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Ding D, Jiang D, Zhou Y, Xia F, Chen Y, Kong L, Wei J, Zhang S, Deng S. Assessing the environmental impacts and costs of biochar and monitored natural attenuation for groundwater heavily contaminated with volatile organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157316. [PMID: 35842168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although biochar (BC) and monitored natural attenuation (MNA) are regarded as green technologies for remediating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contaminated groundwater, their life cycle environmental impacts and costs have not been systematically quantified. This work assessed the primary and secondary environmental impacts and the cost of three options for remediating the groundwater at a closed pesticide manufacturing plant site, which was contaminated by high levels of multiple VOCs and is undergoing MNA. The studied options include a combination of MNA and BC (MNA + BC), BC, and pump and treat (PT). The environmental impacts were examined through a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using the ReCiPe 2016 method. The costs were evaluated using a Life Cycle Cost (LCC) method created in the SimaPro. The LCA results show that the overall environmental impacts follow the sequence of PT > BC > MNA + BC, but MNA + BC shows evident primary impacts. The CO2 eq emissions generated from PT are more than five times of MNA + BC or BC. The cement, electricity, and steel for construction, and the operation energy are the environmental hotspots in PT. In MNA + BC and BC, the electricity for feedstock pyrolysis is the environmental hotspot, while the use of BC by-products to generate heat and power has positive environmental credit that compensates other negative environmental burdens. Incorporating institutional controls, using renewable energy and recycled or alternative materials, and developing BC with superior adsorption capacity are recommended to optimize the remediation strategies. The LCC results show that PT renders the highest cost, with cement and electricity being the two most expensive items. Electricity is the dominant contributor to the costs of MNA + BC and BC, while the avoided heat and power generation can save the cost of other items. Overall, this study provides scientific support to develop and optimize green remediation solutions for VOCs contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Dengdeng Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Feiyang Xia
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Lingya Kong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Jing Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Shengtian Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Shaopo Deng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China.
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2
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Rhea LK, Clark C. Management of large dilute plumes of chloroethenes and 1,4-dioxane via monitored natural attenuation (MNA) and MNA augmentation. REMEDIATION (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 32:97-118. [PMID: 35539433 PMCID: PMC9083347 DOI: 10.1002/rem.21710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Management of large, dilute groundwater plumes of comingled chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) and 1,4-dioxane (dioxane) is problematic due to chemical, hydrogeologic and economic concerns. The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has conducted research on the management of CVOC plumes for many years, and more recently dioxane. US EPA research on monitored natural attenuation (MNA) of CVOC plumes was reviewed by a science advisory board in 2001. Specific additional research was recommended and has been addressed in a series of US EPA reports produced over almost two decades. These reports are summarized in this document along with supporting information including evidence of biological degradation of dioxane. Based on the summarized reports, US EPA work documented elsewhere, and the work of others, under appropriate conditions MNA or augmented MNA remain viable management options for these plumes. Unlike MNA of plumes containing only CVOCs, however, MNA of large dilute comingled plumes should be expected to occur by cometabolic oxidation rather than direct metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee K Rhea
- Groundwater Characterization and Remediation Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Subsurface Remediation Branch, Ada, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Catherine Clark
- Groundwater Characterization and Remediation Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Subsurface Remediation Branch, Ada, Oklahoma, USA
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Makri C, Aspray TJ. Use of an automated respirometer for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) activator type and concentration selection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:3141-3146. [PMID: 34792776 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a popular remediation technique for hydrocarbon-contaminated soil and groundwater. A range of oxidising agents and activators are available for ISCO; however, selection is usually based on contaminant destruction which is time-consuming and impacted by sample heterogeneity based on 1-10 g sample contaminant analysis. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of an automated respirometer, measuring CO2 production, as a rapid and reliable approach for activator type and concentration selection. The approach is demonstrated based on tests in matrices of different types (loam soil and sand). In both matrices, CO2 production was significantly increased following sodium persulphate (SPS) oxidation with iron activation in a concentration-dependant manner. Alkaline activation led to no increased CO2 production compared to SPS addition without activation. The approach will provide greater confidence in treatability testing and reagent efficiency in ISCO projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Makri
- Environmental Reclamation Services Ltd, Westerhill Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow, G64 2QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Thomas J Aspray
- Environmental Reclamation Services Ltd, Westerhill Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow, G64 2QH, Scotland, UK.
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Charkoftaki G, Golla JP, Santos-Neto A, Orlicky DJ, Garcia-Milian R, Chen Y, Rattray NJW, Cai Y, Wang Y, Shearn CT, Mironova V, Wang Y, Johnson CH, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Identification of Dose-Dependent DNA Damage and Repair Responses From Subchronic Exposure to 1,4-Dioxane in Mice Using a Systems Analysis Approach. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:338-351. [PMID: 33693819 PMCID: PMC8921626 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-DX) is an environmental contaminant found in drinking water throughout the United States. Although it is a suspected liver carcinogen, there is no federal or state maximum contaminant level for 1,4-DX in drinking water. Very little is known about the mechanisms by which this chemical elicits liver carcinogenicity. In the present study, female BDF-1 mice were exposed to 1,4-DX (0, 50, 500, and 5,000mg/L) in their drinking water for 1 or 4 weeks, to explore the toxic effects. Histopathological studies and a multi-omics approach (transcriptomics and metabolomics) were performed to investigate potential mechanisms of toxicity. Immunohistochemical analysis of the liver revealed increased H2AXγ-positive hepatocytes (a marker of DNA double-strand breaks), and an expansion of precholangiocytes (reflecting both DNA damage and repair mechanisms) after exposure. Liver transcriptomics revealed 1,4-DX-induced perturbations in signaling pathways predicted to impact the oxidative stress response, detoxification, and DNA damage. Liver, kidney, feces, and urine metabolomic profiling revealed no effect of 1,4-DX exposure, and bile acid quantification in liver and feces similarly showed no effect of exposure. We speculate that the results may be reflective of DNA damage being counterbalanced by the repair response, with the net result being a null overall effect on the systemic biochemistry of the exposed mice. Our results show a novel approach for the investigation of environmental chemicals that do not elicit cell death but have activated the repair systems in response to 1,4-DX exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Jaya Prakash Golla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Alvaro Santos-Neto
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rolando Garcia-Milian
- Bioinformatics Support Program, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Nicholas J W Rattray
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Yuping Cai
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Yewei Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Varvara Mironova
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Yensheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
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Simmer R, Mathieu J, da Silva MLB, Lashmit P, Gopishetty S, Alvarez PJJ, Schnoor JL. Bioaugmenting the poplar rhizosphere to enhance treatment of 1,4-dioxane. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140823. [PMID: 32721670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane is a highly mobile and persistent groundwater pollutant that often forms large dilute plumes. Because of this, utilizing aggressive pump-and-treat and ex-situ technologies such as advanced oxidation can be prohibitively expensive. In this study, we bioaugmented the poplar rhizosphere with dioxane-degrading bacteria Mycobacterium dioxanotrophicus PH-06 or Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans CB1190 to enhance treatment of 1,4-dioxane in bench-scale experiments. All treatments tested removed 10 mg/L dioxane to near health advisory levels (<4 μg/L). However, PH-06-bioaugmented poplar significantly outperformed all other treatments, reaching <4 μg/L in only 13 days. Growth curve experiments confirmed that PH-06 could not utilize root extract as an auxiliary carbon source for growth. Despite this limitation, our findings suggest that PH-06 is a strong bioaugmentation candidate to enhance the treatment of dioxane by phytoremediation. In addition, we confirmed that CB1190 could utilize both 1,4-dioxane and root extract as substrates. Finally, we demonstrated the large-scale production of these two strains for use in the field. Overall, this study shows that combining phytoremediation and bioaugmentation is an attractive strategy to treat dioxane-contaminated groundwater to low risk-based concentrations (~1 μg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid Simmer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Jacques Mathieu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marcio L B da Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip Lashmit
- Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing, Office for the Vice President for Research and Economic Development, University of Iowa Research Park, The University of Iowa, Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Sridhar Gopishetty
- Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing, Office for the Vice President for Research and Economic Development, University of Iowa Research Park, The University of Iowa, Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jerald L Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Cashman MA, Kirschenbaum L, Holowachuk J, Boving TB. Identification of hydroxyl and sulfate free radicals involved in the reaction of 1,4-dioxane with peroxone activated persulfate oxidant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120875. [PMID: 31336268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the formation of free radical intermediates in an advanced oxidation processes (AOP) capable of destroying recalcitrant contaminants. The AOP studied is marketed as OxyZone® and relies on the premise of successful persulfate activation by peroxone (hydrogen peroxide plus ozone) and the formation of free radicals. The goal of this research was to determine which radicals are involved in the treatment of the model contaminant, 1,4-dioxane, which is a ubiquitous, recalcitrant organic groundwater pollutant difficult to destroy by conventional oxidants. In a parallel study, the peroxone activation persulfate (PAP) solution investigated herein rapidly degraded 1,4-dioxane. The degradation rates of 1,4-dioxane were measured as a function the oxidant:contaminant ratio. Its degradation products or mechanism were not investigated, however. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy spin trapping was used to identify radicals produced in the oxidant solution, its active ingredients, and their possible interplay. The data presented herein indicate that the combination of hydrogen peroxide and dissolved ozone in the presence of persulfate results in the co-occurrence hydroxyl and sulfate radicals and possibly superoxide/hydroperoxyl radicals. These findings progress our understanding of the chemical radicals formed during PAP treatment of aqueous phase contaminants, such as 1,4-dioxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela A Cashman
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Geosciences. Kingston, RI, USA
| | | | - Justin Holowachuk
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry. Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Thomas B Boving
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Geosciences. Kingston, RI, USA; University of Rhode Island, Department of Civil Engineering. Kingston, RI, USA.
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Visentin C, da Silva Trentin AW, Braun AB, Thomé A. Application of life cycle assessment as a tool for evaluating the sustainability of contaminated sites remediation: A systematic and bibliographic analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:893-905. [PMID: 30978551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As the discussion surrounding sustainable remediation has advanced, numerous tools have been developed to evaluate the sustainability of remediation technologies, including life cycle assessment (LCA). In the present study, a systematic and bibliometric analysis of scientific articles indexed in the databases of Scopus and the Web of Science in the field of LCA was performed, particularly studies relating to the remediation of contaminated sites from a sustainability perspective. We selected a bibliographic portfolio (BP) of papers related to sustainable remediation using LCA. Then, we performed a bibliometric analysis of the selected BP, presenting theoretical development, highlighting the authors, journals, and countries associated with these publications. Finally, we conducted a thematic synthesis and reviewed the prospects for future research. The BP was composed of 44 papers from 2007 to 2018. In 2018 there was the highest number of publications, corresponding to 27% of the total BP. The results showed that developed countries have generated the largest number of publications, whereas developing countries had lower representation in the BP. However, China stands out as the second country with the highest number of publications. The thematic analysis showed that most articles have aimed to assess the environmental impacts of remediation techniques. However, several publications have performed a broader analysis considering the economic and social pillars of sustainability through using LCA in conjunction with other tools. The study also highlights the main application of LCA in decision-making on the remediation processes in the context of sustainable remediation. The present research study makes several new contributions, providing academics and practitioners with an overview of the implementation of LCA in the field of sustainable remediation of contaminated sites through sorting published data according to scientific indexes and bibliometrics, describing the main research approaches, and highlighting prospects for new research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Visentin
- Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Passo Fundo, São José Neighborhood, BR 285, Zip Code 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
| | - Adan William da Silva Trentin
- Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Passo Fundo, São José Neighborhood, BR 285, Zip Code 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Adeli Beatriz Braun
- Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Passo Fundo, São José Neighborhood, BR 285, Zip Code 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Antônio Thomé
- Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Passo Fundo, São José Neighborhood, BR 285, Zip Code 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
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Favara P, Gamlin J. Utilization of waste materials, non-refined materials, and renewable energy in in situ remediation and their sustainability benefits. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 204:730-737. [PMID: 28390816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the ramp-up to integrating sustainability into remediation, a key industry focus area has been to reduce the environmental footprint of treatment processes. The typical approach to integrating sustainability into remediation projects has been a top-down approach, which involves developing technology options and then applying sustainability thinking to the technology, after it has been conceptualized. A bottom-up approach allows for systems thinking to be included in remedy selection and could potentially result in new or different technologies being considered. When using a bottom-up approach, there is room to consider the utilization of waste materials, non-refined materials, and renewable energy in remediation technology-all of which generally have a smaller footprint than processed materials and traditional forms of energy. By integrating more systems thinking into remediation projects, practitioners can think beyond the traditional technologies typically used and how technologies are deployed. To compare top-down and bottom-up thinking, a traditional technology that is considered very sustainable-enhanced in situ bioremediation-is compared to a successful, but infrequently deployed technology-subgrade biogeochemical reactors. Life Cycle Assessment is used for the evaluation and shows the footprint of the subgrade biogeochemical reactor to be lower in all seven impact categories evaluated, sometimes to a significant degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Favara
- CH2M, 3011 SW Williston Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
| | - Jeff Gamlin
- CH2M, 9191 South Jamaica Street, Englewood, CO 80112-5946, United States.
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