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Caminade AM. Interplay between Nanoparticles and Phosphorus Dendrimers, and Their Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:5739. [PMID: 37570709 PMCID: PMC10420008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the state of the art of interactions between two different families of nanoobjects: nanoparticles-mainly metal nanoparticles, and dendrimers-mainly phosphorhydrazone dendrimers (or dendrons). The review firstly presents the encapsulation/protection of existing nanoparticles (organic or metallic) by phosphorus-based dendrimers and dendrons. In the second part, several methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, thanks to the dendrimer that acts as a template, are presented. The properties of the associations between dendrimers and nanoparticles are emphasized throughout the review. These properties mainly concern the elaboration of diverse types of hybrid materials, some of them being used as sensitive chemosensors or biosensors. Several examples concerning catalysis are also given, displaying in particular the efficient recovery and reuse of the catalytic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France;
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Karakhanov E, Maximov A, Zolotukhina A. Heterogeneous Dendrimer-Based Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:981. [PMID: 35267800 PMCID: PMC8912888 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review compiles the advances in the dendritic catalysis within the last two decades, in particular concerning heterogeneous dendrimer-based catalysts and their and application in various processes, such as hydrogenation, oxidation, cross-coupling reactions, etc. There are considered three main approaches to the synthesis of immobilized heterogeneous dendrimer-based catalysts: (1) impregnation/adsorption on silica or carbon carriers; (2) dendrimer covalent grafting to various supports (silica, polystyrene, carbon nanotubes, porous aromatic frameworks, etc.), which may be performed in a divergent (as a gradual dendron growth on the support) or convergent way (as a grafting of whole dendrimer to the support); and (3) dendrimer cross-linking, using transition metal ions (resulting in coordination polymer networks) or bifunctional organic linkers, whose size, polarity, and rigidity define the properties of the resulted material. Additionally, magnetically separable dendritic catalysts, which can be synthesized using the three above-mentioned approaches, are also considered. Dendritic catalysts, synthesized in such ways, can be stored as powders and be easily separated from the reaction medium by filtration/centrifugation as traditional heterogeneous catalysts, maintaining efficiency as for homogeneous dendritic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Karakhanov
- Department of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Catalysis, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anton Maximov
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anna Zolotukhina
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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Gottis S, Laurent R, Collière V, Caminade AM. Straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles by adding water to an engineered small dendrimer. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1110-1118. [PMID: 32802713 PMCID: PMC7404285 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A small water-soluble phosphorus-containing dendrimer was engineered for the complexation of gold(I) and for its reduction under mild conditions. Gold nanoparticles were obtained as colloidal suspensions simply and only when the powdered form of this dendrimer was dissolved in water, as shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. The dendrimers acted simultaneously as mild reducers and as nanoreactors, favoring the self-assembly of gold atoms and promoting the growth and stabilization of isolated gold nanoparticles. Thus, an unprecedented method for the synthesis of colloidal suspensions of water-soluble gold nanoparticles was proposed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Gottis
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides, UMR CNRS/UPJV 7314, 33 rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - Régis Laurent
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Collière
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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Majoral J, Caminade A. Phosphorhydrazones as Useful Building Blocks for Special Architectures: Macrocycles and Dendrimers. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination CNRS 205, route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04 France
- LCC‐CNRS Université de Toulouse CNRS Toulouse France
| | - Anne‐Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination CNRS 205, route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04 France
- LCC‐CNRS Université de Toulouse CNRS Toulouse France
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Interactions gold/phosphorus dendrimers. Versatile ways to hybrid organic–metallic macromolecules. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang J, Gong C, Zeng X, Shu J, Xiao P, Xie J. Fabrication of crystalline porphyrinic polyoxometalate cluster with high thermal stability and exploration of its photocatalytic activity. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Arus AV, Tahir MN, Sennour R, Shiao TC, Sallam LM, Nistor ID, Roy R, Azzouz A. Cu0and Pd0loaded Organo-Bentonites as Sponge-like Matrices for Hydrogen Reversible Capture at Ambient Conditions. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa V. Arus
- Department of Chemistry Nanoqam; University of Quebec at Montreal; CP. 8888 Succ. Centre-ville Montreal (Qc) H3C3P8 Canada
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Microporous Materials; University V. Alecsandri of Bacau; Calea Marasesti Bacau Romania
| | - M. Nazir Tahir
- Department of Chemistry Nanoqam; University of Quebec at Montreal; CP. 8888 Succ. Centre-ville Montreal (Qc) H3C3P8 Canada
| | - Radia Sennour
- Department of Chemistry Nanoqam; University of Quebec at Montreal; CP. 8888 Succ. Centre-ville Montreal (Qc) H3C3P8 Canada
| | - Tze C. Shiao
- Department of Chemistry Nanoqam; University of Quebec at Montreal; CP. 8888 Succ. Centre-ville Montreal (Qc) H3C3P8 Canada
| | - Lamyaa M. Sallam
- Department of Chemistry Nanoqam; University of Quebec at Montreal; CP. 8888 Succ. Centre-ville Montreal (Qc) H3C3P8 Canada
| | - Ileana D. Nistor
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Microporous Materials; University V. Alecsandri of Bacau; Calea Marasesti Bacau Romania
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry Nanoqam; University of Quebec at Montreal; CP. 8888 Succ. Centre-ville Montreal (Qc) H3C3P8 Canada
| | - Abdelkrim Azzouz
- Department of Chemistry Nanoqam; University of Quebec at Montreal; CP. 8888 Succ. Centre-ville Montreal (Qc) H3C3P8 Canada
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Caminade AM, Ouali A, Laurent R, Turrin CO, Majoral JP. Coordination chemistry with phosphorus dendrimers. Applications as catalysts, for materials, and in biology. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Cloete J, Mapolie SF, Malgas-Enus R. Facile synthesis and characterization of PTA stabilized hydrophilic Au55 nanoparticles via a DEN–MPC method. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Du J, Zhu B, Peng X, Chen X. Optical reading of contaminants in aqueous media based on gold nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:3461-3479. [PMID: 24578321 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With increasing trends of global population growth, urbanization, pollution over-exploitation, and climate change, the safe water supply has become a global issue and is threatening our society in terms of sustainable development. Therefore, there is a growing need for a water-monitoring platform with the capability of rapidness, specificity, low-cost, and robustness. This review summarizes the recent developments in the design and application of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) based optical assays to detect contaminants in aqueous media with a high performance. First, a brief discussion on the correlation between the optical reading strategy and the optical properties of AuNPs is presented. Then, we summarize the principle behind AuNP-based optical assays to detect different contaminants, such as toxic metal ion, anion, and pesticides, according to different optical reading strategies: colorimetry, scattering, and fluorescence. Finally, the comparison of these assays and the outlook of AuNP-based optical detection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
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Hameau A, Collière V, Grimoud J, Fau P, Roques C, Caminade AM, Turrin CO. PPH dendrimers grafted on silica nanoparticles: surface chemistry, characterization, silver colloids hosting and antibacterial activity. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43348j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Bronstein LM, Shifrina ZB. Dendrimers as encapsulating, stabilizing, or directing agents for inorganic nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5301-44. [PMID: 21718045 DOI: 10.1021/cr2000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lazzara TD, Lau KHA, Abou-Kandil AI, Caminade AM, Majoral JP, Knoll W. Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer deposition in cylindrical nanopores. ACS NANO 2010; 4:3909-3920. [PMID: 20553002 DOI: 10.1021/nn1007594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of polyelectrolytes within nanopores in terms of the pore size and the ionic strength was experimentally studied. Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes, which have aligned, cylindrical, nonintersecting pores, were used as a model nanoporous system. Furthermore, the AAO membranes were also employed as planar optical waveguides to enable in situ monitoring of the LbL process within the nanopores by optical waveguide spectroscopy (OWS). Structurally well-defined N,N-disubstituted hydrazine phosphorus-containing dendrimers of the fourth generation, with peripherally charged groups and diameters of approximately 7 nm, were used as the model polyelectrolytes. The pore diameter of the AAO was varied between 30-116 nm and the ionic strength was varied over 3 orders of magnitude. The dependence of the deposited layer thickness on ionic strength within the nanopores is found to be significantly stronger than LbL deposition on a planar surface. Furthermore, deposition within the nanopores can become inhibited even if the pore diameter is much larger than the diameter of the G4-polyelectrolyte, or if the screening length is insignificant relative to the dendrimer diameter at high ionic strengths. Our results will aid in the template preparation of polyelectrolyte multilayer nanotubes, and our experimental approach may be useful for investigating theories regarding the partitioning of nano-objects within nanopores where electrostatic interactions are dominant. Furthermore, we show that the enhanced ionic strength dependence of polyelectrolyte transport within the nanopores can be used to selectively deposit a LbL multilayer atop a nanoporous substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Lazzara
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D55128, Mainz, Germany
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Stemmler M, Stefani FD, Bernhardt S, Bauer RE, Kreiter M, Müllen K, Knoll W. One-pot preparation of dendrimer-gold nanoparticle hybrids in a dipolar aprotic solvent. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:12425-12428. [PMID: 19785466 DOI: 10.1021/la902354e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple one-pot, one-step method to obtain stable and nearly monodisperse gold nanoparticles in dipolar aprotic solvents. Novel thiomethyl-functionalized polyphenylene dendrimers are used to control the growth and stabilize the nanoparticles in suspension. The dendrimer functionalized gold nanoparticles have an average size of roughly 10 nm and are stable in suspension for several weeks. The stability in dipolar aprotic solvents and the great functionalization flexibility offered by the dendrimers make these metal/dendrimer hybrid systems promising for applications such as nanophotonics, molecular electronics, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Stemmler
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Franc G, Badetti E, Collière V, Majoral JP, Sebastián RM, Caminade AM. Dendritic structures within dendritic structures: dendrimer-induced formation and self-assembly of nanoparticle networks. NANOSCALE 2009; 1:233-7. [PMID: 20644843 DOI: 10.1039/b9nr00056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
15-Membered tri-olefinic azamacrocycles as end-groups of phosphorus-containing dendrimers from generation 1 to 4 are used for obtaining Pt nanoparticles in mild conditions; remarkable and unprecedented branched supramolecular assemblies composed of dendrimers and coalesced Pt nanoparticles are obtained, which become larger for higher dendrimer generations, affording for the first time a very unique organization of organic dendritic structures interweaved with inorganic dendritic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Franc
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
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Zhang W, Lalwani S, Chouai A, Simanek EE. Synthesis and Characterization of Anionic Triazine Dendrimers with a Labile Disulfide Core. Isr J Chem 2009; 49:23-30. [PMID: 19936277 PMCID: PMC2780346 DOI: 10.1560/ijc.49.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anionic dendrimers based on melamine with disulfide bonds at the core were prepared to investigate the solubility of these architectures, the ability of these molecules to solubilize pyrene as a model drug, and the ability of these architectures to undergo thiol-disulfide exchange. The ability to solubilize pyrene is directly correlated with molecular weight of the dendrimer-aggregation of dendrons does not occur. Thiol-disulfide exchange occurs rapidly using dithiothreitol as the reductant to yield dendrimers with thiol cores that can undergo oxidation in air to yield the original dendrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Sanjiv Lalwani
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Abdellatif Chouai
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Rivas AB, Gascón JM, Lahoz FJ, Balana AI, Pardey AJ, Oro LA, Pérez-Torrente JJ. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Ligand Replacement Reactions of gem-Dithiolato-Bridged Rhodium and Iridium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:6090-104. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800464p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel B. Rivas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, and Centro de Equilibrios en Solución, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José M. Gascón
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, and Centro de Equilibrios en Solución, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Fernando J. Lahoz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, and Centro de Equilibrios en Solución, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ana I. Balana
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, and Centro de Equilibrios en Solución, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Alvaro J. Pardey
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, and Centro de Equilibrios en Solución, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Luis A. Oro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, and Centro de Equilibrios en Solución, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jesús J. Pérez-Torrente
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, and Centro de Equilibrios en Solución, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Newkome GR, Shreiner CD. Poly(amidoamine), polypropylenimine, and related dendrimers and dendrons possessing different 1→2 branching motifs: An overview of the divergent procedures. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Majoral JP, Turrin CO, Laurent R, Caminade AM. Phosphorus Dendrimers: Nano-objects for Nanosciences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200551101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Camerano JA, Casado MA, Ciriano MA, Lahoz FJ, Oro LA. A Trithiol Protio-Ligand and Its Fixation to the Periphery of a Carbosilane Dendrimer as Scaffolds for Polynuclear Rhodium and Iridium Complexes and Metallodendrimers. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om0504957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Caminade AM, Majoral JP. Phosphorus dendrimers for the controlled elaboration of organic–inorganic materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b504179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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