matrices. This hyphenated technique offers the advantages of improved sensitivity by employing high organic content in the mobile phase, shortened sample preparation time with direct injection of the organic-solvent extracts of biological samples and the potential for ultra-fast analysis because of low-column backpressure. This article reviews recent challenges presented by HILIC, advancements in the better understanding of retention characteristics of analytes with different mobile- and stationary-phase compositions and solutions to ion suppression and interference problems encountered in HILIC–MS/MS assays. Applications of HILIC–MS/MS are summarized, including those for pharmacokinetic studies, metabolic studies, therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical diagnostics.
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15
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Zhang Z, Yan B, Liu K, Bo T, Liao Y, Liu H. Fragmentation pathways of heroin-related alkaloids revealed by ion trap and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2851-62. [PMID: 18712703 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqToF) mass spectra of heroin and seven related alkaloids, i.e., morphine, codeine, O-6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), thebaine, acetylcodeine, papaverine and narcotine, have been extensively investigated in this work. The ESI mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways of protonated 6-MAM, heroin, acetylcodeine, and thebaine were comprehensively elucidated for the first time with the aid of high-resolution mass spectrometry. It was found that cleavage of the piperidine ring was the featured fragmentation route of six of the compounds, although not of papaverine and narcotine. In addition, a simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based separation method gave baseline resolution of all eight components. This study could play an important role in the screening for these alkaloids in different matrices by HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
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16
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Ali MS, Rafiuddin S, Al-Jawi DA, Al-Hetari Y, Ghori MUH, Khatri AR. Stability-indicating assay of sodium cromoglicate in ophthalmic solution using mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1645-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Hsieh Y. Potential of HILIC-MS in quantitative bioanalysis of drugs and drug metabolites. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1481-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Retention of opioids and their glucuronides on a combined zwitterion and hydrophilic interaction stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1187:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Kraemer T, Paul LD. Bioanalytical procedures for determination of drugs of abuse in blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1415-35. [PMID: 17468860 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determination of drugs of abuse in blood is of great importance in clinical and forensic toxicology. This review describes procedures for detection of the following drugs of abuse and their metabolites in whole blood, plasma or serum: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol glucuronide, heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, morphine-3-glucuronide, codeine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene, other cocaine metabolites or pyrolysis products (norcocaine, norcocaethylene, norbenzoylecgonine, m-hydroxycocaine, p-hydroxycocaine, m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, ethyl ecgonine, ecgonine, anhydroecgonine methyl ester, anhydroecgonine ethyl ester, anhydroecgonine, noranhydroecgonine, N-hydroxynorcocaine, cocaine N-oxide, anhydroecgonine methyl ester N-oxide). Metabolites and degradation products which are recommended to be monitored for assessment in clinical or forensic toxicology are mentioned. Papers written in English between 2002 and the beginning of 2007 are reviewed. Analytical methods are assessed for their suitability in forensic toxicology, where special requirements have to be met. For many of the analytes sensitive immunological methods for screening are available. Screening and confirmation is mostly done by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) or liquid chromatography (LC)-MS(/MS) procedures. Basic information about the biosample assayed, internal standard, workup, GC or LC column and mobile phase, detection mode, and validation data for each procedure is summarized in two tables to facilitate the selection of a method suitable for a specific analytic problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kraemer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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20
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Abstract
Separation of polar compounds on polar stationary phases with partly aqueous eluents is by no means a new separation mode in LC. The first HPLC applications were published more than 30 years ago, and were for a long time mostly confined to carbohydrate analysis. In the early 1990s new phases started to emerge, and the practice was given a name, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). Although the use of this separation mode has been relatively limited, we have seen a sudden increase in popularity over the last few years, promoted by the need to analyze polar compounds in increasingly complex mixtures. Another reason for the increase in popularity is the widespread use of MS coupled to LC. The partly aqueous eluents high in ACN with a limited need of adding salt is almost ideal for ESI. The applications now encompass most categories of polar compounds, charged as well as uncharged, although HILIC is particularly well suited for solutes lacking charge where coulombic interactions cannot be used to mediate retention. The review attempts to summarize the ongoing discussion on the separation mechanism and gives an overview of the stationary phases used and the applications addressed with this separation mode in LC.
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Xue YJ, Liu J, Unger S. A 96-well single-pot liquid–liquid extraction, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the determination of muraglitazar in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:979-88. [PMID: 16533587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A single-pot liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC/MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of muraglitazar, a hydrophobic diabetes drug, in human plasma. To 0.050 ml of each plasma sample in a 96-well plate, the internal standard solution in acetonitrile and toluene were added to extract the compound of interest. The plate was vortexed, followed by centrifugation. The organic layer was then directly injected into an LC/MS/MS system. Chromatographic separation was achieved isocratically on a Thermohypersil_Keystone, Hypersil silica column (3 mmx50 mm, 3 microm). The mobile phase contained 85% of methyl t-butyl ether and 15% of 90/10 (v/v) acetonitrile/water with 0.3% trifluoroacetic acid. Post-column mobile phase of 50/50 (v/v) acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% formic acid was added. Detection was by positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry on a Sciex API 4000. The standard curve, ranged from 1 to 1000 ng/ml, was fitted to a 1/x weighted quadratic regression model. This single-pot LLE approach effectively eliminated time-consuming organic layer transfer, dry-down, and sample reconstitution steps, which are essential for a conventional liquid-liquid extraction procedure. The modified mobile phase was more compatible with the direct injection of the commonly used extraction solvents in LLE. Furthermore, the modified mobile phase improved the retention of muraglitazar, a hydrophobic compound, on the normal phase silica column. The validation results demonstrated that this method was rugged and suitable for analyzing muraglitazar in human plasma. In comparison with a revised-phase LC/MS/MS method, this single-pot LLE, HILIC/MS/MS method improved the detection sensitivity by more than four-fold based upon the LLOQ signal to noise ratio. This approach may be applied to other hydrophobic compounds with proper modification of the mobile phase compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-J Xue
- Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
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22
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Abstract
The use of high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) has proven to be the analytical technique of choice for most assays used in various stages of new drug discovery. A summary of the key components of HPLC-MS systems, as well as an overview of major application areas that use this technique as part of the drug discovery process, will be described here. This review will also provide an introduction into the various types of mass spectrometers that can be selected for the multiple tasks that can be performed using LC-MS as the analytical tool. The strategies for optimizing the use of this technique and also the potential problems and how to avoid them will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Korfmacher
- Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Stephanson N, Dahl H, Helander A, Beck O. Determination of urinary 5-hydroxytryptophol glucuronide by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 816:107-12. [PMID: 15664340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptophol glucuronide (GTOL) is the major excretion form of 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL), a minor serotonin metabolite under normal conditions. Because the concentration of 5-HTOL is markedly increased following consumption of alcohol, measurement of 5-HTOL is used as a sensitive biomarker for detection of recent alcohol intake. This study describes the development and evaluation of a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS) procedure for direct quantification of GTOL in human urine. Deuterium labelled GTOL (GTOL-(2)H(4)) was used as internal standard. GTOL was isolated from urine by solid-phase extraction on a C(18) cartridge prior to injection onto a gradient eluted Hypurity C(18) reversed-phase HPLC column. The detection limit of the method was 2.0 nmol/L and the measuring range 6-8500 nmol/L. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were <3.5% (n=10) and <6.0% (n=9), respectively. The new LC-MS method was highly correlated with an established GC-MS method for urinary 5-HTOL (r(2)=0.99, n=70; mean 5-HTOL/GTOL ratio=1.10). This is the first direct assay for quantification of GTOL in urine. The method is suitable for routine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Stephanson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Li W, Li Y, Francisco DT, Naidong W. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric determination of atenolol in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:385-93. [PMID: 15651086 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of atenolol, a beta-blocking agent, in human plasma has been developed and validated over the curve range of 10--2000 ng/mL. The assay was based on protein precipitation followed by evaporation of the extraction solvent, reconstitution with acetonitrile, and chromatography on an Hypersil silica column (50 x 4.6 mm) using a low aqueous--high organic mobile phase. The mobile phase consists of 85% acetonitrile, 15% water, 0.5% acetic acid and 0.04% trifluoroacetic acid and runs isocratically at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min. The column ef fluent was split so that 50% of it was transferred into the LC-MS/MS interface operated in positive electrospray ionization mode. The chromatographic run time was 2.0 min per injection. Atenolol and the internal standard, atenolol-d(7), showed a retention time of 1.0 min. The inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy of the quality control samples were <5.3% relative standard deviation and <8.0% relative error, respectively. To explore the application of the current method for the analysis of other beta-blocking agents, propranolol and metoprolol were tested under the same chromatographic conditions with retention times of 0.68 and 0.75 min, respectively. The present method could be used for therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacokinetic and drug--drug interaction studies of beta-blocking agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Li
- Covance Laboratories Inc., Madison, WI 53704, USA
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Bengtsson J, Jansson B, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. On-line desalting and determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in microdialysis and plasma samples using column switching and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2116-22. [PMID: 15988726 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible method for the determination of morphine and the metabolites morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) was developed. The method was validated for perfusion fluid used in microdialysis as well as for sheep and human plasma. A C18 guard column was used to desalt the samples before analytical separation on a ZIC HILIC (hydrophilic interaction chromatography) column and detection with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The mobile phases were 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) for desalting and acetonitrile/5 mM ammonium acetate (70:30) for separation. Microdialysis samples (5 microL) were directly injected onto the system. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for morphine, M3G and M6G were 0.50, 0.22 and 0.55 ng/mL, respectively, and the method was linear from LLOQ to 200 ng/mL. For plasma, a volume of 100 microL was precipitated with acetonitrile containing internal standards (deuterated morphine and metabolites). The supernatant was evaporated and reconstituted in 0.05% TFA before the desalting process. The LLOQs for sheep plasma were 2.0 and 3.1 ng/mL and the ranges were 2.0-2000 and 3.1-3100 ng/mL for morphine and M3G, respectively. For human plasma, the LLOQs were 0.78, 1.49 and 0.53 ng/mL and the ranges were 0.78-500, 1.49-1000 and 0.53-500 ng/mL for morphine, M3G and M6G, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen Bengtsson
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Naidong W. Bioanalytical liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods on underivatized silica columns with aqueous/organic mobile phases. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 796:209-24. [PMID: 14581062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarizes the recent progress on bioanalytical LC-MS/MS methods using underivatized silica columns and aqueous/organic mobile phases. Various types of polar analytes were extracted by using protein precipitation (PP), liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-phase extraction (SPE) and were then analyzed using LC-MS/MS on the silica columns. Use of silica columns and aqueous/organic mobile phases could significantly enhance LC-MS/MS method sensitivity, due to the high organic content in the mobile phase. Thanks to the very low backpressure generated from the silica column with low aqueous/high organic mobile phases, LC-MS/MS methods at high flow rates are feasible, resulting in significant timesaving. Because organic solvents have weaker eluting strength than water, direct injection of the organic solvent extracts from the reversed-phase solid-phase extraction onto the silica column was possible. Gradient elution on the silica columns using aqueous/organic mobile phases was also demonstrated. Contrary to what is commonly perceived, the silica column demonstrated superior column stability. This technology can be a valuable supplement to the reversed-phase LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Naidong
- Covance Laboratories Inc., 3301 Kinsman Boulevard, Madison, WI 53704, USA.
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Harris SR, Gedge JI, Nedderman ANR, Roffey SJ, Savage M. A sensitive HPLC-MS-MS assay for quantitative determination of midazolam in dog plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:127-34. [PMID: 15030887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2003.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 12/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical pharmacokinetics of midazolam have been extensively studied, due to its high clearance by CYP3A4 and sensitivity to drug-drug interactions. In order to investigate the potential to model drug-drug interactions with midazolam in the dog, a selective and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS-MS) method has been developed, with sufficient sensitivity to allow analysis of dog plasma samples generated following administration of a clinically relevant dose. The method involves extraction of midazolam and internal standard (flunitrazepam) from dog plasma, using 96-well Oasis MCX solid phase extraction plates. The assay has been validated over a concentration range of 0.1-10 ng/ml and its specificity, accuracy and precision demonstrated. The relative bias of the assay was within +/-15% for all standards with intra- and inter-assay precision (coefficient of variation-%CV) of less than 15%. The assay was applied to the analysis of plasma samples (0.2 ml), generated following intravenous or oral administration of midazolam to male beagle dogs, at a dose level of 0.05 mg/kg, and pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from the resulting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Harris
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK.
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Naidong W, Zhou W, Song Q, Zhou S. Direct injection of 96-well organic extracts onto a hydrophilic interaction chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system using a silica stationary phase and an aqueous/organic mobile phase. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2963-2968. [PMID: 15529403 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Li AC, Junga H, Shou WZ, Bryant MS, Jiang XY, Naidong W. Direct injection of solid-phase extraction eluents onto silica columns for the analysis of polar compounds isoniazid and cetirizine in plasma using hydrophilic interaction chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2343-2350. [PMID: 15473002 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Isoniazid and cetirizine do not retain well on reversed-phase columns due to their high polarity. Silica columns, when operated under hydrophilic interaction conditions, do provide excellent retention of these compounds. We have developed simple and proof of concept analytical methods for the analysis of isoniazid and cetirizine in animal and human plasma, respectively. Both methods employed the approach of direct injection of solid-phase extraction (SPE) organic eluents onto silica columns for analysis, thus eliminating evaporation and reconstitution steps that are typically needed for reversed-phase liquid chromatographic analysis. Isoniazid was extracted from animal plasma samples using a Waters Oasis HLB 96-well plate and then eluted with acetonitrile, while cetirizine was extracted from human plasma with a Waters MCX mu-Elute plate and then eluted with acetonitrile containing 5% concentrated ammonium hydroxide. The direct injection of the SPE eluent onto the analytical column was necessary since significant loss of isoniazid was found during the evaporation and reconstitution steps. The method for isoniazid also enabled ultra-fast analysis due to the relatively low back-pressure exhibited by silica columns even under high flow conditions. Both methods show good linearity, accuracy and precision covering the range of 10-2000 ng/mL of isoniazid, and 1-1000 ng/mL of cetirizine in plasma. Substantial time savings were realized as a result of both the elimination of the evaporation and reconstitution steps and the fast chromatographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Li
- Covance Laboratories, Inc., 3301 Kinsman Blvd, Madison, WI, USA.
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Chen YL, Junga H, Jiang X, Naidong W. Simultaneous determination of theophylline, tolbutamide, mephenytoin, debrisoquin, and dapsone in human plasma using high-speed gradient liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry on a silica-based monolithic column. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hopfgartner G, Bourgogne E. Quantitative high-throughput analysis of drugs in biological matrices by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:195-214. [PMID: 12838545 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To support pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism studies, LC-MS/MS plays more and more an essential role for the quantitation of drugs and their metabolites in biological matrices. With the new challenges encountered in drug discovery and drug development, new strategies are put in place to achieve high-throughput analysis, using serial and parallel approaches. To speed-up method development and validation, generic approaches with the direct injection of biological fluids is highly desirable. Column-switching, using various packing materials for the extraction columns, is widely applied. Improvement of mass spectrometers performance, and in particular triple quadrupoles, also strongly influences sample preparation strategies, which remain a key element in the bioanalytical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Hopfgartner
- University of Geneva, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, 20 Bd d'Yvoy, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Kapron JT, Pace E, Van Pelt CK, Henion J. Quantitation of midazolam in human plasma by automated chip-based infusion nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:2019-2026. [PMID: 12955729 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An automated chip-based infusion nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) platform was used to demonstrate reproducible quantitation of drug molecules from biological matrices. Three sample preparation strategies were explored including protein precipitation of plasma with acetonitrile, de-salting of the plasma, and a combination of protein precipitation with subsequent de-salting of the dried and reconstituted extract. The best results were obtained when fortified human plasma samples containing midazolam were precipitated with acetonitrile containing alprazolam as the internal standard (IS). The supernatant was concentrated to dryness, reconstituted in aqueous acid, and de-salted by automated reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE) prior to infusion nanoESI-MS/MS. Analyses employed a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Each sample was infused for approximately 10 s and the resulting ion current profiles were integrated. Area ratios were used for regression analysis of standard samples (1.5-500 ng/mL). Quality control samples (3, 250, and 400 ng/mL) in five replicates from three different analysis days demonstrated intra-assay precision (< or =16%), inter-assay precision (< or =5%), and overall accuracy (+/-9% deviation). Infusion reproducibility of the assay was established by analyzing extracts after storage for 24 h at ambient temperature. Control plasma samples from six different sources probed the potential utility of this technique for the analysis of clinical samples. At the lower limit of quantitation (LLQ), variability and mean overall accuracy were < or =13% CV and +/-3% deviation, respectively, while at the upper limit of quantitation (ULQ) variability and mean overall accuracy were < or =9% CV and +/-9% deviation, respectively. Inter-chip variability was established by determining standard sample extracts across five different chips (< or =12% CV). Throughput for the assay was 55 s per sample, although this time may be shortened to 40 s per sample with recent improvements in the automated nanoESI system. No contamination or carryover was observed using this promising automated nanoESI-MS/MS platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Kapron
- Advion BioSciences, Inc., 15 Catherwood Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:1176-1184. [PMID: 12447897 DOI: 10.1002/jms.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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