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Gaye A, Marcon Y, Isaeva J, LaFlamme P, Turner A, Jones EM, Minion J, Boyd AW, Newby CJ, Nuotio ML, Wilson R, Butters O, Murtagh B, Demir I, Doiron D, Giepmans L, Wallace SE, Budin-Ljøsne I, Oliver Schmidt C, Boffetta P, Boniol M, Bota M, Carter KW, deKlerk N, Dibben C, Francis RW, Hiekkalinna T, Hveem K, Kvaløy K, Millar S, Perry IJ, Peters A, Phillips CM, Popham F, Raab G, Reischl E, Sheehan N, Waldenberger M, Perola M, van den Heuvel E, Macleod J, Knoppers BM, Stolk RP, Fortier I, Harris JR, Woffenbuttel BHR, Murtagh MJ, Ferretti V, Burton PR. DataSHIELD: taking the analysis to the data, not the data to the analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43:1929-44. [PMID: 25261970 PMCID: PMC4276062 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Research in modern biomedicine and social science requires sample sizes so large that they can often only be achieved through a pooled co-analysis of data from several studies. But the pooling of information from individuals in a central database that may be queried by researchers raises important ethico-legal questions and can be controversial. In the UK this has been highlighted by recent debate and controversy relating to the UK’s proposed ‘care.data’ initiative, and these issues reflect important societal and professional concerns about privacy, confidentiality and intellectual property. DataSHIELD provides a novel technological solution that can circumvent some of the most basic challenges in facilitating the access of researchers and other healthcare professionals to individual-level data. Methods: Commands are sent from a central analysis computer (AC) to several data computers (DCs) storing the data to be co-analysed. The data sets are analysed simultaneously but in parallel. The separate parallelized analyses are linked by non-disclosive summary statistics and commands transmitted back and forth between the DCs and the AC. This paper describes the technical implementation of DataSHIELD using a modified R statistical environment linked to an Opal database deployed behind the computer firewall of each DC. Analysis is controlled through a standard R environment at the AC. Results: Based on this Opal/R implementation, DataSHIELD is currently used by the Healthy Obese Project and the Environmental Core Project (BioSHaRE-EU) for the federated analysis of 10 data sets across eight European countries, and this illustrates the opportunities and challenges presented by the DataSHIELD approach. Conclusions: DataSHIELD facilitates important research in settings where: (i) a co-analysis of individual-level data from several studies is scientifically necessary but governance restrictions prohibit the release or sharing of some of the required data, and/or render data access unacceptably slow; (ii) a research group (e.g. in a developing nation) is particularly vulnerable to loss of intellectual property—the researchers want to fully share the information held in their data with national and international collaborators, but do not wish to hand over the physical data themselves; and (iii) a data set is to be included in an individual-level co-analysis but the physical size of the data precludes direct transfer to a new site for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Gaye
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Yannick Marcon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Julia Isaeva
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Philippe LaFlamme
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Andrew Turner
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Elinor M Jones
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Joel Minion
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Andrew W Boyd
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Christopher J Newby
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Marja-Liisa Nuotio
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Rebecca Wilson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Oliver Butters
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Barnaby Murtagh
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Ipek Demir
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Dany Doiron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Lisette Giepmans
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Susan E Wallace
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Isabelle Budin-Ljøsne
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Carsten Oliver Schmidt
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Mathieu Boniol
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Maria Bota
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Kim W Carter
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Nick deKlerk
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Chris Dibben
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Richard W Francis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Tero Hiekkalinna
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Kristian Hveem
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Kirsti Kvaløy
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Sean Millar
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Ivan J Perry
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Annette Peters
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Catherine M Phillips
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Frank Popham
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Gillian Raab
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Eva Reischl
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Nuala Sheehan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Markus Perola
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Edwin van den Heuvel
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - John Macleod
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Bartha M Knoppers
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Isabel Fortier
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Jennifer R Harris
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Bruce H R Woffenbuttel
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Madeleine J Murtagh
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Vincent Ferretti
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Paul R Burton
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
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