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Liu J, Bai Y, Liang K, Kong L, Wang R, Shi W, Lu C. Layered Double Hydroxides Used in the Construction of Photoisomeric Space for Organic Dye Molecules. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98 100029 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98 100029 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Kaixiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98 100029 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lingwei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98 100029 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Ruixing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98 100029 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wenying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98 100029 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98 100029 Beijing P. R. China
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2
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Keyvan Rad J, Balzade Z, Mahdavian AR. Spiropyran-based advanced photoswitchable materials: A fascinating pathway to the future stimuli-responsive devices. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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3
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Meeks A, Lerch MM, Schroeder TBH, Shastri A, Aizenberg J. Spiropyran Photoisomerization Dynamics in Multiresponsive Hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:219-227. [PMID: 34965115 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Light-responsive, spiropyran-functionalized hydrogels have been used to create reversibly photoactuated structures for applications ranging from microfluidics to nonlinear optics. Tailoring a spiropyran-functionalized hydrogel system for a particular application requires an understanding of how co-monomer composition affects the switching dynamics of the spiropyran chromophore. Such gels are frequently designed to be responsive to different stimuli such as light, temperature, and pH. The coupling of these influences can significantly alter spiropyran behavior in ways not currently well understood. To better understand the influence of responsive co-monomers on the spiropyran isomerization dynamics, we use UV-vis spectroscopy and time-dependent fluorescence intensity measurements to study spiropyran-modified hydrogels polymerized from four common hydrogel precursors of different pH and temperature responsivity: acrylamide, acrylic acid, N-isopropylacrylamide, and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. In acidic and neutral gels, we observe unusual nonmonotonic, triexponential fluorescence dynamics under 405 nm irradiation that cannot be explicated by either the established spiropyran-merocyanine interconversion model or hydrolysis. To explain these results, we introduce an analytical model of spiropyran interconversions that includes H-aggregated merocyanine and its light-triggered disaggregation under 405 nm irradiation. This model provides an excellent fit to the observed fluorescence dynamics and elucidates exactly how creating an acidic internal gel environment promotes the fast and complete conversion of the hydrophilic merocyanine speciesto the hydrophobic spiropyran form, which is desired in most light-sensitive hydrogel actuators. This can be achieved by incorporating acrylic acid monomers and by minimizing the aggregate concentration. Beyond spiropyran-functionalized gel actuators, these conclusions are particularly critical for nonlinear optical computing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Meeks
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael M Lerch
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas B H Schroeder
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ankita Shastri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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4
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Wimberger L, Prasad SKK, Peeks MD, Andréasson J, Schmidt TW, Beves JE. Large, Tunable, and Reversible pH Changes by Merocyanine Photoacids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20758-20768. [PMID: 34846132 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches capable of generating precise pH changes will allow pH-dependent processes to be controlled remotely and noninvasively with light. We introduce a series of new merocyanine photoswitches, which deliver reversible bulk pH changes up to 3.2 pH units (pH 6.5 to pH 3.3) upon irradiation with 450 nm light, displaying tunable and predictable timescales for thermal recovery. We present models to show that the key parameters for optimizing the bulk pH changes are measurable: the solubility of the photoswitch, the acidity of the merocyanine form, the thermal equilibrium position between the spiropyran and the merocyanine isomers, and the increased acidity under visible light irradiation. Using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, we determined the quantum yields for the ring-closing reaction and found that the lifetimes of the transient cis-merocyanine isomers ranged from 30 to 550 ns. Quantum yields did not appear to be a limitation for bulk pH switching. The models we present use experimentally determined parameters and are, in principle, able to predict the change in pH obtained for any related merocyanine photoacid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wimberger
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shyamal K K Prasad
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martin D Peeks
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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5
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Kaiser C, Halbritter T, Heckel A, Wachtveitl J. Proton-Transfer Dynamics of Photoacidic Merocyanines in Aqueous Solution. Chemistry 2021; 27:9160-9173. [PMID: 33929051 PMCID: PMC8361770 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photoacids attract increasing scientific attention, as they are valuable tools to spatiotemporally control proton-release reactions and pH values of solutions. We present the first time-resolved spectroscopic study of the excited state and proton-release dynamics of prominent merocyanine representatives. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements of a pyridine merocyanine with two distinct protonation sites revealed dissimilar proton-release mechanisms: one site acts as a photoacid generator as its pKa value is modulated in the ground state after photoisomerization, while the other functions as an excited state photoacid which releases its proton within 1.1 ps. With a pKa drop of 8.7 units to -5.5 upon excitation, the latter phenolic site is regarded a super-photoacid. The 6-nitro derivative exhibits only a phenolic site with similar, yet slightly less photoacidic characteristics and both compounds transfer their proton to methanol and ethanol. In contrast, for the related 6,8-dinitro compound an intramolecular proton transfer to the ortho-nitro group is suggested that is involved in a rapid relaxation into the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kaiser
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryGoethe University Frankfurt/MainMax-von-Laue-Str. 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Thomas Halbritter
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, Science InstituteUniversity of IcelandDunhaga 3Reykjavikpostcode is missingIceland
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyGoethe University Frankfurt/MainMax-von-Laue-Str. 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyGoethe University Frankfurt/MainMax-von-Laue-Str. 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryGoethe University Frankfurt/MainMax-von-Laue-Str. 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
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7
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Malik H, Halbritter T, Heckel A, Gopakumar TG. Light-Induced Quantitative and Electrical-Field-Induced Barrierless Switching of Spiropyran Derivative on Graphite Surface. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5463-5468. [PMID: 34085521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new class of pyridine-based spiropyran (SP) shows photoinduced reversible switching between the closed SP and ring-opened merocyanine (MC). We show that a condensed crystalline monolayer of SP on graphite can be quantitatively converted to MC upon UV irradiation. In solution only ∼10% of SP can be transformed to MC because of the establishment of a photostationary state. Using an electrical field applied by a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tip, single molecules are reversibly switched between SP and MC forms in their condensed phases without any threshold voltage at ambient conditions. The microscopic structure of submonolayer films of SP and MC are investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and STM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208016, India
| | - Thomas Halbritter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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8
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Andron I, Marichez L, Jubera V, Labrugère C, Duttine M, Frayret C, Gaudon M. Photochromic Behavior of ZnO/MoO 3 Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46972-46980. [PMID: 32976715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ZnO/MoO3 powder mixture exhibits a huge photochromic effect in comparison with the corresponding single oxides. The coloring efficiency of such combined material after UV-light irradiation was studied in terms of intensity, kinetics, and ZnO/MoO3 powder ratio. Additionally, the incidence of the pretreatment step of the ZnO and MoO3 powders under different atmospheres (air, Ar or Ar/H2 flow) was analyzed. The huge photochromic effect discovered herein was interpreted as the creation of "self-closed Schottky barrier" at the solid/solid interfaces between the two oxides, associated with the full redox reaction which can be pictured by the equation ZnO1-ε + MoO3 → ZnO + MoO3-ε. Remarkable optical contrast between virgin and color states as well as self-bleaching in dark allowing the reversibility of the photochromism is emphasized. From this first discovery, deeper characterization of the self-bleaching process shows that the photochromic mechanism is complex with a bleaching efficiency (possibility to come back to the virgin material optical properties without any deterioration) and a bleaching kinetics, which are both dependent on the coloring irradiation time. This demonstrates that the oxygen exchange through the Schottky interface proceeds in at least two convoluted steps: an anionic surface exchange allowing a reversibility of the redox reaction followed by bulk diffusion of the exchanged anions which are then definitively trapped. An emergent "negative photochromism effect" (i.e., photochromism associated with a self-bleaching instead of a darkening under irradiation) is observed after a long irradiation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Andron
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des Solides (LRCS), CNRS UMR 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Léa Marichez
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Véronique Jubera
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Christine Labrugère
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Mathieu Duttine
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Christine Frayret
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des Solides (LRCS), CNRS UMR 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Manuel Gaudon
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, France
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9
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Berdnikova DV. Design, synthesis and investigation of water-soluble hemi-indigo photoswitches for bioapplications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2822-2829. [PMID: 31807217 PMCID: PMC6880827 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of hemi-indigo derivatives was synthesized and their photoswitching properties in aqueous medium were studied. The dimethoxy hemi-indigo derivative with the best photochromic performance in water was identified as a promising platform for the development of photoswitchable binders for biomolecules. The synthetic approach towards the introduction of the alkylamino pendant to the dimethoxy hemi-indigo core was developed that allowed to obtain an RNA-binding hemi-indigo derivative with photoswitchable fluorescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Berdnikova
- Department Chemie-Biologie, Organische Chemie II, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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10
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Avagliano D, Sánchez-Murcia PA, González L. DNA-binding mechanism of spiropyran photoswitches: the role of electrostatics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8614-8618. [PMID: 30801589 PMCID: PMC6484825 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The binding mechanism of the protonated open form of three spiropyran derivatives into a 12-mer (poly-dAT)2 has been unveiled by means of computational methods.
The binding mechanism of the protonated open form of three spiropyran derivatives into a 12-mer (poly-dAT)2 has been unveiled by means of computational methods. It is found that the electrostatic term in the probe:DNA binding energy, modulates the binding mode, providing new guidelines for the design of spiropyran photoswitches with specific binding modes to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Avagliano
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Abstract
One of the important features of polymethine (cyanine) dyes is isomerization about one of C–C bonds of the polymethine chain. In this review, spectral properties of the isomers, photoisomer-ization and thermal back isomerization of carbocyanine dyes, mostly meso-substituted carbocy-anine dyes, are considered. meso-Alkyl-substituted thiacarbocyanine dyes are present in polar solvents mainly as cis isomers and, hence, exhibit no photoisomerization, whereas in nonpolar solvents, in which the dyes are in the trans form, photoisomerization takes place. In contrast, the meso-substituted dyes 3,3′-dimethyl-9-phenylthiacarbocyanine and 3,3′-diethyl-9-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)thiacarbocyanine occur as trans isomers and exhibit photoisomerization in both polar and nonpolar solvents. The behavior of these dyes may be ex-plained by the fact that the phenyl ring of the substituent in their molecules can be twisted at some angle, removing the substituent from the plane of the molecule and reducing its steric ef-fect on the conformation of the trans isomer. In some cases, photoisomerization of cis isomers of meso-substituted carbocyanine dyes is also observed (for some meso-alkyl-substituted dyes com-plexed with DNA and chondroitin-4-sulfate; for 3,3′-diethyl-9-methoxythiacarbocyanine in moderate polarity solvents). The cycle photoisomerization–thermal back isomerization of cya-nine dyes can be used in various systems of information storage and deserves further investiga-tion using modern research methods.
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12
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Kortekaas L, Browne WR. The evolution of spiropyran: fundamentals and progress of an extraordinarily versatile photochrome. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3406-3424. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00203k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spiropyrans have played a pivotal role in the emergence of the field of chromism following their discovery in the early 20th century, with almost ubiquitous use in materials applications especially since their photochromism was discovered in 1952.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Kortekaas
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry
- Stratingh institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry
- Stratingh institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
One of the important features of polymethine (cyanine) dyes is isomerization around one of C–C bonds of the polymethine chain. In this review, spectral properties of the isomers, photoisomerization and thermal back isomerization of carbocyanine dyes, mostly meso-substituted carbocyanine dyes, are considered. meso-Alkyl-substituted thiacarbocyanine dyes are present in polar solvents mainly as cis isomers and, hence, exhibit no photoisomerization, whereas in nonpolar solvents, in which the dyes are in the trans form, photoisomerization takes place. In contrast, the meso-substituted dyes 3,3′-dimethyl-9-phenylthiacarbocyanine and 3,3′-diethyl-9-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)thiacarbocyanine occur as trans isomers and exhibit photoisomerization in both polar and nonpolar solvents. The behavior of these dyes may be explained by the fact that the phenyl ring of the substituent in their molecules can be twisted at some angle, removing the substituent from the plane of the molecule and reducing its steric effect on the conformation of the trans isomer. In some cases, photoisomerization of cis isomers of meso-substituted carbocyanine dyes is also observed (for some meso-alkyl-substituted dyes complexed with DNA and chondroitin-4-sulfate; for 3,3′-diethyl-9-methoxythiacarbocyanine in moderate polarity solvents). The cycle photoisomerization–thermal back isomerization of cyanine dyes can be used in various systems of information storage and deserves further investigation using modern research methods.
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14
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Xiong Y, Vargas Jentzsch A, Osterrieth JWM, Sezgin E, Sazanovich IV, Reglinski K, Galiani S, Parker AW, Eggeling C, Anderson HL. Spironaphthoxazine switchable dyes for biological imaging. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3029-3040. [PMID: 29732087 PMCID: PMC5916019 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00130h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in super-resolution microscopy have significantly expanded the requirements for switchable dyes, leading to demand for specially designed molecular switches. We report the synthesis and characterization of a spironaphthoxazine photochromic switch (a derivative of palatinate purple) displaying high photoconversion (85-95%) under readily accessible 405 nm light, broad absorption in the visible, and excellent fatigue resistance. The indole substituent on this spironaphthoxazine is twisted out of conjugation with the naphthalene unit, yet it is crucial for activation with visible light. The open colored merocyanine form of the spironaphthoxazine reverts to the closed form with a lifetime of 4.7 s in dichloromethane at 20 °C; this thermal reversion is even faster in more polar solvents. The photochemical quantum yields for ring-opening and ring-closing are approximately 8% and 1%, respectively, in dichloromethane. The ring-opening and ring-closing reactions have been characterized by time-resolved infrared and transient absorption spectroscopies. Ring opening occurs rapidly (τ = 2.1 ns) and efficiently (∼90%) from the singlet excited state to form an intermediate (assigned as a cisoid merocyanine), which returns to the closed ground state (τ = 4.5 ns) in competition with relaxation to the transoid open form (τ = 40 ns). Photochemical ring closing is a faster and simpler process: the excited state proceeds to the closed spirooxazine with a time constant of 0.28 ns. This photochromic switch can be used in conjunction with commercial fluorescent dyes to create a small-molecule switchable fluorescent dyad that shows high contrast and good fatigue resistance in living cells. These properties make the dyads suitable for application in RESOLFT microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Andreas Vargas Jentzsch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Johannes W M Osterrieth
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit , Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine , University of Oxford , OX3 9DS , Oxford , UK
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility , Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council , Harwell Campus , Didcot OX11 0QX , UK
| | - Katharina Reglinski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit , Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine , University of Oxford , OX3 9DS , Oxford , UK
| | - Silvia Galiani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit , Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine , University of Oxford , OX3 9DS , Oxford , UK
| | - Anthony W Parker
- Central Laser Facility , Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council , Harwell Campus , Didcot OX11 0QX , UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit , Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine , University of Oxford , OX3 9DS , Oxford , UK.,Institute of Applied Optics , Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Jena , Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V. , Jena , Germany
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK .
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15
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Liu XM, Jin XY, Zhang ZX, Wang J, Bai FQ. Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of the thermal cis–trans isomerization of fluorine-substituted azobenzene derivatives. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11580-11588. [PMID: 35542787 PMCID: PMC9079044 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations of a set of valid photoswitches of azobenzene compounds, with the aim of describing their thermal isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Liu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
| | - Xing-Yi Jin
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery
- China–Japan Union Hospital
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130033
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
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16
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Halbritter T, Kaiser C, Wachtveitl J, Heckel A. Pyridine–Spiropyran Derivative as a Persistent, Reversible Photoacid in Water. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8040-8047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Halbritter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
| | - Christoph Kaiser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
| |
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